Power Spectral Analysis of Photic Driving Elicited by Flickering Dot Pattern and Red Flicker Stimuli in Adult Psychiatric Outpatients - With Special Reference to Age and Gender

TAKEO TAKAHASHI; KAZUYOSHI KATAOKA; YASUO TSUKAHARA

doi:10.1620/tjem.156.165

TAKEO TAKAHASHI, KAZUYOSHI KATAOKA, YASUO TSUKAHARA

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Keywords: photic driving, geometric pattern, red color, aging, gender

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

1988 Volume 156 Issue 2 Pages 165-173

DOI https://doi.org/10.1620/tjem.156.165

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Published: 1988 Received: August 08, 1988 Available on J-STAGE: August 31, 2006 Accepted: September 07, 1988 Advance online publication: - Revised: -
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Date of correction: August 31, 2006 Reason for correction: - Correction: TITLE Details: Wrong : Power Spectral Analysis of Photic Driving Elicited by Flickering Dot Pattern and Red Flicker Stimuli in Adult Psychiatric Outpatients-With Special Reference to Age and Gender
Right : Power Spectral Analysis of Photic Driving Elicited by Flickering Dot Pattern and Red Flicker Stimuli in Adult Psychiatric Outpatients - With Special Reference to Age and Gender

Date of correction: August 31, 2006 Reason for correction: - Correction: ABSTRACT Details: Wrong : TAKAHASHI, T., KATAOKA, K. and TSUKAHARA, Y. Power Spectral Analysis of Photic Driving Elicited by Flickering Dot Pattern and Red Flicker Stimuli in Adult Psychiatric Outpatients-With Special Reference to Age and Gender. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1988, 156 (2), 165-173 - Power spectrum of photic driving elicited by 5/sec flickering dot pattern (FDP) and 5/sec red flicker (RF) stimuli was investigated in 137 psychiatric outpatients. They consisted of 61 adults (33 males and 28 females) from 20 to 44 years of age, 55 preseniles (25 males and 30 females) from 45 to 64 years and 21 seniles (9 males and 12 females) over 65 years of age. Powers of 5 and 10/sec photic driving elicited by FDP and RF stimuli were greater than those of the other higher harmonics and increased significantly with age. When such a finding was compared in relation to gender, significant increase of power with age was found for 5 and 10/sec photic driving elicited by both stimuli in females, whereas it was found only for 5/sec photic driving elicited by RF stimulation in males. Our findings suggest that the visual systemm of older female patients is very responsive not only to patterned stimuli but also to red flicker stimulation.
Right : Power spectrum of photic driving elicited by 5/sec flickering dot pattern (FDP) and 5/sec red flicker (RF) stimuli was investigated in 137 psychiatric outpatients. They consisted of 61 adults (33 males and 28 females) from 20 to 44 years of age, 55 preseniles (25 males and 30 females) from 45 to 64 years and 21 seniles (9 males and 12 females) over 65 years of age. Powers of 5 and 10/sec photic driving elicited by FDP and RF stimuli were greater than those of the other higher harmonics and increased significantly with age. When such a finding was compared in relation to gender, significant increase of power with age was found for 5 and 10/sec photic driving elicited by both stimuli in females, whereas it was found only for 5/sec photic driving elicited by RF stimulation in males. Our findings suggest that the visual system of older female patients is very responsive not only to patterned stimuli but also to red flicker stimulation.

