Journal of Occupational Health
Online ISSN : 1348-9585
Print ISSN : 1341-9145
ISSN-L : 1341-9145
Current issue
Displaying 1-50 of 89 articles from this issue
Original Articles
  • Naana Mori, Daisuke Miyanaka, Masahito Tokita, Michiko Kawada, Keiko S ...
    Article type: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiad001
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objectives: This study examined the relationship between recovery experience, job demands, psychological distress, and temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in Japanese workers.

    Methods: It used cross-sectional data from the fourth survey of a multi-wave longitudinal project, conducted using the registered monitors of an internet research company. Finally, 1278 respondents’ data were analyzed (655 males, 623 females; mean [SD] age = 41.63 [10.31] years). We utilized Sugiaski’s TMD screening question to assess TMD prevalence, Brief Job Stress Questionnaire to assess job demands, Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6) to assess psychological distress, and the Japanese version of the Recovery Experience Questionnaire to assess recovery experiences. The moderated mediation analysis was conducted using the Process macro program for SPSS developed by Preacher and Hayes, examining the effect of job demands on TMD through psychological distress, moderated by the recovery experience.

    Results: The results showed that 13.1% (n = 168) of the respondents had TMD. Mediation analysis indicated high job demands were associated with an increased TMD prevalence through psychological distress. The moderated mediation analysis revealed that relaxation and control moderated the relationship between job demands and psychological distress.

    Conclusions: This cross-sectional study established the relationship between job demands, psychological distress, and TMD among Japanese workers. The findings suggest that increased job demands contribute to high TMD prevalence through the mediation of psychological distress, moderated by relaxation and control.

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  • Shinhyeong Kim, Seunghon Ham, Seong-Kyu Kang, Won-Jun Choi, Wanhyung L ...
    Article type: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiad004
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objectives: The present study aimed to identify and compare the associations between long working hours and use of work-related communication devices outside regular working hours and anxiety symptoms, thereby providing insight into redefining working hours.

    Methods: Based on the cross-sectional data from the sixth Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS), specifically the responses from 46 055 workers, the use of work-related communication devices outside of regular working hours, long working hours, and anxiety symptoms were assessed. To investigate the associations between using work-related communication devices outside regular working hours or long working hours with anxiety symptoms, odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs were calculated using multiple logistic regression models.

    Results: Among 46 055 participants, 25 659 (55.7%) used work-related communication devices outside working hours, 8145 (17.7%) worked long hours, and 2664 (5.8%) experienced anxiety symptoms. Compared with the reference group, those who used work-related communication devices outside regular working hours without working long hours, had higher OR of anxiety symptoms (OR: 2.18; 95% CI, 1.97-2.41) than those who worked long hours without using work-related communication devices during off-hours (OR: 1.32; 95% CI, 1.09-1.59). Furthermore, the group that both worked long hours and used work-related communication devices outside working hours exhibited the highest OR of anxiety symptoms (OR: 2.57; 95% CI, 2.24-2.97).

    Conclusions: Using work-related communication devices outside regular working hours is associated with a higher risk of anxiety symptoms compared with long working hours. This result suggests that using work-related devices outside regular working hours, in addition to regular work time, should be considered when redefining working hours.

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Review Articles
  • Veruscka Leso, Luca Scalfi, Angela Giordano, Liberata Reppuccia, David ...
    Article type: REVIEW ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiad006
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objectives: Work ability (WA) reflects a balance between work demands and an individual’s ability to meet them. It is influenced by several occupational and health-related factors including the individual’s physical fitness (PF). Therefore, the aim of the present study was to provide an overview of the possible relationship between PF measures and the individual’s WA.

    Methods: A systematic review of studies published up to December 1, 2022 and available in PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science databases, was performed. Results have been summarized according to the specific PF parameter explored.

    Results: The 14 reviewed studies, enrolling 47 to 1005 workers, all showed a satisfactory methodological quality. Some positive evidence emerged for a possible association between changes in aerobic capacity, walking speed, balance, flexibility, muscle strength, and WA perception. However, the limited number of studies, their cross-sectional design, the different PF performance indicators, populations, and job tasks explored prevented definite conclusions.

    Conclusions: Future longitudinal studies should be planned to confirm such positive results and identify PF indicators better predictive for changes in the WA of employees engaged in specific job tasks, particularly in physically demanding activities. This may be helpful to include PF performance tests in occupational health practice as an integrated part of risk assessment and management strategies as well as in health and well-being promotion plans.

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Brief Reports
  • Marquell Johnson, Saori Braun, Michelle Hecimovich, Katrina Schultz, C ...
    Article type: BRIEF REPORT
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiad005
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Background: There are limited data on objectively measured activity and postural behaviors of law enforcement officers (LEOs) in relation to risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS).

    Objectives: To examine the associations between objectively measured activity and postural behaviors and MetS risk among LEOs.

    Methods: Thirty-one LEOs, mean (SD) age 33 (10) years, participated in the study. LEOs had their metabolic risk factors measured using blood samples after fasting for at least 10 hours prior to testing. Participants wore activity-monitoring devices for 7 consecutive days during on-duty and off-duty shifts. Eighteen participants adhered to wearing the devices. Descriptive statistics were used to determine means for all MetS risk factors; time in intensity-specific physical activity behaviors; and time in various postural shifts. Correlation analyses were employed to examine relationships between activity behaviors, postures, and MetS risk factors.

    Results: Over half (51.6%; n = 16) of the participants had 2 or more positive MetS risk factors. Mean (SD) on-duty sedentary behavior was 273 (59) minutes compared with off-duty sedentary behavior of 401 (146) minutes. Mean on-duty moderate-intensity activity was 236 (40) minutes compared with off-duty moderate-intensity activity of 305 (80) minutes. Average on-duty sitting time was 435 (69) minutes compared with off-duty sitting time of 528 (142) minutes. Average on-duty standing time was 116 (43) minutes compared with off-duty standing time of 171 (51) minutes. There were negative correlations between on-duty sedentary activity and Systolic Blood Pressure (r = −0.48) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (r = −0.48), respectively.

    Conclusions: Law enforcement officers have unfavorable activity and postural behaviors during a typical day regardless of working status and may be at risk for developing MetS.

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Opinions
  • Naomichi Tani, Hiroaki Fujihara, Kenji Ishii, Yoshiyuki Kamakura, Mafu ...
    Article type: OPINION
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiad003
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Digital health technology has been widely applied to mental health interventions worldwide. Using digital phenotyping to identify an individual’s mental health status has become particularly important. However, many technologies other than digital phenotyping are expected to become more prevalent in the future. The systematization of these technologies is necessary to accurately identify trends in mental health interventions. However, no consensus on the technical classification of digital health technologies for mental health interventions has emerged. Thus, we conducted a review of systematic review articles on the application of digital health technologies in mental health while attempting to systematize the technology using the Delphi method. To identify technologies used in digital phenotyping and other digital technologies, we included 4 systematic review articles that met the inclusion criteria, and an additional 8 review articles, using a snowballing approach, were incorporated into the comprehensive review. Based on the review results, experts from various disciplines participated in the Delphi process and agreed on the following 11 technical categories for mental health interventions: heart rate estimation, exercise or physical activity, sleep estimation, contactless heart rate/pulse wave estimation, voice and emotion analysis, self-care/cognitive behavioral therapy/mindfulness, dietary management, psychological safety, communication robots, avatar/metaverse devices, and brain wave devices. The categories we defined intentionally included technologies that are expected to become widely used in the future. Therefore, we believe these 11 categories are socially implementable and useful for mental health interventions.

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Original Articles
  • Sarah Tucker, Soundarya Jonnalagadda, Cheryl Beseler, Aaron Yoder, Ann ...
    Article type: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiad002
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objectives: Hazardous materials (HAZMAT) pose risks to the health and safety of professionals involved with transportation and emergency responses. Two distinct occupational groups that encounter HAZMAT events are first responders and professional drivers. Wearable technology is a tool that can assist with monitoring the health of professionals involved in HAZMAT events. The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate the perceptions of first responders and professional drivers on wearable technology and attitudes toward health monitoring.

    Methods: A survey was administered to first responders (n = 112) and professional drivers (n = 218). Statistical approaches included bivariate analysis, latent class analysis, logistic regression analysis, and path analysis for the variables of interest.

