Trans-Cranial Doppler and Peripheral Sensory Threshold Tests for Carbon Disulfide Poisoning

Eunil LEE; Hun-Jong CHUNG; Soon-Duck KIM; Jong-Tae PARK; Donggeun SUL; Myung-Hyun KIM

doi:10.1539/joh.43.307

Eunil LEE, Hun-Jong CHUNG, Soon-Duck KIM, Jong-Tae PARK, Donggeun SUL, Myung-Hyun KIM

Author information

Keywords: Carbon disulfide, Trans-cranial doppler songography, Sensory threshold

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

2001 Volume 43 Issue 6 Pages 307-313

DOI https://doi.org/10.1539/joh.43.307

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Published: 2001 Received: March 05, 2001 Available on J-STAGE: April 07, 2006 Accepted: July 15, 2001 Advance online publication: - Revised: -
Correction information
Date of correction: April 07, 2006 Reason for correction: - Correction: AFFILIATION Details: Wrong :
1) Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine and Institute for Environmental Health, Medical Science Research Center, Korea University
2) Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Ewha Women''s University

Right :
1) Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine and Institute for Environmental Health, Medical Science Research Center, Korea University
2) Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Ewha Women's University

Date of correction: April 07, 2006 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : 1) Yun BJ, Song DB, Cha CW. A study on the screening method of occupational carbon disulfide poisoning. Korea Univ Medical J 1989; 26 (1): 59-66.
2) Lee KB, Byoun HJ, Choi TS, et al. Clinical manifestation of chronic carbon disulfide intoxication. Kor J Internal Med 1990; 39(2): 245-251.
3) Lee E, Cha CW. Heath status of workers exposed to carbon disulfide at a viscose rayon factory in Korea. Kor J of Occup Med 1992; 4 (1): 20-31.
4) Cha CW, Kim SD, Lee El, Kim DS, Kwon HK. Peripheral neuropathy in workers exposed to carbon disulfide at a viscose rayon factory. Proceedings of the International Conference on Peripheral Nerve Toxicity 1993;55-58.
5) Lee E, Kim SD, Kim HJ, Kim KJ, Yum YT. Carbon disulfide poisoning in Korea with social and historical background. J Occup Med 1996; 38 (4): 155-161.
6) Davidson M, Feinleib M. Carbon disulfide poisoning: A review. American Heart J 1972; 83 (1): 100-114.
7) Hernberg S, Tolonen M, Nurminen M. Eight-year follow-up of viscose rayon workers exposed to carbon disulfide. Scand J Work, Environ Health 1976; 2 (1): 27-30.
8) Tolonen M, Nurminen M, Hernberg S. Ten-year coronary mortality of workers exposed to carbon disulfide. Scand J Work Environ Health 1979; 5 (2): 109-114.
9) Nurminen M, Mutanen P, Tolonen M, Herberg S. Quantitative effects of carbon disulfide exposure, elevated blood pressure and aging on coronary mortality. Am J Epidemiology 1982; 115(1): 107-118.
10) Yamagata Y, Yuda A, Suzuki K, et al. Carbon disulphide nephrosclerosis, with special reference to the similarity to diabetic glomerulosclerosis I. Renal biopsy findings in 17 patients. Diabetes 1966; 9: 208-215 (in Japanese).
11) Sugimoto K, Goto S, Kanda S, Taniguchi H, Nakamura K, Baba T. Studies on angiopathy due to carbon disulfide. Retinopathy and index of exposure dosages. Scand J Work Environ Health 1978; 4 (2): 151-158.
12) Koo JR, Jeong SC, Kwon HM et al. Renal symptoms and kidney biopsy findings of chronic CS₂ intoxication. Kor J Internal Medicine 1990; 39 (2): 245-251.
13) Working Group of Epidemiologic Investigation in School of Public Health, Seoul National University (WEISNU), Seoul, Korea. Report on Epidemiologic Investigation of CS₂ Poisoning. Seoul, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1992.
14) Lee E, Bang SH, Yum YT, Kim MH. The study on autoregulation of cerebral vessels in some workers exposed to CS₂ using transcranial Doppler. Abstracts at Spring Conference of Korean Preventive Medicine Society 1993: 63.
15) Lee E, Kim MH. Cerebral vasoreactivity by transcranial Doppler in carbon disulfide poisoning cases in Korea. J Korean Med Sci 1998; 13: 645-651.
16) Moody L, Arrezo J, Otto D. Screening occupational population for asymptomatic or early peripheral neuropathy. J Occup Med 1986; 289 (10): 975-986.
17) Arezzo JC, Schaumberg HH. The use of Optacon as a screening device. A new technique for detecting sensory loss in individuals exposed to neurotoxins. J Occup Med 1980; 22 (7): 461-464.