Date of correction: August 31, 2006 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : 1) Aoki, Y. (1976) Effect of color and pattern stimuli on visual evoked potentials. Clin. Electroenceph., 18, 39-46. (Japanese)
2) Buchsbaum, M.S., Henkin, R.I. & Christiansen, R.L. (1974) Age and sex differences in averaged evoked responses in a normal population, with observations on patients with gonadal dysgenesis. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 37, 137-144.
3) Carterette, E.C. & Symmes, D. (1952) Color as an experimental variable in photic stimulation. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 4, 289-296.
4) Engel, J., Jr. (1974) Selective photoconvulsive responses to intermittent diffuse and patterned photic stimulation. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 37, 283-292.
5) Hughes, J.R. & Cayaffa, J.J. (1977) The EEG in patients at different ages without organic cerebral disease. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 42, 776-784.
6) Jeavons, P.M., Harding, G.F.A., Panayiotopoulos, C.P. & Drasdo, N. (1972) The effect of geometric patterns combined with intermittent photic stimulation in photosensitive epilepsy. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 33, 221-224.
7) La Marche, J.A., Dobson, W.R., Cohn, N.B. & Dustman, R.E. (1986) Amplitudes of visually evoked potentials to a patterned stimuli: Age and sex components. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 65, 81-85.
8) Newmark, M.E. & Penry, J.K. (1979) Photosensitivity and Epilepsy: A Review. Raven Press, New York, pp. 72-76.
9) Niedermeyer, E. (1963) The electroencephalogram and vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency. Neurology (Minneap.), 13, 412-422.
10) Niedermeyer, E. (1987) Cerebrovascular disorders and EEG. In: Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications and Related Fields. 2nd ed., edited by E. Niedermeyer & F. Lopes da Silva, Urban & Schwarzenberg, Baltimore-Munich, pp. 275-299.
11) Panayiotopoulos, C.P. (1974) Effectiveness of Photic stimulation on various eye-states in photosensitive epilepsy. J. Neurol. Sci., 23, 165-173.
12) Press, W.H., Flannery, B.P., Teukolsky, S.A. & Vetering, W.T. (1986) Numerical Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing. Cambridge University Press, New York.
13) Rodin, E.A., Grisell, J.L., Gudobba, R.D. & Zachary, G. (1965) Relatiocship of EEG background rhythms to photic evoked responses. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 19, 301-304.
14) Scheuler, W. (1983) Zur klinischen Bedeutung der gesteigerten Photostimulations-reaktion im Alpha-Frequenzbereich. Zeitschnft. EEG and EMG, 14, 143-153.
15) Shagass, C. (1955) Differentiation between anxiety and depression by the photically activated electroencephalogram. Amer. J. Psychiat., 112, 41-46.
16) Shagass, C. & Schwartz, M. (1965) Visual cerebral evoked response characteristics in a psychiatric population. Amer. J. Psychiat., 121, 979-987.
17) Takahashi, T. (1987) Activation methods. In: Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Aplications and Related Fields. 2nd ed., edited by E. Niedermeyer & F. Lopes da Silva, Urban & Schwarzenberg, Baltimore-Munich, pp. 209-227.
18) Takahashi, T. (1988) Dementia of the Alzheimer type and increased amplitude of photic driving elicited by flickering dot pattern and red flicker stimuli. in preparation.
19) Takahashi, T. & Matsuoka, H. (1981) A study of visual epilepsy. Clin. Psychiat., 23, 671-681. (Japanese)
20) Takahashi, T. & Tsukahara, Y. (1975) Generalized paroxysmal discharges induced by visual stimuli and eye movements. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 115, 1-10.
21) Takahashi, T. & Tsukahara, Y. (1976) Influence of color on the photoconvulsive response. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 41, 124-136.
22) Takahashi, T. & Tsukahara, Y. (1979) Influence of red light and pattern on the photic driving. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 127, 45-52.
23) Takahashi, T. & Tsukahara, Y. (1988) Influence of aging and gender on the photic driving elicited by flickering dot pattern and red flicker stimuli. Jap. J. EEG. EMG., 64, 321-327. (Japanese)
24) Takahashi, T., Matsuoka, H. & Okuma, T. (1979) Photic driving evoked by a flickering-pattern in human adults. In: Integrative Control Functions of the Brain. Vol. 2, edited by M. Ito, N. Tsukahara, K. Kubota & K. Yagi, Kodansh.a, Tokyo, pp. 88-89.
25) Takahashi, T., Tsukahara, Y. & Kaneda, S. (1980) EEG activation by use of stroboscope and visual stimulator SLS-5100. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 130, 403-409.
26) Takahashi, T., Tsukahara, Y. & Kaneda, S. (1981) Influence of pattern and red color on the photoconvulsive response and the photic driving. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 133, 129-137.
27) Takahashi, T., Onizawa, T., Kuriyagawa, K., Kataoka, K. & Niioka, H. (1988) Dementia and photic driving-A case of cerebral arteriosclerosis associated with dementia. J. Sendai City Hosp., 8, 15-21. (Japanese)
28) Walter, W.G., Dovey, V.J. & Shipton, H. (1946) Analysis of the electrical response of human cortex to photic stimulation. Nature (Lond.), 158, 540-541.
29) Yoshida, R. (1981) Study on photic stimulation to EEG in the aged (1st report)-Photic driving. Clin. Neurol., 21, 449-456. (Japanese)