    Results: There were significant differences between the groups in perceptions of the benefits of monitoring certain health indicators. Professional drivers were more likely to have a history of wearable technology use compared with first responders (odds ratio [OR] = 10.1; 95% CI, 4.42-22.9), reported greater exposure to HAZMAT (OR = 4.32; 95% CI, 2.24-8.32), and were more willing to have their health data monitored by someone other than themselves (OR = 9.27; 95% CI, 3.67-23.4). A multinomial regression model revealed that occupation was not a significant predictor of class preference for acceptance of monitoring specific health indicators.

    Conclusions: Occupation appeared to be important but further analysis uncovered that characteristics of individuals within the occupations were more salient to the use of wearable technology. HAZMAT exposure, someone else monitoring health data, and experience with wearable technology use were found to be important factors for perceptions about benefits of health monitoring with wearable technology.

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Brief Reports
  • Ikhyun Joo, Kyungmin Baek
    Article type: BRIEF REPORT
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiad007
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objectives: Using cases in the Korean workplace, this study preliminarily investigated whether ISO 45001-certified and non-certified workplaces differ in 4 aspects of occupational safety and health (OSH) management.

    Methods: Data were obtained from the 2021 Survey on the Status of Safety and Health in the Workplace in Korea. This study used a matched-pair analysis of certified and non-certified workplaces.

    Results: The results suggest that although ISO 45001-certified workplaces have a more safety-friendly internal institutional context than non-certified workplaces, there is no significant difference in the number of injuries and fatalities.

    Conclusions: The results indicate that ISO 45001-certified workplaces do not achieve better OSH performance than non-certified workplaces because ISO 45001 remains in the early stages of expansion, and certification does not require the achievement of OSH performance. A longitudinal analysis is needed to confirm the accurate outcomes of ISO 45001 certification.

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Review Articles
  • Koji Mori, Kiminori Odagami, Mizuho Inagaki, Kenta Moriya, Hidenori Fu ...
    Article type: REVIEW ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiad008
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objectives: Given current labor force conditions, including population aging, keeping older workers engaged in work and motivated is important. Aging may alter the effects that psychological and environmental factors have on work engagement. We conducted a systematic review to understand the features of work engagement among older workers.

    Methods: A systematic search was conducted in July 2022 using 4 databases. The review included relevant articles that focused on participants aged 40 years and older.

    Results: Fifty articles were selected for our review, which were grouped into 5 categories: (1) studies examining the relationship between chronological age and work engagement, (2) studies investigating the moderating effects of age on the relationship between job-related psychological factors and work environment factors and work engagement, (3) studies comparing the relationship of job-related psychological factors and work environment factors with work engagement across different age groups, (4) studies exploring the relationship between work engagement and retirement intentions or continued employment beyond retirement age, and (5) other studies discussing work engagement in the context of older workers. Most articles focused on workers in Europe and the United States and used observational study designs.

    Conclusions: Work engagement increases with age, and is mainly mediated by increased emotional regulation. In addition, age moderates the relationships between various job-related psychological and work-environmental factors and work engagement. Work engagement is associated with working beyond retirement age. Organizations should understand the characteristics of work engagement among older workers and make age-conscious efforts to support them in adapting to social changes.

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Original Articles
  • Anna-Karin Mouazzen, Karin Blomberg, Maria Jaensson
    Article type: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiad009
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objectives: Interprofessional collaboration (IPC) among professionals in occupational health (OH) services is crucial when rendering a service to clients and customers. The aim of this study was to describe and compare perceptions relating to IPC among professionals working as OH providers in Sweden.

    Methods: This cross-sectional study with a descriptive and comparative design included 456 respondents representing different OH professions in Sweden. Data were collected using the Swedish short version of the Assessment of Interprofessional Team Collaboration Scale adapted for OH ([AITCS]-SII[OH]), with its 3 subscales Partnership, Cooperation, and Coordination, and were analyzed and presented descriptively. Items and sum scores were dichotomized into inadequate and adequate and compared between sexes, workplaces, types of employment, and professions.

    Results: According to the responses, items related to openness, honesty, and trust were perceived as adequate among the respondents. The findings show that perceptions about IPC differed among the professions. The perception of IPC also differed between different types of organizations.

    Conclusions: The results show diverse perceptions between professionals and organizations. The perception of IPC may be influenced by the professional’s education in occupational safety and health. Study findings may be used to support further development of IPC in the OH service for the benefit of the clients. To develop IPC in the best interests of both professionals and customers/clients, further studies need to be performed to gain a deeper understanding of IPC in the OH context.

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Field Studies
  • Yukiko Kikuchi, Yukiko Kudo, Makiko Hasebe, Reiko Sugiyama, Ryosuke Mu ...
    Article type: FIELD STUDY
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiad010
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objectives: To gain a comprehensive understanding of the occupational hazards encountered by home health care nurses in Japan and to elucidate the reality of harm they incur, the hazardous situations, and the protective measures taken.

    Methods: A questionnaire survey of managers of home health care nursing agencies in Japan was conducted, and 355 valid responses were obtained. The survey questions concerned the occupational hazards experienced by home health care nursing staff. The occupational hazards were classified into 6 categories, and responses were obtained regarding harm, hazardous situations, and protective measures in each category.

    Results: The types of harm that occurred at highest rates during the previous 3 years were emotional abuse by the patient or their family members, lower back pain resulting from improper posture while providing care, sexual harassment by the patients and their family members, automobile accidents while traveling to home care sites, and allergic reactions to the environment at home care sites. Some hazardous situations were caused by the unique environments of home care sites.

    Conclusions: In order to prevent the occurrence of harm, the development of risk assessment tools, educational initiatives to increase awareness of occupational hazards, and consideration of the financial and technical support that will enable the use of assistive devices in the practice of nursing techniques were considered necessary. The development of effective guidelines and manuals specific to the occupational hazards encountered by home health care nurses is an important challenge.

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Original Articles
  • Takuji Adachi, Hironobu Ashikawa, Kuya Funaki, Takaaki Kondo, Sumio Ya ...
    Article type: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiad011
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objectives: Currently available questionnaires have limited ability to measure physical activity (PA) using accelerometers as a gold standard. This study aimed to develop a PA questionnaire for middle-aged Japanese workers and propose a PA scoring system for predicting low moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA).

    Methods: A total of 428 participants (median age 49 years; 75.8% men) participated in a 7-day PA measurement using an accelerometer and a questionnaire. The association between questionnaire responses and low MVPA (<150 min/wk) was assessed by logistic regression analysis. A score was assigned to each response based on the correlation coefficients of the multivariate model. The ability of the sum score to predict low MVPA was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC).

    Results: Five questionnaire items were used for measuring PA scores (range: 0-50; higher scores indicated a higher probability of low MVPA). The AUC was 0.741 (95% CI, 0.689-0.792), and the sensitivity and specificity at the optimal cut-off value were 66.7% and 68.2%, respectively. This predictive ability was slightly increased by body mass index (AUC 0.745 [95% CI, 0.693-0.796]; sensitivity 69.9%; specificity 66.9%). These predictive values were greater than those of conventional questionnaires used in health checkups in Japan (P < .05).

    Conclusions: This questionnaire-based PA scoring system showed moderate accuracy in predicting low MVPA. It is useful for screening physically inactive workers and promoting PA.

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  • Tsubasa Otsubo, Aya Kinjo, Yuki Kuwabara, Ki Hongja, Yoneatsu Osaki
    Article type: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiad012
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objectives: Presenteeism is a critical issue in occupational health. This study aimed to examine the association between presenteeism and subjective sleep quality, smoking status, and alcohol consumption.

    Methods: Anonymous data of 777 workers in a Japanese city were retrospectively obtained from City Government Office A. They included variables like absolute presenteeism scores (measured using the Japanese version of the World Health Organization Health and Work Performance Questionnaire short form), gender, age, family status, subjective sleep quality, smoking status, and alcohol consumption. A binary logistic regression analysis was performed with gender, age, family status, subjective sleep quality, smoking status, and alcohol consumption as the independent variables, and absolute presenteeism scores equal to or below 40 as the dependent variable. A gender-stratified binary logistic regression analysis was also performed.

    Results: The logistic regression analysis results revealed that absolute presenteeism was positively associated with poor subjective sleep quality among all respondents (odds ratio [OR], 1.70; 95% CI, 1.18-2.44) and men (OR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.12-3.05) and with current drinkers among women (OR, 3.49; 95% CI, 1.36-8.92); it was negatively associated with age among those who were ≥50 years old (OR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.27-0.93) and with current drinkers among men (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.20-0.92).

    Conclusions: The factors associated with presenteeism differed between men and women office workers, suggesting that gender differences need to be considered when working toward improving workers’ productivity.