18) Sosenko JM, Gardia MJ, Natori N, Ayyar DR, Ramos LB, Skyler JS. Neurofunctional testing for the detection of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Arch Inter Med 1987; 147 (10): 1741-1744.
19) Tchen PH, Chiu HC, Fu CC. Vibratory perception threshold in diabetic neuropathy. J Formos Med 1990; 89: 23-29.
20) Suzuki H, Iwasaki S. Vibraion syndrome among forestry workers. Subjective symptoms and diagnositic norm. Sangyo Igaku-Japanese J Ind Health 1983; 25 (5): 387-398.
21) Iwasaki S, Suzuki H. Evaluation of six screening tests for vibration syndrome. Sangyo Igaku Japanese J Ind Health 1984; 26 (6): 477-482.
22) Park SH, Lee EI, Chun BC, Yum YT. Vibration perception threshold of male workers exposed to carbon disulfide. Kor J Occup Med 1996; 8 (1): 85-96.
23) Schaumburg HH, Spencer PS. The neurology and neuropathology of the occupational neuropathies. J Occup Med 1976; 18 (11): 739-742.
24) Szabo RM, Madison M. Management of carpal tunnel syndrome. In: Kasdan ML, eds. Occupational hand & upper extremity injuries and diseases. Philadelphia: Hanley & Belfus, 1991: 345.
25) Kim MH. Transcranial Doppler CO₂, test as an indicator of cerebral vasoreactivity and prognosis in patients with regional CBF alteration. Dissertation of Ph.D in Korea University, 1994.
26) Aaslid R. Transcranial Doppler sonography. New York: Springer-Verlag/Wien, 1986: 100.
27) Ringelstein EB. A practical guide to trans-cranial Doppler sonography. In Weinberger J, editor: Non-invasive imaging of cerebrovascular disease, New York: Alan R Liss, 1989.
28) Kang SW, Lee E, Yum YT, Kim HJ. Quantitative sensory and vascular tests in the assessment of hand arm vibration syndrome. Kor J Occup Med 1996; 8 (2): 210-222.
29) Saito K. Status and problems of vibration hazards. In: Saito K, eds, Vibration hazards as an occupational disease. Tokyo: Nankohdo, 1980: 34.
30) Beauchamp RO, Bus JS, Popp JA, Boreiko CJ, Goldberg L. A critical review of the literature on carbon disulfide toxicity. Crit Rev Toxico 1983; 11: 169-278.
31) Ringelstein EB, Otis SM. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve In: Newell DW and Aaslid R eds, Transcranial Doppler, New York: Raven Press, 1992: 83.
32) Kannel WB, Dawber TR, Sorlie P, Wolf PA. Components of blood pressure and risk of atherothrombotic brain infarction the Framingham study. Stroke 1976; 7: 327-331.
33) World Health Organization/International Society of Hypertension Mild Hypertension Liaison Committee. Trials of the treatment of mild hypertension an interim analysis. Lancet 1982; is 149-156.
34) Maeda H, Matsumoto M, Handa N, et al. Reactivity of cerebral blood flow to carbon dioxide in hypertensive patients: evaluation by the transcranial Doppler method. J Hypertension 1994; 12 (2): 191-197.
35) Sugimori H, Ibayashi S, Fujii K, Sadoshima S, Kuwabara Y, Fujishima M. Can transcranial Doppler really detect reduced cerebral perfusion states? Stroke 1995; 26 (11): 2053-2060.
36) WHO. Carbon disulfide. Environmental Health Criteria 10.1979;59-61.
37) Lillis R. Carbon disulfide. In: Rom WN, eds. Environmental and Occupational Medicine. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1992; 993-998.
38) Harada N, Griffin MJ. Factors influencing vibration sense thresholds used to assess occupational exposures to hand transmitted vibration. Br J Ind Med 1991; 48: 185-192.
39) Gerr F, Letz R. Vibrotactile threshold testing in occupational health: a review of current issues and limitations. Env Research 1993; 60: 145-159.
40) van Dijk JG, Huyser W, Stijl-Pek M. Vibration disappearance threshold may be raised by measuring it. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1991; 93-4: 289-291.
41) Checkosky CM, Bolanowski SJ, Cohen JC. Assessment of vibrotactile sensitivity in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. J Occup Environ Med 1996; 38 (6): 593-601.
42) Llewelyn JG, Gilbey SG, Thomas PK, King RH, Muddle JR, Watkins PJ. Sural nerve morphometry in diabetic autonomic and painful sensory neuropathy. A clinicopathological study. Brain 1991; 114 (2): 867-892.
43) Lundborg G, Lie-Stenstrom AK, Sollerman C, Stromberg T, Pyykko I. Digital vibrogram: a new diagnostic tool for sensory testing in compression neuropathy. J Hand Surgery 1986; 11 (5): 693-699.
44) Potvin AR, Syndulko K, Tourtellotte WW, Lemmon JA, Potvin JH. Human neurologic function and the aging process. J Am Geriatrics Society 1980; 28 (1): 1-9.
45) Lord SR, Caplan GA, Colagiuri R, Colagiuri S, Ward JA. Sensori-motor function in older persons with diabetes. Diabetic Medicine 1993; 10 (7): 614-618.

