Owing to the new settled neutral zero-starting position method, it became inconvenient to measure the range of the joint motion with the conventional goniometers, we have succeeded in inventing five new flat goniometers, a pendulum type goniometer and a caliper.
With these devices, you can read the degrees of the scale directly in measuring the motions of all the joint ranges.
The goniometers are constructed of transparent plastic and have lots of advantages.