[in Japanese]

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Fossil fungi were found from the Pleistocene plants deposits of Shiobara, Tochigi Pref., Japan. They are considered to be epiphyllous fungi. Some of them are impression fossils remaining their epiphyllous habitats on their host leaves. A Phycomycete species is nonpetrified and it might be a recent fungus. The other fungi are petrified. We assigned some of the fungi to the aquatic hyphomycetes and also some of the other fungi to the plant pathogen. Four of the listed fungi are possibly pathogenic fungi remaining only macroscopic symptoms ; such fossils are considered mainly to be helpful for the field survey as an indicator of the occurrence of more important fossil fungi. Thirty fossil fungi remaining microscopic characters are described and annotated. They are identified with the form-genera used by SHEFFY & DILCHER (1971), and are arranged taxonomically with the suprageneric classification proposed by ELSIK (1976). The following notes are added for the Japanese beginners of paleomycology : 1. Fossil records of fungi in the world. 2. Origin and evolution of fungi based on the fossil records. 3. A short historical sketch on paleomycology. 4. Two problems in the classification and nomenclature of fossil fungi. 5. Fungus-like fossils. 6. Nonpetrified fossil fungi.

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[in Japanese]

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[in Japanese]

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A new locality of Takakia lepidozioides HATT. et INOUE was found in the Shiga Highlands, Nagano Pref., where this species was found on more or less moist andesite rocks along small valley, at about 1700 m. alt. The forest vegetation around the habitat of Takakia lepidozioides is dominated by Abies mariesii, Tsuga diversifolia, and Betula ermanii, and the habitat condition was markedly different from that in the previously known localities in Japan. Another new locality was found on Mt. Iide, Yamagata Pref., where this species was found on most granite rock at 1810 m. alt., in alpine vegetation zone ; the present new locality will fill up the gap between Mt. Daisetsu in Hokkaido and high mountains in central Honshu, and it may suggest that this species will distribute in more several other mountains in Tohoku district, northern Honshu. When cultured in moist chamber in the laboratory (at room temperature and diffused sun right), several leaves of Takakia lepidozioides produced mucilage hairs just like those previously known on leafy-stem and rhizomatous stem. This fact may indicate that the leaves are physiologically or histologically undifferentiated from the stem, thus showing very primitive nature of Takakia lepidozioides.

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The morphology of the embryos and the seedlings of the Nymphaeaceae is examined. As a result of the present study, it is considered that two large lobes of the embryo are homologous to two cotyledons, neither single-lobed cotyledon nor the projection of the hypocotyle. And the linear leaf of the subfamilies Nymphaeoideae and Cabomboideae is a first leaf, neither a cotyledon nor a coleoptile. Based on these interpretations, the embryos and seedlings of the Nymphaeaceae indicate the dicotyledonous characters.

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The generic classification of the Hymenophyllaceae is revised. 1) Microtrichomanes is a heterogenous assembly of the species of various affinities, and the group of M. palmatifidum should be referred to Sphaerocionium. 2) There are no two types of the involucres, and this is elucidated by histological as well as developmental studies. 3) Sphaerocionium should be segregated from Hymenophyllum s.lat. including several species formerly included in Trichomanes s.lat. 4) Trichomanes s.lat. consists of a heterogenous assembly of the species, and of at least three groups. 5) It is highly necessary to analyse the various taxonomic features to elucidate the interrelationships especially on trichomes, segments, cell-walls, involucres, spores, gametophytes, chromosomes, chemical substances, and so on. Eight genera may tentatively be admitted to this family as enumerated on pages 156 and 157.