Right : 1) Yun BJ, Song DB, Cha CW. A study on the screening method of occupational carbon disulfide poisoning. Korea Univ Medical J 1989; 26 (1): 59-66.
2) Lee KB, Byoun HJ, Choi TS, et al. Clinical manifestation of chronic carbon disulfide intoxication. Kor J Internal Med 1990; 39(2): 245-251.
3) Lee E, Cha CW. Heath status of workers exposed to carbon disulfide at a viscose rayon factory in Korea. Kor J of Occup Med 1992; 4 (1): 20-31.
4) Cha CW, Kim SD, Lee El, Kim DS, Kwon HK. Peripheral neuropathy in workers exposed to carbon disulfide at a viscose rayon factory. Proceedings of the International Conference on Peripheral Nerve Toxicity 1993;55-58.
5) Lee E, Kim SD, Kim HJ, Kim KJ, Yum YT. Carbon disulfide poisoning in Korea with social and historical background. J Occup Med 1996; 38 (4): 155-161.
6) Davidson M, Feinleib M. Carbon disulfide poisoning: A review. American Heart J 1972; 83 (1): 100-114.
7) Hernberg S, Tolonen M, Nurminen M. Eight-year follow-up of viscose rayon workers exposed to carbon disulfide. Scand J Work, Environ Health 1976; 2 (1): 27-30.
8) Tolonen M, Nurminen M, Hernberg S. Ten-year coronary mortality of workers exposed to carbon disulfide. Scand J Work Environ Health 1979; 5 (2): 109-114.
9) Nurminen M, Mutanen P, Tolonen M, Herberg S. Quantitative effects of carbon disulfide exposure, elevated blood pressure and aging on coronary mortality. Am J Epidemiology 1982; 115(1): 107-118.
10) Yamagata Y, Yuda A, Suzuki K, et al. Carbon disulphide nephrosclerosis, with special reference to the similarity to diabetic glomerulosclerosis I. Renal biopsy findings in 17 patients. Diabetes 1966; 9: 208-215 (in Japanese).
11) Sugimoto K, Goto S, Kanda S, Taniguchi H, Nakamura K, Baba T. Studies on angiopathy due to carbon disulfide. Retinopathy and index of exposure dosages. Scand J Work Environ Health 1978; 4 (2): 151-158.
12) Koo JR, Jeong SC, Kwon HM et al. Renal symptoms and kidney biopsy findings of chronic CS₂ intoxication. Kor J Internal Medicine 1990; 39 (2): 245-251.
13) Working Group of Epidemiologic Investigation in School of Public Health, Seoul National University (WEISNU), Seoul, Korea. Report on Epidemiologic Investigation of CS₂ Poisoning. Seoul, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1992.
14) Lee E, Bang SH, Yum YT, Kim MH. The study on autoregulation of cerebral vessels in some workers exposed to CS₂ using transcranial Doppler. Abstracts at Spring Conference of Korean Preventive Medicine Society 1993: 63.
15) Lee E, Kim MH. Cerebral vasoreactivity by transcranial Doppler in carbon disulfide poisoning cases in Korea. J Korean Med Sci 1998; 13: 645-651.
16) Moody L, Arrezo J, Otto D. Screening occupational population for asymptomatic or early peripheral neuropathy. J Occup Med 1986; 289 (10): 975-986.
17) Arezzo JC, Schaumberg HH. The use of Optacon as a screening device. A new technique for detecting sensory loss in individuals exposed to neurotoxins. J Occup Med 1980; 22 (7): 461-464.
18) Sosenko JM, Gardia MJ, Natori N, Ayyar DR, Ramos LB, Skyler JS. Neurofunctional testing for the detection of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Arch Inter Med 1987; 147 (10): 1741-1744.
19) Tchen PH, Chiu HC, Fu CC. Vibratory perception threshold in diabetic neuropathy. J Formos Med 1990; 89: 23-29.
20) Suzuki H, Iwasaki S. Vibraion syndrome among forestry workers. Subjective symptoms and diagnositic norm. Sangyo Igaku-Japanese J Ind Health 1983; 25 (5): 387-398.
21) Iwasaki S, Suzuki H. Evaluation of six screening tests for vibration syndrome. Sangyo Igaku Japanese J Ind Health 1984; 26 (6): 477-482.
22) Park SH, Lee EI, Chun BC, Yum YT. Vibration perception threshold of male workers exposed to carbon disulfide. Kor J Occup Med 1996; 8 (1): 85-96.
