Experiments on formation of water channels in a glacier

Ken KOIZUMI; Renji NARUSE

doi:10.5331/seppyo.56.137

氷河内部の水脈形成実験

小泉謙, 成瀬廉二

著者情報

キーワード: 氷河, 結晶粒界, 水脈

ジャーナルフリー

1994 年 56 巻 2 号 p. 137-144

DOI https://doi.org/10.5331/seppyo.56.137

詳細

発行日: 1994/06/15 受付日: 1994/02/07 J-STAGE公開日: 2009/08/07 受理日: 1994/03/22 早期公開日: - 改訂日: -
訂正情報
訂正日: 2009/08/07 訂正理由: - 訂正箇所: 引用文献情報訂正内容: Wrong : Bird, R. B., Stewart, W. E. and Lightfoot, E. N.,1960:Transport Phenomena. Wiley International Edition, John Wiley&Sons, Inc., New York,780 pp.
Colbeck, S. C.,1976:Water flow through veins in ice.CRREL Report,76-6,5pp.
Dewart, G.,1966:Moulins on Kaskawulsh Glacier, Yukon Territory. J. Glaciol.,6,320-321.
Holmlund, P.,1988:Internal geometry and evolution of moulins, Storglaciaren, Sweden. J. Glaciol., 34,242-248.
Lliboutry, L.,1971:Permeability, brine content and temperature of temperate ice. J. Glaciol.,10,15-29.
Naruse, R.,1987:Characteristics of ice flow of Soler Glacier,Patagonia. Bulletin of Glacier Research,4,79-85.
Naruse, R., Fukami, H. and Aniya, M.,1992:Shortterm variations in flow velocity of Glaciar Soler, Patagonia,Chile. J.Glaciol.,38,152-156.
Nye, J. F.,1976:Water flow in glaciers:jokulhlaups, tunnels and veins. J. Glaciol.,17,181-207.
Nye, J. F. and F. C. Frank,1973:Hydrology of the intergranular veins in a temperate glacier.
Proceedings of the symposium on hydrology of glaciers,Cambridge,7-13 September 1969,157-161.
Nye, J. F. and Mae, S.,1972:The effect of nonhydrostatic stress on intergranular water veins and lenses in ice. J.Glaciol.,11,81-101.
Ohata, T., Enomoto, H. and Kondo, H.,1985:Characteristics of ablation at San Rafael Glacier. Glaciological Studies in Patagonia Northern Icefield 1983-1984(ed.by C. Nakajima),Data Center for Glacier Research,Japanese Society of Snow and Ice,37-45.
Oswald, G. K. A. and Robin, G. de Q.,1973:Lakes beneath the Antarctic ice sheet. Nature,245,251-254.
Paterson, W. S. B.,1981:The Physics of Glacier.2nd ed.,Oxford, Pergamon Press,380 pp.
Raymond, C. F. and Harrison, W. D.,1975:Some observations on the behavior of the liquid and gas phases in temperate glacier ice. J. Glaciology,14,213-233.
Rothlisberger, H.,1972:Water pressure in intraand subglacial channels. J. Glaciol.,11, 177-203.
Shreve, R. L.,1972:Movement of water in glaciers.J. Glaciol.,11,205-214.
Willis,I. C., Sharp, M. J. and Richards, K. S.,1990:Configuration of drainage system of Midtdalsbreen, Norway, as indicated by dye-tracing experiments. J. Glaciol.,36,8-101.

Right : Bird, R. B., Stewart, W. E. and Lightfoot, E. N.,1960:Transport Phenomena. Wiley International Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,780 pp.
Colbeck, S. C.,1976:Water flow through veins in ice.CRREL Report,76-6,5pp.
Dewart, G.,1966:Moulins on Kaskawulsh Glacier, Yukon Territory. J. Glaciol.,6,320-321.
Holmlund, P.,1988:Internal geometry and evolution of moulins, Storglaciaren, Sweden. J. Glaciol., 34,242-248.
Lliboutry, L.,1971:Permeability, brine content and temperature of temperate ice. J. Glaciol.,10,15-29.
Naruse, R.,1987:Characteristics of ice flow of Soler Glacier,Patagonia. Bulletin of Glacier Research,4,79-85.
Naruse, R., Fukami, H. and Aniya, M.,1992:Shortterm variations in flow velocity of Glaciar Soler, Patagonia,Chile. J.Glaciol.,38,152-156.
Nye, J. F.,1976:Water flow in glaciers:jokulhlaups, tunnels and veins. J. Glaciol.,17,181-207.
Nye, J. F. and F. C. Frank,1973:Hydrology of the intergranular veins in a temperate glacier.
Proceedings of the symposium on hydrology of glaciers,Cambridge,7-13 September 1969,157-161.
Nye, J. F. and Mae, S.,1972:The effect of nonhydrostatic stress on intergranular water veins and lenses in ice. J.Glaciol.,11,81-101.
Ohata, T., Enomoto, H. and Kondo, H.,1985:Characteristics of ablation at San Rafael Glacier. Glaciological Studies in Patagonia Northern Icefield 1983-1984(ed.by C. Nakajima),Data Center for Glacier Research,Japanese Society of Snow and Ice,37-45.
Oswald, G. K. A. and Robin, G. de Q.,1973:Lakes beneath the Antarctic ice sheet. Nature,245,251-254.
Paterson, W. S. B.,1981:The Physics of Glacier.2nd ed.,Oxford, Pergamon Press,380 pp.
Raymond, C. F. and Harrison, W. D.,1975:Some observations on the behavior of the liquid and gas phases in temperate glacier ice. J. Glaciology,14,213-233.
Rothlisberger, H.,1972:Water pressure in intraand subglacial channels. J. Glaciol.,11, 177-203.
Shreve, R. L.,1972:Movement of water in glaciers.J. Glaciol.,11,205-214.
Willis,I. C., Sharp, M. J. and Richards, K. S.,1990:Configuration of drainage system of Midtdalsbreen, Norway, as indicated by dye-tracing experiments. J. Glaciol.,36,8-101.

抄録

氷河内部の水脈の形成,発達過程を明らかにする目的で,室内実験を行った.透水性のない多結晶氷を0.0℃の条件下におくと,結晶の三叉粒界に沿う水脈(vein)が,約24時間後に直径約200μmに成長し,一週間後には水の流下が確認された.また,多結晶氷に開けた細い穴に,0.00℃の蒸留水を流下させると,摩擦エネルギーによる氷の融解の結果,穴は拡大した(例:5時間で直径1.5mmから2.7mmへ).さらに,流水の温度が0.00℃よりわずかに高ければ,顕熱による融解の効果も加わり,穴の拡大率は大きくなった(例:水温0.05℃のとき,20分間で1.5mmから2.0mmへ).以上の実験と数値計算の結果,次のことが結論された.温暖氷河で春季に融解が始まると,融水が溜まった氷河上の池において,底面の氷にveinが形成され, veinを水が流れることにより水脈は拡大する.0.00℃の水が連続的に流下すると,1ヶ月で直径が10cmオーダーの太い水管にまで発達する.池の水温が日射の吸収により0℃より少しでも高ければ,発達速度はさらに大きい.この様に,冬季は不透水性の氷体でも,融解が始まると短期間の内に急速に,水脈-水路-水管のネットワークが発達し得る.

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