アメリカン・システムの時代における連邦制の実態

抄録

The 19th century U. S. federal system, as a whole, has been described as dual federalism, within which the relationship between the federal government and state governments tended to be antagonistic or competitive. However, a cooperative relationship across states between these two governments with respect to specific national policies had been operating in the early republic. The well known Henry Clay's American System, which formulated an integrated national economic program in the 1820s, may be used to illustrate this relationship. The practical operation of the federal system has undergone many changes over time and in relation to policy changes. This paper analyzes the national internal improvement policies under the General Survey Act of 1824, which constituted a major element of the American System, and examines the reality of the American federal system in the era of the American System of the 1820s. By way of conclusion, it argues that the policies of the American System did not necessarily generate centripetal force empowering the federal government but, rather, that they strengthened competition between states, and intensified sectionalism, with the realignment of the modern party system.