米国スミス・ムント法と沖縄CIEの情報教育プログラム 1948-1952

抄録

This paper examined the original text of the Smith-Mundt Act of 1948 to determine principles for United States public diplomacy and explored how the Smith-Mundt programs affected freedom of speech in Okinawa in the 1948-1952 period, critical decision years for the separation of Okinawa from mainland Japan. The Act authorized the Secretary of State, responsible for foreign information programs, and enabled the Secretary to use the national budget flexibly overseas, allowing the transfer of executive roles for international public relations to other federal agencies. Therefore, the Department of Army in charge of postwar Japan at the time was assigned as the executive agency of the Smith-Mundt programs for the Japanese. In Okinawa, the Civil Information and Education Department (CIE), under the Army administration established in 1948, launched information and education programs for the Okinawan people. The components of the CIE programs comprised "ECA information programs" financed by the Foreign Aid Appropriation Acts and coordinated by the Psychological Strategy Board of the Executive Branch. CIE conducted political campaigns for the 1950 Okinawa Gunto Governor election, attempting to acquire the people's support for the U.S. administration of Okinawa. CIE introduced American movies with Japanese subtitles, built five U.S. Information Centers, disseminated press releases, controlled incoming and outgoing news to the Okinawan media, and censored anti-American speech. As a result, the CIE campaigns temporally suppressed "Japanese reversion" speeches but social movements toward the reversion emerged as reactions to the CIE speech control. The Smith-Mundt Acts originally aimed to promote a better understanding of the United States on an international stage at the United Nations, and granted authorization to the Secretary of State responsible for the programs. However, the U.N.-centered ideal gradually changed during the latter half of the Truman administration as the Cold War began. This paper aims to clarify the process based on archival research.