1　平和の主体論　サバルタンとジェンダーの視点から

抄録

Who are the agents of peace? In international politics, we often use the terms peace-building and peace-making, but tend to avoid asking a simple question: who will make peace and for whom? Not only the Realists but also the Liberalists presuppose the United States, a major power, as the main actor to end wars and make peace. However, as we know from the experiences of military intervention and anti-terrorist wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, it seems obvious that peacemaking is not possible without popular support from the grassroots level.

In this paper, the author introduces the alternative approaches in terms of the Subaltern Studies as well as Gender Studies. Both have their intellectual origins in popular movements for empowerment and advocacy: the former was proposed by a group of historians who witnessed people power in 1977 to overthrow a coercive Indian government under Indira Gandhi, while the latter has developed in tandem with women’s movements in various parts of the world and backed by international society since the International Women’s Year of 1975.

The Subaltern Studies criticize the state-centric discourse that was planted by European imperialism and reestablished by nation-states in postcolonial societies. When people resist, they are “pacified” by the military and police. Gender Studies counters the framework of male-dominated societies. When women disobey patriarchal order, they are cruelly punished. Such marginalized people and women have not had the power to have their voices heard until very recently.

As Sigmund Freud discovered about individuals, in order to create inclusive and sustainable peace, it is essential to listen to the voices of people who have been suffering violence and oppression. The Subaltern studies and Gender Studies propose new intellectual methods to break the silence of marginalized people and learn from them, and this may open a gate to reconciliation and peace and lead to a democratic order in the true sense.