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In the previous study, it was investigated that how inhabiting effect was affected by manipulation of processing types for studied items. Seamon et al. (2003) showed that strategy that participant write presented words down directly decrease the rate of false-recall. However, it is unclear that whether such a strategy is efficient when studies item is not fully presented. For this reason, in present study, the inhibiting effect to false-recognition was investigated from the two perspectives of processing type and presentation time for studied items As a result of present study, the main effect of processing type and presentation time for the rate of false-recognition, and the interaction of those was not significant. It means that experimental manipulation of this study has not inhibited false-memory illusions.

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Twenty-one undergraduates intentionally learned 36 words with four primacy-buffer words. The words were presented in one of four old contexts: a unique combination of four foreground colors and four locations on a computer screen at a rate of 2.5 per word. After four-min retention interval, andergraduates received 36 old and 36 new words at random order in one of four old contexts or in a new context. One third of the words were presented in the same context (SC condition), the other third were presented in a different old context (DC-old condition), and the last third were presented in a new context (DC-new condition). Undergraduates were required to judge whether the currently presented word had been presented at learning or not. SC condition showed significantly higher A' than DC-new condition, but no differences were found either between SC and DC-old condition or between DC-old and DC-new condition.

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This study analyzed university students' reasoning modes in the vaccination problem (Itoh, 2006, 2007) in partitive formulation (Macchi, 1995, 2000) and the cab problem (Tversky & Kahneman, 1980) in nonpartitive formulation. Both problems comprised a basic first-order quantification of probability problem, a second-order quantification of probability problem with additive composition, and a Bayesian problem. The proportion of correct answers for the vaccination problem was significantly larger than that for the cab problem. This reflects the effect of partitive formulation. The reason an analysis of the nature conducted in the basic first-order quantification of probability problems and the second-order quantification of probability problems with additive composition in this study has not been carried out previously is that studies have only focused on the Bayesian reasoning. Further studies using content-free problems can illuminate the fundamental properties of a cognitive system in probabilistic reasoning.

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Although previous research investigated whether explaining expectancy promotes text understanding, their results were inconsistent with some research reporting positive effects and others reporting no effects. The present study examined that beliefs about explanation moderate the effects of explaining expectancy on text comprehension. Participants in the experimental condition were all given the explaining expectancy before studying the text. On the other hand, participants in the control condition were not. Results showed that the effects of explaining expectancy differed depending on their knowledge-building tendency. With explaining expectancy, knowledge-building tendency predicted the scores of text comprehension. But, without explaining expectancy, knowledge-building tendency did not. Results suggested that explaining expectancy exercise an influence only if the learners have the beliefs that they need to elaborate or organize the materials for explanation.

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Yamamoto, Kawahara & Ohtsuka(2008) explored basic-level picture-word serial matching task, and found that superordinate similarity effect occurs only when prime words precede target pictures. In this experiment, we systematically manipulated SOA intervals and found that superordinate similarity effect (1) does not occur at SOA=600ms; (2) occur at SOA=750ms in both stimulus order conditions; (3) occur at SOA=1000ms and 1250ms only when prime words precede target pictures.

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The hypothesis generation process is divided into two phases: the search phase and the decision phase. In the former phase, many possibilities for the hypotheses are considered; and in the latter phase a focal rule is decided upon. In the current study, we investigated the search phase using eye movement data. We detected two types of search strategies: one strategy was a spread-attention search in which participants spread their attention over a broad area in rule space; and the other was a focused-attention search in which participants concentrated their attention on a narrow area in rule space. Results of our experiment showed that the focused-attention search strategy was more effective for rule discovery than the spread-attention search strategy.

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Present research assessed whether action-knowledge about objects influence mental simulation in sentence comprehension. We compared the perceptual information activated by the comprehension of the sentences describing the actions that use the objects (with the knowledge about actions that bring the objects to the face) near the face (near-sentence) or far from the face (far-sentence). Results showed that participants took longer time to the comprehension of the away-sentence than to the comprehension of the toward-sentence. Word-picture verification times were significantly faster when the actions in the pictures matched the actions described in the sentences than when the actions in the pictures mismatched the actions described in the sentences. These findings suggest that action-knowledge about objects influence on-line sentence processing, and perceptual information implying sentence are activated regardless of action-knowledge about objects after sentence processing.

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This study investigated the time course of interaction between gaze direction and facial expression on spatial visual attention. We hypothesized that the gaze cueing effect would be most prominent when presented with fearful emotion at initial processing. We modified the Posner (1980) cueing paradigm. Specifically, we included dynamic gaze shifts and expression changes (i.e., anger, fearful, happy, or neutral). Participants were demanded to press a key that was consistent with the direction of the target. As a result, the interaction between gaze-cueing effect and fearful expression was observed at the initial processing stage. On the other hand, gaze-cueing effect and interaction between gaze-shift and expression tended to decrease at later stages. We argue that the gaze direction and expression interact at initial processing.

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For seven kinds of targets, nine stimuli with regular intervals of asymmetry were made for each target. Attractiveness of those stimuli was evaluated by participants. More attractive in a pair of stimuli was chosen and it was rated in a three-point scale or as equal. These results showed that the attractiveness was decreased according to the degree of asymmetry; no abrupt change was observed. This result suggests the categorical judgment is not used for the evaluation of attractiveness within a range of fluctuating asymmetry.

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Maintaining situation awareness by obtaining information from instruments is important for aircraft pilots in terms of safety flight. With recent improvements of technology, the amount of information pilots have to deal with is keeping rising. Even more, pilots have to manage lots of tasks (ex. aircraft control) simultaneously. It makes pilots difficult to utilize information. To reveal the relationship between utilization of information and multi-task ability, pilots and non pilots took dual-task test (pursuit tracking and spatial working memory tasks) which was simplification of aircraft control elements. Then pilots' data were compared to superior evaluation of flight skills. Pilots' performance was better in dual-task condition, which was correlated with tracking performance in single-task condition. Single-tracking performance was correlates with skill evaluation. Results suggest that to utilize lots of information, control skill is important in multi-task environments in flight.

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