In terms of ecological anthropology, we surveyed the total 223 women engaged in oyster-gleaning on the tidal flat in Hampyeong in March 1999. We examined the relationship between age and career (years engaged in gleaning activities), age and the time spent in gleaning activities, age and the gleaned amount for 30 minutes and for one hour in weight, the day and other nature-oriented backgrounds and so on. These were examined in order to elucidate the interrelationship among gleaning skills, technologies, the difference caused by age, and efficiencies found in oyster-gleaning activities.
The relationship between age and amount of gleaned oyster in weight throughout a career was not statistically significant. The 50-59 age gleaned 3.76kg, which was caused by the tendency of these people to spend a longer time as compared with the other generations. The average amount of oyster gleaned by all generations was 3.5kg.
It is suggested that the decrease of the amount gleaned according to the passing of the day is closely related with the fluctuation in height of the tide.
The weight of oyster gleaned for 30 minutes and that of oyster gleaned for one hour are 725.3g and 790.9g respectively. Women of 40-49 years of age have the tendency to possess the highest intensity of gleaning effort as compared with the other generations.

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Regional variations in mandibular ramus morphology were examined using five Jomon samples from Hokkaido, and Tohoku, Kanto, Tokai and Chugoku regions in Honshu (302 males and 263 females). The Hokkaido Epi-Jomon sample (15 males and 12 females) was also examined. The data of Hokkaido Ainu were used for investigation of temporal changes in Hokkaido region.
The results indicated that the Hokkaido Jomon and Epi-Jomon have a broad mandibular ramus, which was significantly larger than those of other Jomon samples. And the Mahalanobis' distance analysis based on 5 mandibular measurements revealed that the Hokkaido prehistoric peoples were isolated from the Jomon in Honshu.
Hokkaido Ainu had a narrower mandibular ramus than two other Hokkaido prehistoric samples. However, their ramus index was larger than those of the Jomon series in Honshu. Mandibular ramus has reduced from the Jomon to Modern period in Hokkaido, yet the Ainu still have relatively large mandibular ramus breadth.

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