23) Schaumburg HH, Spencer PS. The neurology and neuropathology of the occupational neuropathies. J Occup Med 1976; 18 (11): 739-742.
24) Szabo RM, Madison M. Management of carpal tunnel syndrome. In: Kasdan ML, eds. Occupational hand & upper extremity injuries and diseases. Philadelphia: Hanley & Belfus, 1991: 345.
25) Kim MH. Transcranial Doppler CO₂, test as an indicator of cerebral vasoreactivity and prognosis in patients with regional CBF alteration. Dissertation of Ph.D in Korea University, 1994.
26) Aaslid R. Transcranial Doppler sonography. New York: Springer-Verlag/Wien, 1986: 100.
27) Ringelstein EB. A practical guide to trans-cranial Doppler sonography. In Weinberger J, editor: Non-invasive imaging of cerebrovascular disease, New York: Alan R Liss, 1989.
28) Kang SW, Lee E, Yum YT, Kim HJ. Quantitative sensory and vascular tests in the assessment of hand arm vibration syndrome. Kor J Occup Med 1996; 8 (2): 210-222.
29) Saito K. Status and problems of vibration hazards. In: Saito K, eds, Vibration hazards as an occupational disease. Tokyo: Nankohdo, 1980: 34.
30) Beauchamp RO, Bus JS, Popp JA, Boreiko CJ, Goldberg L. A critical review of the literature on carbon disulfide toxicity. Crit Rev Toxico 1983; 11: 169-278.
31) Ringelstein EB, Otis SM. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve In: Newell DW and Aaslid R eds, Transcranial Doppler, New York: Raven Press, 1992: 83.
32) Kannel WB, Dawber TR, Sorlie P, Wolf PA. Components of blood pressure and risk of atherothrombotic brain infarction the Framingham study. Stroke 1976; 7: 327-331.
33) World Health Organization/International Society of Hypertension Mild Hypertension Liaison Committee. Trials of the treatment of mild hypertension an interim analysis. Lancet 1982; is 149-156.
34) Maeda H, Matsumoto M, Handa N, et al. Reactivity of cerebral blood flow to carbon dioxide in hypertensive patients: evaluation by the transcranial Doppler method. J Hypertension 1994; 12 (2): 191-197.
35) Sugimori H, Ibayashi S, Fujii K, Sadoshima S, Kuwabara Y, Fujishima M. Can transcranial Doppler really detect reduced cerebral perfusion states? Stroke 1995; 26 (11): 2053-2060.
36) WHO. Carbon disulfide. Environmental Health Criteria 10.1979;59-61.
37) Lillis R. Carbon disulfide. In: Rom WN, eds. Environmental and Occupational Medicine. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1992; 993-998.
38) Harada N, Griffin MJ. Factors influencing vibration sense thresholds used to assess occupational exposures to hand transmitted vibration. Br J Ind Med 1991; 48: 185-192.
39) Gerr F, Letz R. Vibrotactile threshold testing in occupational health: a review of current issues and limitations. Env Research 1993; 60: 145-159.
40) van Dijk JG, Huyser W, Stijl-Pek M. Vibration disappearance threshold may be raised by measuring it. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1991; 93-4: 289-291.
41) Checkosky CM, Bolanowski SJ, Cohen JC. Assessment of vibrotactile sensitivity in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. J Occup Environ Med 1996; 38 (6): 593-601.
42) Llewelyn JG, Gilbey SG, Thomas PK, King RH, Muddle JR, Watkins PJ. Sural nerve morphometry in diabetic autonomic and painful sensory neuropathy. A clinicopathological study. Brain 1991; 114 (2): 867-892.
43) Lundborg G, Lie-Stenstrom AK, Sollerman C, Stromberg T, Pyykko I. Digital vibrogram: a new diagnostic tool for sensory testing in compression neuropathy. J Hand Surgery 1986; 11 (5): 693-699.
44) Potvin AR, Syndulko K, Tourtellotte WW, Lemmon JA, Potvin JH. Human neurologic function and the aging process. J Am Geriatrics Society 1980; 28 (1): 1-9.
45) Lord SR, Caplan GA, Colagiuri R, Colagiuri S, Ward JA. Sensori-motor function in older persons with diabetes. Diabetic Medicine 1993; 10 (7): 614-618.