Right : 1) Aoki, Y. (1976) Effect of color and pattern stimuli on visual evoked potentials. Clin. Electroenceph., 18, 39-46. (Japanese)
2) Buchsbaum, M. S., Henkin, R. I. & Christiansen, R. L. (1974) Age and sex differences in averaged evoked responses in a normal population, with observations on patients with gonadal dysgenesis. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 37, 137-144.
3) Carterette, E. C. & Symmes, D. (1952) Color as an experimental variable in photic stimulation. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 4, 289-296.
4) Engel, J., Jr. (1974) Selective photoconvulsive responses to intermittent diffuse and patterned photic stimulation. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 37, 283-292.
5) Hughes, J. R. & Cayaffa, J. J. (1977) The EEG in patients at different ages without organic cerebral disease. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 42, 776-784.
6) Jeavons, P. M., Harding, G. F. A., Panayiotopoulos, C. P. & Drasdo, N. (1972) The effect of geometric patterns combined with intermittent photic stimulation in photosensitive epilepsy. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 33, 221-224.
7) La Marche, J. A., Dobson, W. R., Cohn, N. B. & Dustman, R. E. (1986) Amplitudes of visually evoked potentials to a patterned stimuli: Age and sex components. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 65, 81-85.
8) Newmark, M. E. & Penry, J. K. (1979) Photosensitivity and Epilepsy: A Review. Raven Press, New York, pp. 72-76.
9) Niedermeyer, E. (1963) The electroencephalogram and vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency. Neurology (Minneap.), 13, 412 422.
10) Niedermeyer, E. (1987) Cerebrovascular disorders and EEG. In: Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications and Related Fields. 2nd ed., edited by E. Niedermeyer & F. Lopes da Silva, Urban & Schwarzenberg, Baltimore-Munich, pp. 275-299.
11) Panayiotopoulos, C. P. (1974) Effectiveness of photic stimulation on various eyestates in photosensitive epilepsy. J. Neurol. Sci., 23, 165-173.
12) Press, W. H., Flannery, B. P., Teukolsky, S. A. & Vetering, W. T. (1986) Numerical Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing. Cambridge University Press, New York.
13) Rodin, E. A., Grisell, J. L., Gudobba, R. D. & Zachary, G. (1965) Relationship of EEG background rhythms to photic evoked responses. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 19, 301-304.
14) Scheuler, W. (1983) Zur klinischen Bedeutung der gesteigerten Photostimulationsreaktion im Alpha-Frequenzbereich. Zeitschrift. EEG and EMG, 14, 143-153.
15) Shagass, C. (1955) Differentiation between anxiety and depression by the photically activated electroencephalogram. Amer. J. Psychiat., 112, 41-46.
16) Shagass, C. & Schwartz, M. (1965) Visual cerebral evoked response characteristics in a psychiatric population. Amer. J. Psychiat., 121, 979-987.
17) Takahashi, T. (1987) Activation methods. In: Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Aplications and Related Fields. 2nd ed., edited by E. Niedermeyer & F. Lopes da Silva, Urban & Schwarzenberg, Baltimore-Munich, pp. 209-227.
18) Takahashi, T. (1988) Dementia of the Alzheimer type and increased amplitude of photic driving elicited by flickering dot pattern and red flicker stimuli. in preparation.
19) Takahashi, T. & Matsuoka, H. (1981) A study of visual epilepsy. Clin. Psychiat., 23, 671-681. (Japanese)
20) Takahashi, T. & Tsukahara, Y. (1975) Generalized paroxysmal discharges induced by visual stimuli and eye movements. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 115, 1-10.
21) Takahashi, T. & Tsukahara, Y. (1976) Influence of color on the photoconvulsive response. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 41, 124-136.
22) Takahashi, T. & Tsukahara, Y. (1979) Influence of red light and pattern on the photic driving. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 127, 45-52.
23) Takahashi, T. & Tsukahara, Y. (1988) Influence of aging and gender on the photic driving elicited by flickering dot pattern and red flicker stimuli. Jap. J. EEG. EMG., 64, 321-327. (Japanese)
24) Takahashi, T., Matsuoka, H. & Okuma, T. (1979) Photic driving evoked by a flickering-pattern in human adults. In: Integrative Control Functions of the Brain. Vol. 2, edited by M. Ito, N. Tsukahara, K. Kubota & K. Yagi, Kodansha, Tokyo, pp. 88-89.
25) Takahashi, T., Tsukahara, Y. & Kaneda, S. (1980) EEG activation by use of stroboscope and visual stimulator SLS-5100. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 130, 403-409.
26) Takahashi, T., Tsukahara, Y. & Kaneda, S. (1981) Influence of pattern and red color on the photoconvulsive response and the photic driving. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 133, 129-137.
27) Takahashi, T., Onizawa, T., Kuriyagawa, K., Kataoka, K. & Niioka, H. (1988) Dementia and photic driving - A case of cerebral arteriosclerosis associated with dementia. J. Sendai City Hosp., 8, 15-21. (Japanese)
28) Walter, W. G., Dovey, V. J. & Shipton, H. (1946). Analysis of the electrical response of human cortex to photic stimulation. Nature (Lond.), 158, 540-541.
29) Yoshida, R. (1981) Study on photic stimulation to EEG in the aged (1st report) - Photic driving. Clin. Neurol., 21, 449-456. (Japanese)