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Measurement points of leaf indentations were defined to find out any reasonable boundary between `serration' and `incision' as shown in Fig. 1A. There, l_1 is the tangent of an indentation with two contact points A and B and l_2 is another tangent parallel to l_1 with a contact point C. The depth of the indentation (H) is represented by the length of the parpendicular from C to l_1. If the foot of the parpendicular (D) comes out of the range of A and B, the depth of the indentation (H) is CA or CB whichever shorter as shown in Fig. 1B. The outermost tangents of a leaf define primary indentations AaBaCa etc., and various other indentations EFG etc. are included in each of them (Fig. 1 G, H). The rate of indentation (R) is calculated by the formula, R=H/W × 100, in which H is the depth of indentation and W is the width of leaf brade defined in Fig. 1 E, and F. Frequencies of R in various indentations of various plants (Tab. 2) were shown in Fig. 2 A and Tab. 3 where the boundary of `serration' and `incision' was found to be laid at around R=8.2. It is reasonable to define `serration' as an indentation with R<7.0 and `incision' as R≧9.0. Shallow and middle `incision' was not clearly discriminated by the value of R (Fig. 2B) but the boundary between deep `incision' and other shallow `incision' could be observed at around R=20〜25 (Fig. 2C).

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1) Conocephalum supradecompositum, annual species restricted to the northern part of East Asia, is considered to be derived from C. conicum, perennial species widely distributed throughout temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. 2) C. supradecompositum produces in autumn numerous gemmae endowed with a strong resistance to cold and dryness. The gemmae are modified branches of the thallus ; prior to formation of gemmae, the thallus performs frequent dichotomous branching, and the terminal dichotomy itself is transformed into a gemma. Thus, each gemma has two growing points covered with scales, and it exhibits a strong, inborn dorsiventrality in germination. 3) C. supradecompositum is unique among bryophytes in cylindrical, sausage-shaped spore mother cells, linear spore tetrads, and dimorphic spores. 4) The genus Conocephalum is very characteristic in elaters ; elaters in a capsule are 2-3 times as many as spores (in other genera of the Hepaticae, the number of elaters is far smaller than that of spores) ; and they show an extremely wide range of variation in size, shape, and number and orientation of spiral thickenings-and there occur rarely elaters with dextrorse spiral thickenings (so far as examined by the writer, the spiral thickenings of elaters are universally sinistrorse in other genera of the Hepaticae). The exceptional dextrorse elaters are assumed to be induced from the originally sinistrorse ones through conversion of the axis as shown in Fig. 3, x-z'.

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Pollen tetrads of 36 species belonging to 26 genera of Japanese Orchids were observed in details. The results are as follows : 1) Confirmation of types of the pollen tetrads and morphological variation in each type of them ; The arrangement of the four young pollens in the tetrads is variable within 36 species observed, although they could be classified into six types such as tetrahedral, square, decussate, rhomboidal, T-shaped and linear ones. Throughout the species observed the pollens constituting a tetrad were intact, and aberrantly large or small ones in the aberrant tetrads were not recognized. 2) Estimation of mixing ratios in each type of the pollen tetrads ; All six types of the pollen tetrads were recognized in 30 among 36 species observed. The ratios in each type of the pollen tetrads are shown in Table 1. The decussate tetrads show the highest ratio, about 50% throughout the species except Habenaria radiata and Goodyera maximowicziana. Values of the ratios of each type decreased from the decussate tetrads in sequence of rhomboidal, tetrahedral, square, T-shaped and linear ones. Detailed observation on the ratios among the pollen tetrads in each type of Calanthe discolor showed that the ratios were similar through five individuals collected from three different localities ( Table 2). In Goodyera maximowicziana, higher ratios of the T-shaped tetrads and linear ones were observed in extremely slender basal part of the pollinium than those of T-shaped and linear ones of the other part of the pollinium. 3) Ontogenetical observation on each type of the pollen tetrads ; All tetrads observed were produced by simultaneous membrane formation. The course of the tetrad formation was proceeded in the pollen mother cells which were gathered into parenchymatously compact mass. The courses of the pollen tetrad formation of each type are schematically shown in Fig. 1 with photographs in Figs. 2 and 3. It seems that different types of the pollen tetrads are caused by the different forms of the pollen mother cells and by the difference of the direction of the two axes of the second nuclear divisions. It is concluded that the species in the Orchidaceae observed have several types of pollen tetrads within a single pollinium which all develop normally and that the types of pollen tetrads in this family would be determined by the direction of axis of cell division and the forms of pollen mother cells. The forms may be correlated to those of the pollinia and to the parenchymatously compact gathering of the pollen mother cells throughout the course of the tetrad formation.