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Review Articles
  • Charlotte E. Hall, Samantha K. Brooks, Freya Mills, Neil Greenberg, Da ...
    Article type: REVIEW ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiad013
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Introduction: The concept of “working from home” is extremely topical following the COVID-19 pandemic; therefore, it is unsurprising that there has been an increased interest in collating research related to homeworking. This has been carried out by multiple reviews, all with slightly different research aims and methodologies. Collating the findings from the available reviews is therefore highly beneficial to establish the experience of homeworking to create recommendations for the future of home-based work.

    Methods: An umbrella review was carried out. In June 2022, literature searches were conducted across 4 electronic databases. Published reviews of literature that used a systematic process, were focused on working from home populations, and detailed factors that could be related to the personal experience of homeworking (eg, barriers, facilitators, advantages, disadvantages) were included.

    Results: A total of 1930 records were screened and 6 review articles were included. Results report on the following sections: working environment (eg, workplace design, space conditions), personal impact (eg, satisfaction, career impact), and health (eg, physical health, well-being) including a total of 19 themes. Mixed findings were apparent for nearly all included themes, highlighting the need to consider individual and contextual circumstances when researching working from home.

    Conclusions: This review establishes the importance of retaining flexibility while homeworking for employees, managers, and organizations. Essentially, a one-size-fits-all approach to working from home is impractical as individual circumstances limit application. Eight recommendations for the future of working from home are suggested.

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Original Articles
  • Yoichi Minakawa, Shogo Miyazaki, Hideaki Waki, Yoshiko Akimoto, Kazuno ...
    Article type: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiad016
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objectives: To evaluate whether trigger point acupuncture (TrPA) is beneficial for office workers who have reduced job performance (presenteeism) due to chronic neck and shoulder pain (katakori).

    Methods: A 4-week single-center randomized controlled trial was conducted on 20 eligible female office workers with chronic neck and shoulder pain of at least 3-month duration. The control group implemented only workplace-recommended presenteeism measures, whereas the intervention group received TrPA up to 4 times per month in addition to the presenteeism measures recommended by each workplace. The major outcome measure was the relative presenteeism score on the World Health Organization Health and Work Performance (WHO-HPQ). The secondary outcome measures were pain intensity (numerical rating scale), absolute presenteeism (WHO-HPQ), anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HADS), catastrophic thoughts related to pain (Pain Catastrophizing Scale; PCS), and sleep (Athens Insomnia Scale; AIS).

    Results: All 9 cases in the intervention group and 11 cases in the control group were analyzed. TrPA up to 4 times per month reduced the intensity of neck and shoulder pain by 20% (P < .01, d = 1.65) and improved labor productivity (relative presenteeism value) by 0.25 (P < .01, d = 1.33) compared with the control group over 1 month. No significant differences were observed between the 2 groups in terms of absolute presenteeism score, HADS, PCS, or AIS.

    Conclusions:These results suggest that regular intervention with TrPA may be effective in the relative presenteeism score before and after the intervention and the degree of neck and shoulder pain over 28 days compared with the control group.

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  • Satoru Kanamori, Takahiro Tabuchi, Yuko Kai
    Article type: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiad014
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objectives: This study aimed to clarify the association between telecommuting environments and somatic symptoms among teleworkers in Japan.

    Methods: This cross-sectional study, conducted from September 27 to October 29, 2021, used data from the Japan COVID-19 and Society Internet Survey (JACSIS study) in Japan. Of the 31 000 male and female respondents, who were Japanese residents aged 15-79 years and were randomly selected from the panel members of an internet survey company, 4569 home-based teleworkers were finally included in the analysis; 26 431 respondents who met the exclusion criteria were excluded. The analysis included 4 cut-offs (≥4, 8, 12, and 16 points) for somatic symptoms on the Somatic Symptom Scale-8 as objective variables, and the telecommuting environment, such as having adequate desk light and a quiet environment, as explanatory variables. Adjusted Poisson regression analysis was conducted using demographic variables as covariates.

    Results: The prevalence ratio (PR) for somatic symptoms increased significantly as the number of poor telecommuting conditions increased, regardless of the cut-off value for somatic symptoms or the frequency of teleworking. In the telecommuting environment, the PR for somatic symptoms was significantly higher for the following 6 items: poor teleworking space to concentrate, inadequate foot space, poor communication environment, poor space for relaxation, noise, and inappropriate temperature and humidity.

    Conclusions: These results suggest that for home-based teleworkers, the more inadequate the telecommuting environment, especially in the aforementioned 6 areas, the higher the likelihood of somatic symptoms. Improving these environments may be useful in preventing various somatic symptoms.

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  • Yoshihisa Fujino, Makoto Okawara, Ayako Hino, Keiji Muramatsu, Tomohis ...
    Article type: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiad015
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objectives: Presenteeism adversely affects workers’ quality of life, leading to further deterioration of their health and affecting their ability to continue working. Unemployment is one of the most serious consequences for workers experiencing presenteeism. A worker’s ability to work depends on the degree of mismatch between their health status and job demands and work factors. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected workers’ experiences of presenteeism as well as their employment status. We examined the association between presenteeism and risk of job resignations and unemployment among Japanese workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.

    Methods: A prospective study of 27 036 internet monitors was conducted, starting in December 2020, with 18 560 (68.7%) participating in the follow-up by December 2021. The Work Functioning Impairment Scale (WFun) was used to measure the degree of work function impairment.

    Results: The group with the highest WFun scores had higher odds ratios (ORs) for both retirement and unemployment for health reasons than the group with the lowest WFun scores. ORs were 2.99 (95% CI, 2.48-3.62; P < .001) and 1.82 (95% CI, 1.65-2.00; P < .001), respectively.

    Conclusions: Workers with work functioning impairment are at increased risk of resignation or unemployment. Management strategies for workers with work functioning impairment are needed to reduce their disadvantages in employment.

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Letters to the Editor
Original Articles
  • Mustapha Amoadu, Edward Wilson Ansah, Jacob Owusu Sarfo
    Article type: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiad019
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objective: This study sought to examine the association between psychosocial work factors and road traffic crashes (RTCs), and test the differences in psychosocial work factors between minibus and long-bus drivers.

    Methods: This cross-sectional survey employed a convenient sampling method to collect data from 7315 long-distance minibus and long-bus drivers who operate between the Ghanaian cities, Accra and Tema and other parts of the country. The drivers answered a job content questionnaire, psychosocial safety climate scale (PSC-12), work-family conflict scale, and demographic questions on age, education, driving hours, and RTC history.

    Results: The correlational analysis showed a significant association between psychosocial work factors and RTCs for the previous 2 years. Hierarchical multiple linear regression found that supervisor support, skill discretion, decision autonomy, psychological demands, PSC, and work-family conflict significantly contributed to explaining RTC rates among the drivers. Also, significant differences were found between minibus and long-bus drivers in driving hours, occurrence of near misses, RTCs, and all psychosocial work factors explored in this study except work-family conflict.

    Conclusions: Psychosocial work factors directly predict RTCs among minibus and long-bus drivers. Policymakers, driver unions, and owners and managers of bus transport businesses should prioritize integrating occupational health and safety into road transport activities. Furthermore, managers and bus owners should use bottom-up communication, provide access to support services and work-family balance initiatives, flexible work schedules, and a supportive work environment to improve road safety.

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Review Articles
  • Immad A. Shah, SukhDev Mishra
    Article type: REVIEW ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiad017
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objectives: In an era characterized by dynamic technological advancements, the well-being of the workforce remains a cornerstone of progress and sustainability. The evolving industrial landscape in the modern world has had a considerable influence on occupational health and safety (OHS). Ensuring the well-being of workers and creating safe working environments are not only ethical imperatives but also integral to maintaining operational efficiency and productivity. We aim to review the advancements that have taken place with a potential to reshape workplace safety with integration of artificial intelligence (AI)-driven new technologies to prevent occupational diseases and promote safety solutions.

    Methods: The published literature was identified using scientific databases of Embase, PubMed, and Google scholar including a lower time bound of 1974 to capture chronological advances in occupational disease detection and technological solutions employed in industrial set-ups.

    Results: AI-driven technologies are revolutionizing how organizations approach health and safety, offering predictive insights, real-time monitoring, and risk mitigation strategies that not only minimize accidents and hazards but also pave the way for a more proactive and responsive approach to safeguarding the workforce.

    Conclusion: As industries embrace the transformative potential of AI, a new frontier of possibilities emerges for enhancing workplace safety. This synergy between OHS and AI marks a pivotal moment in the quest for safer, healthier, and more sustainable workplaces.

