The effect of physical training on cholesterol metabolism was investigated using maleWistar rats fed on a high-fat diet.The diet contained 25.0% casein, 38.15% sucrose, 5.0%minerals, 30.0% lard, 1.7% vitamin mixture, and 0.15% choline chloride.The rats, 5-6 weeksof age, were trained for 3, 6, and 10 weeks according to a treadmill running program.Itconsisted of running at 12 m/min for 60 min/day on 6 days/week.The results obtained are as follows.1.The level of serum cholesterol in the trained rats showed a tendency to be lower than thatin the untrained and control rats.2.The similar tendency was also observed in the amount of liver cholesterol as well.3.The trained rats showed a significant enhancement in the synthesis of cholesterol in liver, being more apparent with longer training.The findings in the present study coincide with those previously observed in the similarexperiment using rats fed on a regular diet, and it has been concluded that physical trainingimproves the cholesterol metabolism under high-fat nutrition to bring a favorable effect on theprophylaxis for arteriosclerosis and many subsequent disturbances.

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In order to obtain the best method of weight reduction in sports with weight-classificationsystem, the present study was performed to detemine the changes in muscle proteinmetabolism during a 10-day weight reduction period in four college boxers.The main results obtained were as follows:1) Energy and protein intake decreased gradually during weight reduction period.2) Urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine (3-Me), urinary nitrogen (Urinary-N) and ureanitrogen (Urea-N) in urine decreased significantly at the intermediate day of weightreduction period (IWR).3) At the end day of weight reduction period (EWR), Urinary-N and Urea-N increased, nitrogen balance tended to negative significantly, and body weight reduced remarkablyin comparison witht hose at IWR.However, the fluctuation of 3-Me value showed noclear tendency at EWR on each subjects.From these results, this study suggests that muscle protein degradation decreased at IWR incomparison with that at the before weight reduction period.The present author recommends for the intake amount of protein:1.5g/kg/day, and forcarbohydrate:5g/kg/day to prevent the muscle protein degradation when athletes want toreduce their body weight.

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The purpose of this study is to compare the circuratory function among three divers.One isJacques Mayol, a famous apnoeic diver of France and another two divers are male and femaleprofessional diver called Ama in Japan.The maximum underwater apnoeic time of Mayol was 4 minutes and 9 seconds while thatof male Ama was 2 minutes and 9 seconds, and female Ama 1 minute and 1 second.Remarkable bradycardia appeared in Mayol (Hreat Frequency, fH=34bpm) during apnoeicdiving.It was revealed from P_0.1 test recordlng that the sensitivity to CO₂ of male Ama waslower than that of Mayol, whose sensitivity was similar to that of ordinary Japanese adult.The vital capacity showed similar pattems.The exact mechanism of the extraordinary long apnoeic time of Mayol is still unknown.However, if the mechanism could be identified in the future studies and if longer apnoeicdiving in the ordimry divers could be realized with special training, man would be able to havewider underwater behavioural range.

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It is well known that excessively secreted thyroidhormone frequently reduces liplds in serum anddeprives thyrotoxic patients of their body weight.On the contrary, hypothyreoidic patients show anelevated level of serum lipids and a gain in weight.Thus thyroid hormone is supposed to play animportant role on body composition.It has yet to bestudied, however, if a variation of thyroid hormonesin a physiological range affects serum lipids andbody fat.In order to make this point clear, thepresent experiment was designed.

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This short article will describe a compartivestudy on the body composition of young people in Kyushu.Skinfold thickness was measured at five differentsites on the right side of the body on 1749 persons, ages 10 to 18, living in Kyushu.Body density and fatpercentage were estimated according to the methodof Nagamine and Suzuki (1964) and the formula of Brozek et al (1963).

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Relationship of body density, body fat and lean body mass to physique has so far been unclear.The reason lies mainly in the method how to evaluate the physique.Thus, an attempt has been made to evaluate the physique with the aid of principal component analysis to correlate with the bodydensity, body fat and lean body mass.

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The fat content of the human body has physiological and medical importance especially in obese men.In general, the fat content has been calculated from the body density.To obtain the informations concerning the fat content of a number of subjects, the estimation of the body density by skinfold is available.Several prediction equations have been proposed for the estimation of the body density from skinfold thinfold thicknesses (Sloan, 1967;Michael & Katch, 1968).InJapan, Nagamine & Suzuki (1964), Sato(1975), and Takasaki et al.(1979) presented the prediction equations of the body density by skinfold thicknesses on Japanese subjects.The purpose of this study is to investigate the accuracy of the above-mentioned equations in obese men.

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In recent years, the increasing tendency of obese children in Japan becomes a serios problem.When body weight is evaluated, being heavy does not always mean that the child is fat.In such a case, body composition should be considered.After his weight in divided into two components, i.e., lean body mass (LBM) and body fat, the weight can be evaluated more adequately.Hence, the present study investigates the relation-ship between body composition of school children and their growth and aging.

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It has been knowm that pulmonary diffusing capacity was related closely to body size.In this study, a stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to isolate the morphological indices that accounted for the significant proportion of variances of pulmonary diffusing capacity (D_L) and its compoments, diffusing capacity of pulmonary capinary membrane (D_M) and pulmonary capllary blood volume (V_c), under the various conditions

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Body composition has been one of the funda-mental indices for the survey of human science.It is well known that human body composition is affected by sex, age and nutritional status.Body composition might be changed by the level of daily physical activity.The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences in body composition between Japanese male athletes and non·athletes.

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Bioiogic aging is a process involving changes that influence the total functioning capacity.Most studies indicate that aging is associated with a number of adverse changes in body composition(Novak, 1972:Womersley and Dumin, 1977:Steen et al., 1979).Lean tissue is lost but body weight is sustained by an accumulation of fat (Forbes and Reina, 1970:Young, 1965).These changes affect the chemical morphology of cells and tissues, and concomitant changes occur in physical properties and in the production of metabolic energy.The purposes of this report were to determine total body water by deuterium oxide and to calculate fat mass.

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The information conceming the body composition is valuable in relation to physiological cost of exercise, physical fitness and health-related fitnessaspects (McArdle et a., 1981).In general, the body has been divided into two compartments, the body fat and the fat-free mass.Of the methods at present available for estimating the proportion of body fat in living individuals, hydrostatic weighing is the most reliable(Lohman, 1981;McArdle et al., 1981).

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It was observed that obese women were under a greater strain during work in the heat than lean individuals (Bar-Or, et a., 1969).Haymes et al (1975) found the obese boys had greater increase in rectal temperature than lean boys during walking in hot environments.It is conceivable that the body composition and the body dimension may affect the changes in body temperature during exercise in hot environments.Katsuura et al.(1982) found that subcutaneous fat had a tendency to prevent heatloss from the body during exercise in a warmenvironment (28.5±1.71°C).

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The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of body fat content and physique on themal and metabolic respcmses in a cold environment.Therefore, 15 young male subjects of widelyvarying body fat content were expose to cold air at 15°C.

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