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Lipocarpha has long been a controversial genus as to its systematic position within the family Cyperaceae. Up till now, the genus has been attributed to either Hypolytreae (=Mapanieae) or Scirpeae, largely depending upon the morphological interpretation of the structure of its inflorescence. As illustrated in Fig. 1, a spike of Lipocarpha (Fig. 1, C) bears on its rhachis many herbaceous scales in the appearance of a glume, each subtending a bisexual flower placed between a pair of small, hyaline scales usually termed "inner scales" as shown in Fig. 1, D-I. Most cyperologists including NEES VON ESENBECK (1834), KUNTH (1815, 1837), BOCKELER (1871), PAX (1886) and OHWI (1944) assumed the homology between the "inner scales" of Lipocarpha and the "squamellae" of Mapanioid genera, and as the matter of sequence placed Lipocarpha in the tribe Hypolytreae. This assumption is not convincing, because the structure of the "Fachel" (a cymule) in the Mapanioid genera amply differs from the above structure of Lipocarpha not only in the strictly unisexual nature of flowers but in the arrangement of the "squamellae" themselves. Furthermore, the leaves of Mapanioid genera featured with highly developed mechanical tissues in association with the chlorenchyma well differentiated into pallisade and spongy portions (KOYAMA, 1966; METCALFE, 1971) do not suggest any similarity at all to those of Lipocarpha, which is characterized by the radiate chlorenchyma and the very poorly developed mechanical tissues as shown in Fig. 3. C. B. CLARKE (1893, 1908) and KERN (1974) treated Lipocarpha as a member of the tribe Scirpeae, judging that the "inner scales" constitute the perianth elements and hence are homologous to the hypogynous scales in Fuirena. If so, then why are the "inner scales" always two even in the trimerous flowers of L. microcephala and of L. chinensis, and are dorsi-ventrally situated? The leaf anatomy of the tribe Scirpeae (METCALFE, 1971) does not exhibit any close affinity with that of Lipocarpha in lacking the Chlorocyperus-type anatomy in the former. In my previous treatments (KOYAMA, 1960, 1961) I associated Lipocarpha with the tribe Cypereae, yet I have not had an opportunity to mention the details of this morphological thoughts. I realized at that time that the structure of a Lipocarpha-spike is essentially the same as those of specialized Cyperus-allies like Kyllinga and Remirea as schematically explained in Fig. 2, A and B. In this discussion, the floral unit of Lipocarpha composed of two "inner scales" and a bisexual flower represents a true spikelet, in which these "inner scales" are glumes, the upper one of which is bearing an axillary bisexual flower. These 1-flowered spikelets are borne at axils of the subtending bracts, which look like glumes in the Lipocarpha-spike. In Kyllinga the reduced spikelets are still recognizable over the small subtending bracts, while those of Lipocarpha are completely hidden by the glume-like bracts. Recently, RAYNAL (1973) expressed an opinion which is in principle concurring with mine just mentioned above. He has recognized Lipocarpha as being a highly specialized, ultimate group of Cypereae evolved from a mariscus-type ancestor, a view largely based upon the Chlorocyperus-type leaf anatomy occurring in both Lipocarpha and Mariscus. In this evolutionary trend, the spikelets of Hemicarpha bearing a single glume (=inner scale) can be derived from a Lipocarpha-spikelet by reduction, and it further gives the way to the spikelets of Rikliella which no longer retain any glumes at all and thus a spike has become indistinguishable from a spikelet of Scirpus (Fig. 3, C) structurally. In spite of this strong similarity between the Lipocarpha-allies and the tribe Cypereae, the former group appears clearly distinguishable from the latter by the far more reduced