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  • Lorenzo Bonatesta, Stefano Palermi, Felice Sirico, Mario Mancinelli, P ...
    Article type: REVIEW ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiae002
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objectives: Corporate health programs (CHPs) aim to improve employees’ health through health promotion strategies at the workplace. Physical activity (PA) plays a crucial role in primary prevention, leading many companies to implement PA-based CHPs. However, there is limited examination in the scientific literature on whether PA-based CHPs (PA-CHPs) lead to economic benefits. This systematic review aimed to summarize the available literature on the economic aspects of PA-CHPs.

    Methods: A systematic review was conducted to identify studies focused on PA-CHPs targeting healthy sedentary workers and reporting at least one economic outcome, such as return on investment (ROI), costs, or sick leave.

    Results: Of 1036 studies identified by our search strategy, 11 studies involving 60 020 participants met the inclusion criteria. The mean (±SD) cost per capita for PA-CHPs was estimated as 359€ (±238€) (95% CI, 357-361€). In 75% of the studies, the net savings generated by PA-CHPs in 12 months were reported, with an average of 1095€ (±865€) (95% CI, 496-1690€). ROI was assessed in 50% of the included studies, with an average of 3.6 (±1.41) (95% CI, 2.19-5.01).

    Conclusions: In addition to promoting a healthy lifestyle, PA-CHPs have the potential to generate significant economic returns. However, the heterogeneity among the existing studies highlights the need for standardization and accurate reporting of costs in future research.

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Original Articles
  • Kazuhiko Watanabe, Xi Lu, Shota Masuda, Takeshi Miyamoto, Takahiko Kat ...
    Article type: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiae001
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objectives: This study aimed to examine the relationship between physical activity (PA) and locomotive syndrome (LS) among young and middle-aged Japanese workers.

    Methods: This cross-sectional study included 335 participants from a company in Kumamoto, Japan. LS was evaluated using the 25-question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale (GLFS-25); a GLFS-25 score ≥7 was defined as LS. Weekly PA was measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Work-related PA (time spent sitting, standing, walking, and strenuous work per day) and sedentary breaks were measured using a Work-related Physical Activity Questionnaire. Screen usage (television [TV], smartphones, tablets, and personal computers) during leisure time was recorded. The association between PA and LS was examined using a multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, history of musculoskeletal disorders, cancer, stroke, occupation, employment type, work time, shift system, employment status, and body pain.

    Results: A total of 149 participants had LS. Fewer sedentary breaks during work (>70-minute intervals, odds ratio [OR] = 2.96; prolonged sitting, OR = 4.12) and longer TV viewing time (≥180 minutes, OR = 3.02) were significantly associated with LS. In contrast, moderate PA (OR = 0.75) was significantly associated with a lower risk of LS.

    Conclusions: Fewer sedentary breaks during work and longer TV viewing time could increase the risk of LS in young and middle-aged Japanese workers.

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  • Nuri Purwito Adi, Tomohisa Nagata, Kiminori Odagami, Masako Nagata, Ko ...
    Article type: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiae003
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objectives: The study objective was to measure the association between exposure to technological advances and work engagement, adjusting for personal and workplace factors.

    Methods: We conducted a nationwide online longitudinal survey study in Japan. The sample was stratified to represent Japanese workforce conditions. Work engagement was measured using the Japanese version of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale-9. Exposure to technological advances was measured using a single question with Likert scale responses. Industry characteristics that were more/less likely to be replaced by automation were also measured. Linear regression was used for statistical analysis.

    Results: There were 16 629 participants. We found that exposure to technological advances was associated with work engagement after adjustment for age, sex, education, income, and industry characteristics. We observed a significant interaction between age and exposure to technological advances (coefficient 0.891, P < .001), and conducted an age-stratified linear regression analysis. The significant association between age and exposure to technological advances reduced as age increased, and disappeared after adjustment for baseline work engagement.

    Conclusions: Longitudinal observations showed that exposure to technological advances was not significantly associated with work engagement.

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Case Studies
  • Takahiro Mori, Ryotaro Ito, Kenta Moriya, Seiichiro Tateishi, Tatsuhik ...
    Article type: CASE STUDY
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiae004
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Background: Since the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant (FDNPP) accident in 2011, measures have been taken to address occupational health risks, such as heat illness and infectious diseases, and ensure fitness for duty with the Tokyo Electric Power Company and its contractors. However, with the decommissioning operations set to span several decades and an aging workforce, there arose a need for proactive occupational health strategies that not only addressed these risks but also promoted employee health and created a comfortable work environment. With the Japanese government’s promotion of health and productivity management (HPM) for corporations, an HPM-based initiative was launched at the FDNPP in 2019.

    Case: We designed an HPM questionnaire tailored to the unique conditions at the FDNPP for contractors in 2019. Subsequently, we adjusted the questionnaire annually in light of evolving societal contexts and insights derived from contractors’ feedback. This initiative also involved the annual recognition of outstanding contractors. These efforts have led to a steady increase in the number of contractors participating in the HPM survey, with respondents’ scores continually improving. We also emphasized dissemination of HPM practices from contractors to their subcontractors due to the complex subcontracting structure at FDNPP, and our results showed that more contractors have been extending these efforts to their subcontractors.

    Conclusions: Our findings suggest that individual contractors are steadily enhancing their HPM efforts. We are committed to continually offering support to advance HPM throughout the FDNPP.

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Review Articles
  • Lynnette-Natalia Lyzwinski
    Article type: REVIEW ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiae005
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Background: Stay-at-home orders during the COVID-19 global pandemic created unprecedented challenges for workers whose work was transferred to the home setting. Little is presently known about the benefits and the challenges associated with global remote work on well-being and mental health, work-life balance, job satisfaction, productivity, home office adaptability, and gender equality.

    Methods: A scoping review of PubMed/Medline was undertaken in October 2021 to better understand these broad dimensions associated with remote worker health, well-being, and the home office workspace. The review focused on white-collar workers who undertook remote work during each of the lockdown waves from March 2020 to 2021.

    Results: A total of 62 studies were included in the review, which spanned Asia, North America, South America, and Europe. Overall, workers seemed to enjoy remote work, but productivity varied. The main setbacks associated with remote work included feelings of isolation and loneliness, which negatively influenced well-being. Social support from management and contact with colleagues mitigated this. Leadership style also influenced remote worker well-being. Overall, women suffered from lower levels of remote work well-being and productivity, especially if they had children. The home office and its adaptability were integral for successful remote work. Work-life balance was affected in some workers who struggled with heavier workloads or family duties.

    Conclusions: To promote well-being and successful remote work, isolation and loneliness should be reduced through greater contact with colleagues and managers. Managers should promote family friendly policies that may support work-life balance and reduce gender inequities in remote work.

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  • Raphael Kanyire Seidu, Emmanuel Abankwah Ofori, Benjamin Eghan, George ...
    Article type: REVIEW ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiae007
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objectives: The purpose of this study was to present a systematic review of the health-related problems of factory workers in the textile and fashion industry. These workers endure long sitting postures, poor workspace conditions, and long working hours to complete their overload of tasks. This situation results in several health problems that affect the productivity, mental health, and well-being of the workers.

    Methods: The relevant data (21 article publications) were obtained from the Scopus database. Analysis of the 21 articles was grouped under 3 research themes based on the critical reading of the content and abstracts: respiratory problems, musculoskeletal disorders, and psychological stressors and other health issues.

    Results: The findings show that factory workers are exposed to dust particles of cotton and other raw materials, fumes, and chemicals from manufacturing processes. This prolonged exposure without the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) leads to respiratory diseases like byssinosis that affect the workers’ health. Additionally, working in a particular posture due to the workstation design for prolonged hours causes musculoskeletal disorders or pains. Workers also suffer from anxiety, depression, and stress from workload and pressure, hence making them unstable with reduced productivity.

    Conclusions: The findings of the study reinforce the need for a safe workspace and spacious work environment, provision of PPE, training in occupational hazards, frequent health checks, and ergonomic assessment of workstations to reduce prolonged work postures. Stakeholders, employers, policymakers, and governments should collaborate to safeguard and protect the well-being and health of the workers at these factories.

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Original Articles
  • Rasha A. Alamoush, Sereen Al-sawaeir, Dima Abu Baker, Sanaa A. Aljaman ...
    Article type: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiae006
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objectives: To assess the stress level, the impact of stress factors, and discrepancies between fourth- and fifth-year undergraduate clinical students at the University of Jordan.

    Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the academic year 2022/2023. The study group included fourth- and fifth-year dental students at the University of Jordan (n = 382) who were asked to voluntarily fill in an online dental environment stress (DES) questionnaire. Analysis was conducted using Mann-Whitney U test, independent t-test, χ2 test, and Spearman ρ rank correlations. Statistical significance was inferred when P < .05.

    Results: Fourth-year students reported higher levels of nervousness before treating patients for the first time. Fifth-year students faced more difficulty, higher stress, and/or fear regarding the amount of assigned work, provided treatment, completed requirements, failing the course, time to finish assignments, patient comprehensive care, and financial expenses of the course. Comparison between groups revealed that the fifth-year students scored higher levels of stress on the total DES score and all partial DES scores. Furthermore, the total DES questionnaire scores were significantly correlated with grade point average (GPA) among the total study sample and the prosthodontics clinical course marks among the fourth-year students’ group.

    Conclusions: The stress level among students in clinical courses was influenced by their academic performance, gender, year level, and the type and time needed for the provided treatment. Completing course requirements was among the most commonly faced stressors. Future research endeavors might be considered to study each clinical factor, its impact on students’ stress level, and how to manage and positively improve these factors.

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  • Hiroki Ikeda, Tomohide Kubo
    Article type: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiae009
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objectives: Several health issues are associated with irregular sleep patterns. However, it is unclear what causes workers to sleep irregularly. The work interval (WI) between the end of one day’s working hours and the start of the next day’s working hours contains sleep opportunities, and an irregular WI may result in irregular sleep. This study investigated this association among Japanese daytime workers.

    Methods: This study recruited 141 daytime workers without shiftwork for a 14-day observational study. Participants reported the WI duration, WI timing, time in bed (TIB: difference between bedtime and wake-up time), and bedtime timing every day before bedtime. The SD over 14 days was used to calculate the regularity scores. Logistic regression analysis was performed. The dependent variables were ≥60 minutes of TIB SD and bedtime timing SD, whereas the independent variables were WI duration and timing SD.

    Results: The odds ratios (ORs) (95% CIs) for ≥60 minutes of TIB SD across categories of WI duration SD were 1.000 (reference) for <30 minutes, 1.344 (0.337-5.360) for 30-60 minutes, and 4.743 (1.441-15.607) for ≥60 minutes. The ORs (95% CIs) for ≥60 min of bedtime timing SD across categories of WI timing SD were 1.000 for <30 minutes, 4.154 (1.574-10.965) for 30-60 minutes, and 7.714 (2.124-28.015) for ≥60 minutes.

    Conclusions: Regularity of WI was associated with regularity of sleep. To ensure worker health, workers should have regular WI, and if they are exposed to irregular WI, they should make every effort to maintain regular sleep.

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  • Martha Roselia Contreras-Valenzuela, Carlos Alejandro Martínez-Ibanez
    Article type: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiae008
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objective: A hierarchical cluster analysis for the cardboard manufacturing industry was developed with the aim of identifying similarities between workstations in terms of musculoskeletal stress factors (MSFs) and their impact on workers’ bodies.

    Methods: The hierarchical clustering analysis was conducted using data from 44 workstations, which included 6 body part divisions and 51 stress factors as variables with 36 answer options. Firstly, the content of the dataset was defined. Secondly, the data were agglomerated and classified into 3 clusters using Ward’s method based on the presence or absence of stress factors. Finally, the multivariable matrix was reduced to 2 factors: the x-axis representing the risk level of the workstation, and the y-axis representing the impact on the workers’ health.

    Results: The study found that workers’ knees were the most affected body parts, with 47 cases. The resulting work-related musculoskeletal disorders included tendinitis, arthralgia, chondromalacia, and gonarthrosis. The MSF with the most significant impact on the body’s health was fatiguing work that involves repeated jumps, prolonged squatting, or kneeling, present in cluster 1 and cluster 3. Moreover, two of the most common MSFs associated with repeated work positions were identified: a mild forward flexion of the back (63 cases) in combination with one leg being used more often to support the body (56 cases).

    Conclusions: It was possible to identify the main work-related musculoskeletal disorders and the associated stress factors for the cardboard manufacturing industry by using hierarchical cluster classification and analysis, enabling the classification of risk levels and the impact on body health for each workstation.

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  • Asumi Yama, Tomohisa Nagata, Kiminori Odagami, Nuri-Purwito Adi, Masak ...
    Article type: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiae011
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objectives: In Japan, the most common injury requiring sick leave is a fall in the workplace; therefore, it is very important to prevent falls. Most measures to prevent falls involve aspects of the workplace environment and safety. However, few measures consider the perspective of individual health. We investigated the relationship between psychiatric disorders and falls in the workplace and whether treatment status for a psychiatric disorder is associated with workplace falls.

    Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study among workers aged 20 years or older in Japan from February 28 to March 3, 2022. In total, the data of 27 693 participants were analyzed. We used a questionnaire to query participants’ status of treatment for any psychiatric disorder and whether they had experienced a fall in the workplace. The association between treatment for a psychiatric disorder and workplace falls was examined using logistic regression analysis.

    Results: Compared with participants receiving appropriate treatment for a psychiatric disorder, the odds ratio (OR) of a workplace fall was significantly lower among participants who did not require treatment for a psychiatric disorder, at 0.56 (95% CI: 0.47-0.66; P < .001); the OR of a workplace fall was significantly higher among participants whose treatment for a psychiatric disorder was interrupted, at 1.47 (95% CI: 1.21-1.78; P < .001), after adjusting for age, sex, household income, number of workplace employees, sleeping hours, exercise habits, and psychological distress.

    Conclusions: Our findings suggest that receiving appropriate treatment for psychiatric disorders may contribute to preventing falls in the workplace.

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  • Wyke Kusmasari, Auditya Purwandini Sutarto, Nugrahaning Sani Dewi,   Y ...
    Article type: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiae010
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objectives: Construction workers are particularly vulnerable to musculoskeletal disorders, yet the number of studies conducted in developing nations-where these workers contribute significantly to the economy-remains insufficient. This study aims to explore the interaction between physical and psychosocial exposure and the onset of neck pain or symptoms among construction workers in a developing country.

    Methods: Using a cross-sectional study design, a total of 235 respondents from various construction projects participated in this study. Participants were assigned to one of 4 exposure groups: low physical and low psychosocial (which served as the reference group); low physical and high psychosocial; high physical and low psychosocial; and high physical and high psychosocial. To quantitatively assess the interaction, we calculated the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), attributable proportion (AP), and synergy index (SI).

    Results: Workers experiencing high levels of both physical and psychosocial risk factors had the highest odds ratio (OR) of neck symptoms (OR: 12.63; 95% CI: 3.39-46.99) compared with other groups. The AP (0.33; 95% CI: −0.24 to 0.90), RERI (0.40; 95% CI: −0.99 to 1.79), and SI (1.69; 95% CI: −1.77 to 5.15) revealed an interaction between physical and psychosocial factors that increases the OR of neck symptoms.

    Conclusions: This result suggests that physical risk factors at work become significantly more detrimental when paired with high psychosocial stress. Hence, ergonomic interventions in the construction industry aiming to reduce musculoskeletal disorders should consider both physical and psychosocial risk factors concurrently.

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  • Nagisa Sugaya, Shuhei Izawa, Takeshi Sasaki
    Article type: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiae012
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objectives: This study aimed to validate the psychosocial characteristics and work-related challenges faced by workers exhibiting symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and to clarify the factors that exacerbate abdominal symptoms or hinder work productivity by focusing on IBS-related cognitive-behavioral factors and job-related stressors.

    Methods: An online survey was conducted from October 5 to October 20, 2023, among workers in Japan aged 20-49 years with more than 30 hours of work per week, excluding managers and the self-employed. The data were obtained from 1062 participants (including 551 women and 329 individuals with IBS).

    Results: The levels of depression in the IBS group were significantly higher than those in the Non-IBS group (P < .05). Cognitive-behavioral variables associated with abdominal symptoms were positively correlated with work productivity (r = 0.367-0.483, P < .001). Hierarchical multiple regression analysis with IBS symptoms and work productivity as dependent variables revealed a significant effect of the interaction between maladaptive cognition related to abdominal symptoms and job control on IBS symptoms (β = −.164, P = .002). The association between maladaptive cognition and IBS symptoms was more pronounced when job control was lower. Additionally, IBS symptoms (β = .130-.214, P < .05), maladaptive cognition (β = .196-.233, P < .01), and job overload (β = .106-.108, P < .05) significantly influenced work productivity.