Date of correction: April 07, 2006 Reason for correction: - Correction: PDF FILE Details: -

Abstract

Trans-Cranial Doppler and Peripheral Sensory Threshold Tests for Carbon Disulfide Poisoning: Eunil LEE, et al. Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Korea University—Trans-cranial doppler (TCD) and sensory threshold (vibration, pain and discrimination) tests, which are safe and inexpensive techniques, were applied to detect cerebral vasoreactivity or neuropathic changes between carbon disulfide (CS₂) poisoning cases and two control groups respectively. The cases were 31 male CS₂ poisoning workers, and the first control group for the TCD test consisted of eight healthy men, and the second group for the threshold test were 21 healthy male workers. In the TCD test, the blood flow velocity in both middle cerebral arteries and the CO₂ content of expired air were measured to evaluate CO₂ reactivity. The vibration and pain perception threshold were measured on both the 2nd and 5th fingers. The CS₂ poisoning cases showed higher rates of abnormal CO₂ reactivity above the cut-off value than healthy controls (80.0-81.8% vs 0%). Among the threshold tests, the proportions of abnormal pain threshold of both the 2nd and 5th fingers were higher in poisoning cases than in the controls (77.8%-88.9% vs 11.1-33.3%) among over 45 yr old subjects. CO₂ reactivity and pain threshold test showed the possibility to detect changes in cerebral vessels and the sensory threshold in CS₂ exposure cases, but there should be further study to apply these tests to workers exposed to CS₂ before the development of CS₂ poisoning, with large number of control subjects. (J Occup Health 2001; 43: 307-313)

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