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The red algal genus Neodilsea (Dumontiaceae, Cryptonemiales) includes at present six taxa : N. integra (KJELLM.) A. ZINOVA (1961), N. americana ABBOTT (1968), N. crispata MASUDA (1973a) and N. integra var. longissima MASUDA (1973b). These taxa have been recorded from various localities in temperate to cold zones of the Northern Hemisphere. Among these, the four taxa which are reported from Japan are : N. yendoana, N. tenuipes, N. crispata and N. integra var. longissima. The purpose of the present study is to analyze taxonomic features of each Japanese taxon based on a comparison between field material and cultured plants. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of each taxon in Japan is delineated, using herbarium specimens and the literature. The following features circumscribe the genus as it occurs in Japan : the mode of spore germination, the thallus structure, the occurrence of unicellular colorless hairs, the development of reproductive structures : tetrasporangia, spermatangia, carpogonial branches and auxiliary cell branches, and the development of gonimoblasts. The following taxonomic features are used to characterize each taxon in this paper: the size of spores, the thallus shape, the stipe length, the thallus surface, the thallus margin, the thallus texture, the frequency of hairs, and the form and size of spermatangia. A large number of tetraspores and carpospores were measured (Fig. 1) and their size ranges are definite for each taxon. Tetraspore dimensions are especially different from each other. In N. tenuipes and N. integra var. longissima the tetraspores from both field-collected and cultured plants are similar to each other. The difference in the dimensions of mature tetrasporangia among the four taxa appears to be uniform and within specific ranges, suggesting that the mature tetrasporangium dimension in Neodilsea has taxonomic significance (MASUDA, 1973a). The thallus shape is the most conspicuous feature in differentiating gross morphology (Fig. 3). That of three taxa other than N. yendoana is almost uniform ; N. tenuipes has an elliptical to circular thallus, whereas N. crispata and N. integra var. longissima possess linear to linear-lanceolate thalli. However, the thallus shape of N. yendoana shows a broad range of variation which includes those of the other three taxa, although the most common shape is obovate. The stipe length is of some taxonomic significance. N. yendoana has a short terete stipe usually less than 1 mm in length, whereas the other taxa have more conspicuous stipes of 2-7 mm in length (Fig. 4). The three species other than N. integra var. longissima possess irregularly rough furrows over the thallus surface in the living state, whereas the thallus surface of the latter is smooth. The marginal portion of well grown thalli of N. crispata becomes crispate, but that of the others are entire throughout their life history. The texture of living thalli is soft, except for N. yendoana which has a rather hard texture. The frequency of unicellular colorless hairs is characteristic of each taxon. N. integra var. longissima has numerous hairs throughout its life history. N. crispata has also hairs throughout its life history, but less abundant than those of the former taxon. Young plants less than 1 cm in length of N. yendoana and N. tenuipes bear abundant hairs, but the number decreases with age and in adult plants the hairs are scarce. The size and shape of spermatangia have some taxonomic significance (TAZAWA, 1956). N. yendoana produces large, ellipsoid spermatangia, whereas N. integra var. longissima bears small, almost spherical spermatangia. N. tenuipes and N. crispata bear spermatangia which are intermediate in size and form between those of the former two taxa. N. yendoana is widely distributed along the entire coast of Hokkaido and the Pacific coast of northern Honshu. Its range of distribution extends northward to Paramshir Isl., the northern Kurile Islands, and Sakhalin and westward

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Venation and trichomes of five Drynarioid ferns were observed in various stages of juvenile plants, and compared with those of ten allied or related genera. Developmental pattern of the venation of Drynarioid taxa is quite different from that of Microsorium and its closely related taxa in the behavior of the lowermost acroscopic veinlet and the included veinlets at the early juvenile leaves, but fairly coincides with that of Polypodium, although included veinlets are usually single and simple in the latter. Scales on the rhizome are typically clathrate from the early stage of the juvenile plants in Microsorium and its closely related taxa, but soft usual type in Drynarioid taxa and the most of Polypodium. Long multicellular hairs were observed on the juvenile leaves in various Drynarioid ferns such as Photinopteris, Aglaomorpha meyeniana, Dryostachyum pilosa, etc. This type of hairs is totally lacking in Microsorioid ferns, but present in some Polypodium. The Drynarioid ferns share such characteristics as mentioned above with Polypodium. The resemblance between Drynarioid and Microsorioid taxa, on the contrary, seems to be superficial in the respects of these characteristics.

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