    Conclusions: Maladaptive cognition regarding abdominal symptoms may lead to more severe abdominal symptoms in situations with a low sense of work control. Beyond cognitive-behavioral interventions for IBS, enhancing the sense of control over work environments is expected to contribute to alleviating abdominal symptoms and, consequently, enhancing work productivity.

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  • Jaehyuk Jung, Jiyoung Lim, Yong Hyuk Cho, Jae Bum Park, Inchul Jeong
    Article type: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiae014
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objectives: Work from home (WFH) can increase sleep disturbances. However, only few studies have examined the connection between WFH and sleep disturbance while considering work-family conflict (WFC) and the changes brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to examine the association between WFH and sleep disturbance, considering WFC, and assess how this association changed during the COVID-19 pandemic.

    Methods: We used data from the fifth and sixth Korean Working Conditions Survey. WFH workers and a control group were selected using propensity score matching. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs for sleep disturbance in the WFH and control groups.

    Results: The workers working from home showed significantly higher ORs for sleep disturbance before (4.26; 95% CI, 3.59-5.05) and during (1.52; 95% CI, 1.26-1.83) the COVID-19 pandemic. When stratified by WFC, the association was significant only in the workers with WFC before COVID-19. However, the association was not significant during COVID-19 among the workers with WFC.

    Conclusions: WFH was significantly associated with sleep disturbance among workers before COVID-19, but this association was not observed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Considering the significant role that WFC plays in this association, companies should provide a family-friendly WFH environment when adopting WFH practices.

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  • Tania Boo-Mallo, Manuel Oviedo-de-la-Fuente, Alicia Martínez-Rodríguez
    Article type: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiae013
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: July 25, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objectives: To determine the extent of career-long and 12-month exposure to sexual, physical, and psychological/verbal violence committed by patients or their companions among physical therapists in Spain. Additionally, to identify the factors associated with such exposure.

    Methods: This study employed an observational cross-sectional approach. Initially, a questionnaire was developed and validated using a convenience sample. Subsequently, it was distributed via email to all physical therapists registered in Spain in the first quarter of 2022. Individual risk models were created for each type of violence experienced within the past 12 months.

    Results: The prevalence of violence encountered by physical therapists throughout their careers was 47.9% for sexual violence, 42.7% for psychological/verbal abuse, and 17.6% for physical abuse. Lower values were observed within the last 12 months (13.4%, 15.8%, and 5.2%, respectively). Statistical risk modeling for each type of violence experienced in the past 12 months indicated that the common precipitating factor for all forms of violence was working with patients with cognitive impairment. Working part-time appeared to be a protective factor. Other factors, such as the practitioners’ gender, practice setting, or clinic location showed variations among the diverse types of violence.

    Conclusions: The exposure to type II workplace violence within the last 12 months among physical therapists in Spain (Europe) is not so high as in some other world regions. Various individual, clinical, and professional/organizational risk factors have been identified in connection with type II workplace violence. Further research is warranted to compare the violence experienced once the COVID pandemic has subsided.

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  • Naomichi Tani, Fumiko Ichikawa, Susumu Oda, Olga Menoni, Marco Tasso, ...
    Article type: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiae016
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: July 25, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objectives: Low back pain (LBP) among caregivers in Japanese nursing homes has long been considered an occupational health issue. This study aimed to verify the reliability and validity of our developed Japanese version of the Movement and Assistance for Hospitalized Patients (J-MAPO) index, a risk assessment tool for LBP, in nursing homes.

    Methods: Two inspectors assessed 15 nursing homes using J-MAPO, and deduced 3 LBP risk levels as follows: low, moderate, and high risk. Caregivers in nursing homes responded to a self-administered questionnaire on LBP over the past 12 months. Data from 296 caregivers with no missing data were used. We further used logistic regression models to analyze the association between LBP as a dependent variable, and J-MAPO risk level as an independent variable. We used Cohen kappa coefficient to assess interrater reliability to further assess the agreement between the 2 inspectors.

    Results: The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the adjusted odds ratio and 95% CIs for LBP increased progressively with J-MAPO risk level (Low-risk: 1.00; Moderate-risk: 1.70 [0.74-3.91]; High-risk: 2.67 [1.28-5.56]). Furthermore, the J-MAPO risk levels assessed by the 2 inspectors were in perfect agreement (κ = 1) observed for interrater reliability using Cohen kappa coefficient.

    Conclusions: There was high interrater reliability, and J-MAPO risk levels were associated with LBP. Therefore, our results suggest that the J-MAPO is a useful risk assessment tool for LBP in Japanese nursing homes.

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Opinions
  • Sai Venkata Sarath Chandra N., Zhiwei Xu
    Article type: OPINION
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiae018
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: July 25, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Globally, occupational workers suffer various health impacts due to extreme heat. In this short review, we examine the literature discussing health impacts of heat on occupational workers, and then discuss certain individual and institutional measures needed to address the problem. Though the available literature in the recent decade discusses health impacts of heat on workers as various heat-related illnesses, we found very few studies examining how occupational workers suffer from issues concerning cardiovascular health, neurological health, respiratory health, and mental health. In this regard, we highlight the need for more studies to examine how occupational workers exposed to extreme heat conditions suffer from fatal health issues like cardiovascular attack, brain stroke, and other ailments impacting vital organs of the body. Occupational workers across the world should be made aware of measures to protect themselves from extreme heat. Further, countries should develop occupational heat safety guidelines with statutory effect.

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Original Articles
  • Soon-Ki Ahn, Hyun-Ju Seo, Min-Jung Choi
    Article type: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiae017
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: July 25, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objectives: This study investigated the association between sex and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) based on employment status.

    Methods: This was a population-based cross-sectional study. Data were collected from 1 996 153 adults aged ≥19 years who participated in the Korea Community Health Survey from 2011 to 2019. Low HRQoL was classified based on separate cutoff points (males: 0.92, females: 0.90) on the European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions index. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs.

    Results: From 2011 to 2019, the trend of the prevalence of low HRQoL levels was consistently high in the order of unemployed males, unemployed females, employed males, and employed females. Regarding the regional distribution of unemployed males, the prevalence of low HRQoL was 29.5% to 43.5%. Unemployed males had a higher prevalence of low HRQoL (OR: 1.15; 95% CI: 1.12-1.24) than employed males.

    Conclusions: This study suggests that the prevalence of low HRQoL levels among unemployed males was consistently high at the annual trend and regional levels. Further research considering comprehensive health determinants and multidimensional public health interventions is required to prevent deterioration of HRQoL during unemployment.

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  • Kazuyuki Iwakiri, Takeshi Sasaki, Tanghuizi Du, Keiichi Miki, Fuyuki O ...
    Article type: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiae015
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: July 25, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objectives: Manual rolling of heavy objects remains in the workplace. The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) in the United Kingdom recommends load weights of <400 kg in the rolling task. However, the association of rolling weights <400 kg with work-related low back pain (LBP) has not been sufficiently investigated. This study examined the effect of rolling loads weighing <400 kg on LBP among Japanese workers.

    Methods: A web-based survey gathered information from 15 158 workers in 2022. Among them, 15 035 did not handle loads, whereas 123 handled rolling weights <400 kg. Load weight was categorized into 4 groups: no-handling (0 kg) and rolling weights of ≤20, 20-40, and >40 kg. Multiple logistic regression analysis examined the association between the subdivided rolling weight and LBP.

    Results: No significant differences in odds ratio (OR) of LBP were found for workers handling ≤40 kg rolling weights compared with that for no-handling workers. However, workers handling >40 kg rolling weights had a significantly greater OR of LBP than those not handling loads.

    Conclusions: Rolling weights between 40 and 400 kg could place a high stress on the lower back. Implementation in Japan of the HSE recommendations regarding rolling load should be carefully considered.

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  • Nagisa Matsumura, Yu-ki Tanaka, Yasumitsu Ogra, Kazunori Koga, Masahar ...
    Article type: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiae019
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: July 25, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objectives: We aimed to analyze the subchronic toxicity and tissue distribution of indium after the intratracheal administration of indium-tin oxide nanoparticles (ITO NPs) to the lungs of rats.