Date of correction: August 31, 2006 Reason for correction: - Correction: PDF FILE Details: -

Date of correction: August 31, 2006 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : 1) Aoki, Y. (1976) Effect of color and pattern stimuli on visual evoked potentials. Clin. Electroenceph., 18, 39-46. (Japanese)
2) Buchsbaum, M. S., Henkin, R. I. & Christiansen, R. L. (1974) Age and sex differences in averaged evoked responses in a normal population, with observations on patients with gonadal dysgenesis. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 37, 137-144.
3) Carterette, E. C. & Symmes, D. (1952) Color as an experimental variable in photic stimulation. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 4, 289-296.
4) Engel, J., Jr. (1974) Selective photoconvulsive responses to intermittent diffuse and patterned photic stimulation. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 37, 283-292.
5) Hughes, J. R. & Cayaffa, J. J. (1977) The EEG in patients at different ages without organic cerebral disease. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 42, 776-784.
6) Jeavons, P. M., Harding, G. F. A., Panayiotopoulos, C. P. & Drasdo, N. (1972) The effect of geometric patterns combined with intermittent photic stimulation in photosensitive epilepsy. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 33, 221-224.
7) La Marche, J. A., Dobson, W. R., Cohn, N. B. & Dustman, R. E. (1986) Amplitudes of visually evoked potentials to a patterned stimuli: Age and sex components. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 65, 81-85.
8) Newmark, M. E. & Penry, J. K. (1979) Photosensitivity and Epilepsy: A Review. Raven Press, New York, pp. 72-76.
9) Niedermeyer, E. (1963) The electroencephalogram and vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency. Neurology (Minneap.), 13, 412 422.
10) Niedermeyer, E. (1987) Cerebrovascular disorders and EEG. In: Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications and Related Fields. 2nd ed., edited by E. Niedermeyer & F. Lopes da Silva, Urban & Schwarzenberg, Baltimore-Munich, pp. 275-299.
11) Panayiotopoulos, C. P. (1974) Effectiveness of photic stimulation on various eyestates in photosensitive epilepsy. J. Neurol. Sci., 23, 165-173.
12) Press, W. H., Flannery, B. P., Teukolsky, S. A. & Vetering, W. T. (1986) Numerical Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing. Cambridge University Press, New York.
13) Rodin, E. A., Grisell, J. L., Gudobba, R. D. & Zachary, G. (1965) Relationship of EEG background rhythms to photic evoked responses. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 19, 301-304.
14) Scheuler, W. (1983) Zur klinischen Bedeutung der gesteigerten Photostimulationsreaktion im Alpha-Frequenzbereich. Zeitschrift. EEG and EMG, 14, 143-153.
15) Shagass, C. (1955) Differentiation between anxiety and depression by the photically activated electroencephalogram. Amer. J. Psychiat., 112, 41-46.
16) Shagass, C. & Schwartz, M. (1965) Visual cerebral evoked response characteristics in a psychiatric population. Amer. J. Psychiat., 121, 979-987.
17) Takahashi, T. (1987) Activation methods. In: Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Aplications and Related Fields. 2nd ed., edited by E. Niedermeyer & F. Lopes da Silva, Urban & Schwarzenberg, Baltimore-Munich, pp. 209-227.
18) Takahashi, T. (1988) Dementia of the Alzheimer type and increased amplitude of photic driving elicited by flickering dot pattern and red flicker stimuli. in preparation.
19) Takahashi, T. & Matsuoka, H. (1981) A study of visual epilepsy. Clin. Psychiat., 23, 671-681. (Japanese)
20) Takahashi, T. & Tsukahara, Y. (1975) Generalized paroxysmal discharges induced by visual stimuli and eye movements. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 115, 1-10.
21) Takahashi, T. & Tsukahara, Y. (1976) Influence of color on the photoconvulsive response. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 41, 124-136.
22) Takahashi, T. & Tsukahara, Y. (1979) Influence of red light and pattern on the photic driving. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 127, 45-52.
23) Takahashi, T. & Tsukahara, Y. (1988) Influence of aging and gender on the photic driving elicited by flickering dot pattern and red flicker stimuli. Jap. J. EEG. EMG., 64, 321-327. (Japanese)
24) Takahashi, T., Matsuoka, H. & Okuma, T. (1979) Photic driving evoked by a flickering-pattern in human adults. In: Integrative Control Functions of the Brain. Vol. 2, edited by M. Ito, N. Tsukahara, K. Kubota & K. Yagi, Kodansha, Tokyo, pp. 88-89.
25) Takahashi, T., Tsukahara, Y. & Kaneda, S. (1980) EEG activation by use of stroboscope and visual stimulator SLS-5100. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 130, 403-409.
26) Takahashi, T., Tsukahara, Y. & Kaneda, S. (1981) Influence of pattern and red color on the photoconvulsive response and the photic driving. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 133, 129-137.
27) Takahashi, T., Onizawa, T., Kuriyagawa, K., Kataoka, K. & Niioka, H. (1988) Dementia and photic driving - A case of cerebral arteriosclerosis associated with dementia. J. Sendai City Hosp., 8, 15-21. (Japanese)
28) Walter, W. G., Dovey, V. J. & Shipton, H. (1946). Analysis of the electrical response of human cortex to photic stimulation. Nature (Lond.), 158, 540-541.
29) Yoshida, R. (1981) Study on photic stimulation to EEG in the aged (1st report) - Photic driving. Clin. Neurol., 21, 449-456. (Japanese)

