The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of different etching modes on immediate enamel and the dentin bond performance of a new universal adhesive when using it as an adhesive for direct restoration or as a primer for indirect restoration, based on shear bond strength (SBS) tests. The universal adhesive used was BeautiBond Xtream (Shofu). Bovine enamel and dentin specimens were divided into two groups following surface treatment: 1) etch & rinse (ER) mode (phosphoric pre-etching before application of BeautiBond Xtream) and 2) self-etch (SE) mode (without phosphoric pre-etching). After treatment with BeautiBond Xtream, the prepared specimens were further divided into two groups in accordance with different bonded specimen configurations, that is, simulated direct restoration or indirect restoration. Bonded specimens were subjected to SBS testing after 24 h water storage. Although significantly higher enamel SBSs were observed in ER mode than in SE mode, no significant differences were observed in dentin SBSs between ER mode and SE mode regardless of the bonded specimen’s configuration. In the SEM observations of BeautiBond Xtream-treated surfaces and resin-tooth interfaces, ultrastructure morphological features were different in different etching modes, regardless of the tooth substrate.