    Methods: Male Wistar rats were administered a single intratracheal dose of 10 or 20 mg In/kg body weight (BW) of ITO NPs. The control rats received only an intratracheal dose of distilled water. A subset of rats was periodically euthanized throughout the study from 1 to 20 weeks after administration. Indium concentrations in the serum, lungs, mediastinal lymph nodes, kidneys, liver, and spleen as well as pathological changes in the lungs and kidneys were determined. Additionally, the distribution of ionic indium and indium NPs in the kidneys was analyzed using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

    Results: Indium concentrations in the lungs of the 2 ITO NP groups gradually decreased over the 20-week observation period. Conversely, the indium concentrations in the mediastinal lymph nodes of the 2 ITO groups increased and were several hundred times higher than those in the kidneys, spleen, and liver. Pulmonary and renal toxicities were observed histopathologically in both the ITO groups. Both indium NPs and ionic indium were detected in the kidneys, and their distributions were similar to the strong indium signals detected at the sites of inflammatory cell infiltration and tubular epithelial cells.

    Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that intratracheal administration of 10 or 20 mg In/kg BW of ITO NPs in male rats produces pulmonary and renal toxicities.

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  • Elisa Nutz, Jan-Sven Jarvers, Jan Theopold, Christian Kleber, Georg Os ...
    Article type: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiae020
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: September 25, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objectives: Surgeons are exposed to high levels of physical stress while working in the operating room. In industry, so-called exoskeletons are used to support the back and shoulder area. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility and effects of an upper body exoskeleton on postoperative physical complaints of surgeons.

    Methods: Surgeons from a university hospital in the fields of orthopedics, trauma, and visceral surgery performed 2 operations of the same type and planned length on 2 different days. The first operation was performed without an exoskeleton, the second with an exoskeleton. The participants completed questionnaires on shoulder pain (Shoulder Pain and Disability Index [SPADI]), neck pain (Visual Analogue Scale [VAS] and Neck Disability Index [NDI]), and back pain (VAS and Oswestry Disability Index [ODI]) before and after the procedure.

    Results: A total of 25 participants were included and performed 50 surgeries with a mean surgery duration of 144 minutes without and 138 minutes with the exoskeleton. Without the exoskeleton, the activity of the operation resulted in a significant increase of the VAS neck by 1.0 point (SD 1.2; P < .001), NDI by 4.8 (SD 8.6; P = .010), VAS back by 0.7 (SD 1.0; P = .002), and ODI by 2.7 (SD 4.1; P = .003). With the exoskeleton the participants reported significantly fewer complaints after the surgery (VAS neck: P = .001; NDI: P = .003; VAS back: P = .036; ODI: P = .036; SPADI: P = .016).

    Conclusion: An upper body exoskeleton can significantly reduce the discomfort in the neck, shoulder, and back caused to surgeons by surgery.

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  • Akiko Fujishima, Eri Maeda, Koki Sato, Hidekazu Saito, Chihiro Ozeki, ...
    Article type: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiae021
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: July 25, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objectives: Despite the recent increase in infertility and perinatal complications, preconception care is not commonly available in Japan. Working women are considered to have the greatest need for preconception care, as increasingly they marry and have children later in life. This study aimed to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of preconception check-ups in the workplace.

    Methods: We provided 51 female employees aged 18-39 years with free preconception check-ups, including additional blood tests and an online medical questionnaire, during mandatory health check-ups at their workplace. A doctor provided online counseling based on the check-up results. We assessed fertility knowledge using the Cardiff Fertility Knowledge Scale (CFKS-J) and childbearing desire pre- and postintervention.

    Results: Preconception check-ups revealed various potential risk factors for future pregnancies, including underweight (12%), obesity (20%), Chlamydia trachomatis IgG antibody positivity (22%), low rubella IgG antibody levels (47%), iron deficiency (12%), and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels <30 ng/mL (98%). Postintervention, the participants reported high satisfaction with the check-ups and significantly advanced their reproductive plans (P = .008). Furthermore, 95% of the participants indicated an intention to seek medical attention or make lifestyle changes. The postintervention CFKS-J score (mean [SD]) was higher than the preintervention score (71.7 [19.3] vs 63.0 [22.0]; P = .006).

    Conclusions: We developed a preconception check-up package that can be integrated into workplace health examinations, complemented by tailored counseling. This novel check-up package is a feasible and effective approach for improving preconception health and fertility awareness.

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  • Kanruethai Threesittidath, Supattra Chaibal, Haifah Nitayarak
    Article type: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiae023
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: July 25, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objectives: To compare the effects of 1-hour computer use on ulnar and median nerve conduction velocity and muscle activity in office workers with symptomatic neck pain and asymptomatic office workers.

    Methods: A total of 40 participants, both male and female office workers, with symptomatic neck pain (n = 20) and asymptomatic (n = 20), were recruited. Pain intensity, ulnar nerve conduction velocity, median nerve conduction velocity, and muscle activity were determined before and after 1 hour of computer use.

    Results: There was a significant increase in pain intensity in the neck area in both groups (P < .001). The symptomatic neck pain group revealed a significant decrease in the sensory nerve conduction velocity of the ulnar nerve (P = .008), whereas there was no difference in the median nerve conduction velocity (P > .05). Comparing before and after computer use, the symptomatic neck pain group had less activity of the semispinalis muscles and higher activity of the anterior scalene muscle than the asymptomatic group (P < .05). The trapezius and wrist extensor muscles showed no significant differences in either group (P > .05).

    Conclusions: This study found signs of neuromuscular deficit of the ulnar nerve, semispinalis muscle, and anterior scalene muscle after 1 hour of computer use among office workers with symptomatic neck pain, which may indicate the risk of neuromuscular impairment of the upper extremities. The recommendation of resting, and encouraging function and flexibility of the neuromuscular system after 1 hour of computer use should be considered.

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  • Koji Mori, Nuri Purwito Adi, Kiminori Odagami, Tomohisa Nagata
    Article type: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiae024
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: July 25, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objectives: Perceived organizational support (POS) represents the extent to which employees believe their organization values their contributions and well-being. Although higher POS is associated with increased work engagement and learning motivation, the intricacies of this relationship, especially the mediation by occupational future time perspective (OFTP), are not well understood.

    Methods: We conducted an online survey of 2046 working individuals aged 20-69 to assess the relationships between POS and 2 outcome variables, learning goal orientation (LGO) and work engagement, with multiple regression analyses for all ages and in the younger age group (under 45). Then, the mediating effects of focus on opportunity (FOO)-a primary component of OFTP-on these relationships were examined.

    Results: Of 2046 participants, 887 were younger than 45 years. Younger participants, predominantly more educated and inclined toward professional jobs, exhibited higher LGO but lower work engagement compared with their older counterparts. POS showed positive correlations with LGO, and FOO significantly mediated the relationship, especially in the young group. Furthermore, a positive relationship between POS and work engagement was noted, with FOO as a partial mediator.

    Conclusions: POS correlates positively with both LGO and work engagement across various age demographics, with FOO critically mediating this relationship. To enhance employee engagement and learning motivation, organizations should emphasize bolstering both POS and FOO.

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  • J. Greeshma, G.K. Mini, A. Marthanda Pillai, Vilma Irazola
    Article type: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiae025
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: July 25, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objectives: Police officials’ stressful and physically demanding activities reportedly increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study explored the prevalence of CVD risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and overweight among police officials in Kerala, India.

    Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 255 police officials in selected police stations in the Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala. The World Health Organization STEPs questionnaire for noncommunicable disease risk factor surveillance was used to collect information. We collected STEP 1 (demographics, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and diet) and STEP 2 (weight, height, and blood pressure) data. Multivariable analysis was done to identify factors associated with hypertension.

    Results: The mean age of participants was 42 years (range: 30-55 years) and the majority were men (83.5%). Current use of tobacco or alcohol was reported by 22.7% of the participants. The prevalence of overweight was 64.7% and physical inactivity was 35.1%. Self-reported prevalence of diabetes was 7.5% and of hyperlipidemia was 11.4%. Hypertension prevalence was 40.4%. Among hypertensives, 35.9% were aware, 20.4% were treated, and 5.8% had controlled blood pressure. The control rate was 28.6% among treated hypertensives. When controlling for age, diabetes (odds ratio [OR]: 3.57; 95% CI: 1.16-10.90), and overweight (OR: 1.88; 95% CI: 1.06-3.35) participants were more likely to have hypertension compared with their counterparts.

    Conclusions: Police officers have a high prevalence of significant CVD risk factors such as hypertension, physical inactivity, and being overweight. These findings reinforce the need for interventions addressing the above risk factors to prevent CVD in this population.

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Correction
Original Articles
  • Satoru Kanamori, Kiyomi Tomiyama, Yasuo Haruyama
    Article type: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiae026
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: July 25, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the noninferiority of online counseling over face-to-face counseling for specific health guidance (SHG).

    Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted using specific health checkup (SHC) and SHG data of individuals with health insurance in Japan. We analyzed data from 1431 participants who met the inclusion criteria, including those who underwent online or face-to-face counseling between April 1, 2020 and March 31, 2021, and received an SHC in the following year but no earlier than 90 days after their first counseling session. Assessed variables comprised demographics, counseling methods, and SHC results, including baseline questionnaire findings and body mass index (BMI) at follow-up. We performed inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) using propensity scores, with changes in BMI as the objective variable and the counseling method as the explanatory variable. We set the noninferiority margin to 0.175, based on a previous study.

    Results: The online and face-to-face counseling groups comprised 455 (31.8%) and 976 (68.2%) participants, respectively. The number of men and mean age were 214 (47.0%) and 49.9 years (SD: 6.9 years), respectively, in the online counseling group, and 491 (50.3%) and 51.1 years (SD: 7.6 years), respectively, in the face-to-face counseling group. IPTW using propensity scores revealed a regression coefficient of −0.014 (95% CI: −0.157 to 0.129) for the online group compared with the face-to-face group (P = .847). The CI was within the noninferiority margin.

    Conclusions: The effects of online counseling on BMI are likely noninferior to those of face-to-face counseling.

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  • Kosuke Sakai, Tomohisa Nagata, Takahiro Mori, Naozumi Sueyoshi, Shunsu ...
    Article type: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiae032
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: September 25, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objectives: Occupational future time perspective (OFTP) is important concept for a successful career in older workers. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between individual and work-related factors and OFTP.

    Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study via an online questionnaire survey. Respondents were stratified sampled according to the distribution of workers across Japan. To assess OFTP, we used the Japanese version of the OFTP scale. We included factors such as sex, age, education, marital status, subjective health status, personal income, length of employment, industry, size of company, employment status, working days per week, and night shift. Multiple regression analysis was employed to calculate the regression coefficients for each factor, with OFTP serving as the dependent variable.

    Results: In total we included 1484 respondents. Our findings indicated that higher OFTP was associated with higher education, better subjective health status, higher personal income, and smaller size of company. Compared with manufacturing, certain industries such as agriculture and forestry, transportation and postal services, and health care showed lower OFTP. In contrast to permanent workers, contract and part-time workers demonstrated lower OFTP, whereas owners of non-family businesses exhibited higher OFTP. Furthermore, individuals working 1-4 d/wk showed lower OFTP compared with those working 5 d/wk.

    Conclusions: Older workers facing limitations in resources, such as educational background, personal income, precarious employment, and health status, tend to have lower OFTP. Such individuals should be given priority for support and assistance.

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  • Atsuko Fukunishi, Masaki Machida, Hiroyuki Kikuchi, Yutaka Nakanishi, ...
    Article type: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiae027
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: September 25, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objective: The health benefits of active commuting have been reported. However, few studies have assessed commuting modes using objective methods. This study clarified the association between changes in objectively measured commuting modes and body weight among Japanese workers.

    Methods: This longitudinal study used data from the annual health examinations and personnel records of a company with branches in all prefectures of Japan. Data from 2018 and 2019 were used as the baseline and follow-up data, respectively. The commuting mode was assessed using the commuting mode code included in the personnel records and classified into 3 types: walking, public transport, and car or motorcycle. The participants were classified into 9 categories based on the combination of their commuting modes in 2018 and 2019. Body weight was measured objectively during health examinations. The 1-year changes in body weight were calculated for the 9 categories and assessed using an analysis of covariance with adjustments for covariates.

    Results: The analysis included 6551 workers (men: 86.8%; mean age: 42.8 years). Overall, body weights tended to increase (+0.40 kg/y). The participants who switched to more active commuting, such as from car or motorcycle to walking (−0.13 kg/y), from car or motorcycle to public transport (+0.10 kg/y), and from public transport to walking (−0.07 kg/y), exhibited small weight gains or losses. A similar trend was observed even after adjustment.

    Conclusions: Changing to a more active commuting mode may prevent weight gain among workers.

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  • Shuji Tsuji, Teruyo Kitahara, Hiroji Tsujimura, Shin-ichi Shirahoshi, ...
    Article type: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiae029
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: September 25, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objectives: This study aimed to determine the actual working conditions and prevalence of musculoskeletal pain among physical therapists in Japan, and the risk factors associated with low back pain (LBP) and upper limb pain (ULP).

    Methods: A cross-sectional study of physical therapists in the Kyoto and Shiga prefectures was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire. The survey contents included questions regarding personal, work-related, and musculoskeletal pain factors. Logistic regression models were used to analyze factors associated with LBP and ULP.

    Results: Responses from 1479 participants were included in the analyses. The prevalence of LBP at the time of the survey and in the past year was 40.1% and 74.3% in females, and 37.8% and 69.9% in males, respectively. The prevalence of ULP was 34.8% and 64.2% in females, and 27.2% and 53.3% in males. The numbers of patients who performed manual therapy per day, worked using a fixed-height bed, performed manual therapy, had job dissatisfaction and stress, were over 40 years old, and slept less than 6 hours were associated with LBP and ULP. Assistance task was a risk factor only for LBP, and female sex a risk factor only for ULP.

    Conclusions: The prevalence of LBP and ULP among physical therapists in Japan was as high as that in nurses and care workers. Work-related factors associated with LBP and ULP were identified among physical therapists. Thus, to prevent work-related musculoskeletal disorders, measures to reduce the physical burden from the perspective of occupational health are required.

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Review Articles
  • Mako Iida, Asuka Sakuraya, Kotaro Imamura, Hiroki Asaoka, Hideaki Arim ...
    Article type: REVIEW ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiae028
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: September 25, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Introduction: Participatory organizational interventions to improve psychosocial working conditions are important for a safe and healthy work environment. However, there are few systematic reviews or meta-analyses investigating the effects of these interventions on workers’ mental health and work-related outcomes. We intend to apply the protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the effect of participatory organizational intervention on mental health and work performance.

    Methods and analysis: The participants, interventions, comparisons, and outcomes (PICO) of the studies in this systematic review and meta-analysis are defined as follows: (P) inclusion of all workers, (I) participatory organizational intervention, (C) treatment as usual or no intervention (including waitlist control), and (O) mental health and work performance. Published studies will be searched using the following electronic databases: PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, PsycArticles, and Japan Medical Abstracts Society. Studies that (1) include participatory organizational intervention, (2) include participants who were working as of the baseline survey period, (3) assess mental health or work performance outcomes, (4) use a cluster randomized controlled trials design, (5) are published in English or Japanese, and (6) are published in peer-reviewed journals (including advanced online publication) will be included. Study selection and the risk-of-bias assessment will be performed independently by 2 reviewers. A meta-analysis will be performed to statistically synthesize the included studies. Publication bias will be assessed for meta-bias using Egger's test as well as visually on a funnel plot. We will assess heterogeneity by using the Q statistic.

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Original Articles
  • Misaki Yamada, Seitaro Dohi, Hiroshi Ide, Kosuke Mafune
    Article type: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
    2024 Volume 66 Issue 1 Article ID: uiae030
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: September 25, 2024
    JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS

    Objectives: Although vaccines have promoted the socioeconomic normalization of COVID-19, adverse effects on work performance due to the post-vaccination side effects have been reported. Thus, we examined the relationship between the status of going to work the day following vaccination as a post-vaccination employment consideration and work performance among Japanese workers in the manufacturing industry.

    Methods: Overall, 1273 employees who received the COVID-19 vaccine in a Japanese manufacturing district were surveyed using a self-administered web-based questionnaire that included fever, fatigue, workplace attendance the day after vaccination, work performance 1 week after vaccination, and demographic and occupational characteristics (age, gender, work style, and psychological distress [K6 scale]). The effects of fatigue and attendance on declining work performance were estimated using a linear mixed model, with individuals as random effects and the rest as fixed effects.

    Results: After adjusting for demographic and occupational characteristics, the third-order interaction of fever, fatigue, and attendance on the day following vaccination was significant. The nonattendance group had a significantly higher work performance than the attendance group in those without fever and long-term fatigue (F1,1559 = 4.9, P = .026) and with fever and short-term fatigue (F1,1559 = 5.9, P = .015). Fever and workplace attendance the following day were not directly related to a decrease in work performance after vaccination.

    Conclusions: Our findings suggest that nonattendance at the workplace is associated with work performance due to the side effects after COVID-19 vaccination.

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