Right : 1) Aoki, Y. (1976) Effect of color and pattern stimuli on visual evoked potentials. Clin. Electroenceph., 18, 39-46. (Japanese)
2) Buchsbaum, M. S., Henkin, R. I. & Christiansen, R. L. (1974) Age and sex differences in averaged evoked responses in a normal population, with observations on patients with gonadal dysgenesis. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 37, 137-144.
3) Carterette, E. C. & Symmes, D. (1952) Color as an experimental variable in photic stimulation. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 4, 289-296.
4) Engel, J., Jr. (1974) Selective photoconvulsive responses to intermittent diffuse and patterned photic stimulation. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 37, 283-292.
5) Hughes, J. R. & Cayaffa, J. J. (1977) The EEG in patients at different ages without organic cerebral disease. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 42, 776-784.
6) Jeavons, P. M., Harding, G. F. A., Panayiotopoulos, C. P. & Drasdo, N. (1972) The effect of geometric patterns combined with intermittent photic stimulation in photosensitive epilepsy. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 33, 221-224.
7) La Marche, J. A., Dobson, W. R., Cohn, N. B. & Dustman, R. E. (1986) Amplitudes of visually evoked potentials to a patterned stimuli: Age and sex components. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 65, 81-85.
8) Newmark, M. E. & Penry, J. K. (1979) Photosensitivity and Epilepsy: A Review. Raven Press, New York, pp. 72-76.
9) Niedermeyer, E. (1963) The electroencephalogram and vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency. Neurology (Minneap.), 13, 412 422.
10) Niedermeyer, E. (1987) Cerebrovascular disorders and EEG. In: Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications and Related Fields. 2nd ed., edited by E. Niedermeyer & F. Lopes da Silva, Urban & Schwarzenberg, Baltimore-Munich, pp. 275-299.
11) Panayiotopoulos, C. P. (1974) Effectiveness of photic stimulation on various eyestates in photosensitive epilepsy. J. Neurol. Sci., 23, 165-173.
12) Press, W. H., Flannery, B. P., Teukolsky, S. A. & Vetering, W. T. (1986) Numerical Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing. Cambridge University Press, New York.
13) Rodin, E. A., Grisell, J. L., Gudobba, R. D. & Zachary, G. (1965) Relationship of EEG background rhythms to photic evoked responses. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 19, 301-304.
14) Scheuler, W. (1983) Zur klinischen Bedeutung der gesteigerten Photostimulationsreaktion im Alpha-Frequenzbereich. Zeitschrift. EEG und EMG, 14, 143-153.
15) Shagass, C. (1955) Differentiation between anxiety and depression by the photically activated electroencephalogram. Amer. J. Psychiat., 112, 41-46.
16) Shagass, C. & Schwartz, M. (1965) Visual cerebral evoked response characteristics in a psychiatric population. Amer. J. Psychiat., 121, 979-987.
17) Takahashi, T. (1987) Activation methods. In: Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Aplications and Related Fields. 2nd ed., edited by E. Niedermeyer & F. Lopes da Silva, Urban & Schwarzenberg, Baltimore-Munich, pp. 209-227.
18) Takahashi, T. (1988) Dementia of the Alzheimer type and increased amplitude of photic driving elicited by flickering dot pattern and red flicker stimuli. in preparation.
19) Takahashi, T. & Matsuoka, H. (1981) A study of visual epilepsy. Clin. Psychiat., 23, 671-681. (Japanese)
20) Takahashi, T. & Tsukahara, Y. (1975) Generalized paroxysmal discharges induced by visual stimuli and eye movements. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 115, 1-10.
21) Takahashi, T. & Tsukahara, Y. (1976) Influence of color on the photoconvulsive response. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 41, 124-136.
22) Takahashi, T. & Tsukahara, Y. (1979) Influence of red light and pattern on the photic driving. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 127, 45-52.
23) Takahashi, T. & Tsukahara, Y. (1988) Influence of aging and gender on the photic driving elicited by flickering dot pattern and red flicker stimuli. Jap. J. EEG. EMG., 64, 321-327. (Japanese)
24) Takahashi, T., Matsuoka, H. & Okuma, T. (1979) Photic driving evoked by a flickering-pattern in human adults. In: Integrative Control Functions of the Brain. Vol. 2, edited by M. Ito, N. Tsukahara, K. Kubota & K. Yagi, Kodansha, Tokyo, pp. 88-89.
25) Takahashi, T., Tsukahara, Y. & Kaneda, S. (1980) EEG activation by use of stroboscope and visual stimulator SLS-5100. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 130, 403-409.
26) Takahashi, T., Tsukahara, Y. & Kaneda, S. (1981) Influence of pattern and red color on the photoconvulsive response and the photic driving. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 133, 129-137.
27) Takahashi, T., Onizawa, T., Kuriyagawa, K., Kataoka, K. & Niioka, H. (1988) Dementia and photic driving - A case of cerebral arteriosclerosis associated with dementia. J. Sendai City Hosp., 8, 15-21. (Japanese)
28) Walter, W. G., Dovey, V. J. & Shipton, H. (1946). Analysis of the electrical response of human cortex to photic stimulation. Nature (Lond.), 158, 540-541.
29) Yoshida, R. (1981) Study on photic stimulation to EEG in the aged (1st report) - Photic driving. Clin. Neurol., 21, 449-456. (Japanese)

Date of correction: August 31, 2006 Reason for correction: - Correction: PDF FILE Details: -

Abstract

Power spectrum of photic driving elicited by 5/sec flickering dot pattern (FDP) and 5/sec red flicker (RF) stimuli was investigated in 137 psychiatric outpatients. They consisted of 61 adults (33 males and 28 females) from 20 to 44 years of age, 55 preseniles (25 males and 30 females) from 45 to 64 years and 21 seniles (9 males and 12 females) over 65 years of age. Powers of 5 and 10/sec photic driving elicited by FDP and RF stimuli were greater than those of the other higher harmonics and increased significantly with age. When such a finding was compared in relation to gender, significant increase of power with age was found for 5 and 10/sec photic driving elicited by both stimuli in females, whereas it was found only for 5/sec photic driving elicited by RF stimulation in males. Our findings suggest that the visual system of older female patients is very responsive not only to patterned stimuli but also to red flicker stimulation.

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