The socioemotional selectivity theory (Carstensen et al., 1999) provides a new perspective on cognitive aging studies with an emotional-motivational basis, contributing to expanding studies in this area with new scopes. However, even though being the most important factor, a general method to measure the length of time perspective as a unified measure in different age groups is still not clear, making it difficult to contribute to the practice of cognitive aging research, and its extension to individual differences of every age groups. This study reports the results of a line test conducted in a questionnaire survey on hobbies and leisure activities among older adults and university students. In the presentation, an examination of the length of time perspective measured in the line test, as well as its relationship with the "willingness to engage in new hobbies and leisure activities in the future" as a motivation to activities will be reported.

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Missing an opportunity that could have been better by a narrow margin is more regrettable than missing it by a wide margin because it is easier to access the counterfactual. In addition, uncertain counterfactuals are less available and thus the uncertainty reduces the feelings of regret. This study compared the effects of the narrowness and the uncertainty of counterfactual. Using missed profit vignettes, we set four conditions: the wide margin condition, the narrow margin condition, the uncertain condition, and the control condition. The experiment was run on the web and 69 university students answered the strength of their regret on seven-point scale. As a result, regret was the strongest in the narrow margin condition and that of the uncertainty condition was not between those of the narrow margin condition and the wide margin condition. We confirmed that the narrowness is not the only factor affecting the feeling of regret.

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Embodied cognitive science posits that perceptual-motor simulations occur and contribute to language comprehension. Previous studies have focused on visual and motor simulations and little attention has been paid to individual differences. In this study, we considered the inner voice (IRV) experienced subjectively during silent reading as an auditory simulation and explored the relationship between individual differences in IRV and individual differences in cognitive strategies during reading comprehension, The number of IRV-recognized sentences was positively correlated with the degree to which the respondents themselves perceived themselves to be good at understanding logical or emotional matters. However, it did not correlate with the degree to which they perceived themselves to be good at understanding the mathematical formulas. This result suggests that individual and stimulus differences in IRV recognition ease may reflect individual and stimulus differences in language comprehension processes.

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Placing larger bets in a gamble where losing is more likely than winning is referred to as reckless betting. It has been shown that winning experiences promote more reckless betting. However, the mechanisms linking prior experience to reckless betting has not been clarified.
The present study considered this phenomenon as a learning process of betting strategy based on experience, and developed a mathematical model to explain the mechanisms and predict future betting behavior by using reinforcement learning modeling.
First, a policy model π(p, c | Θ), which returns the bet (b) for the presented winning probability (p) and the current chips (c), was expressed using a probability discounting function. Second, the learning process was formulated using the policy gradient method, assuming that the risk aversion parameter (Θ) is optimized to maximize the expected compounding effect.
We report simulation results and discuss the model's ability to explain and predict reckless betting.

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Yokota (2022) conducted a single case experiment on himself to measure cognitive fatigue in soccer games over five weeks. To test the generalizability of the results, this study collected data on 14 university soccer players over a week including two games, also examining the position effects in a team. Cognitive tasks and subjective evaluations were conducted at the pre- and post-game/practice. Results of the Flanker task showed a decrease in reaction time after games, while the number of errors decreased after game1, although increased after game2, suggesting an impact on inhibitory function due to fatigue, because subjective fatigue was greater after game2 than game1. The spatial N-back task showed an increase in errors immediately after games, which was more prominent among defenders than offenders. Results showed commonalities and differences with Yokota(2022) and will be discussed individual differences and/or differences in position in cognitive fatigue in soccer games.

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It is well-documented that anxiety has a detrimental effect on cognition. In the field of foreign language anxiety, the reduction in attentional control efficiency due to anxiety-inducing stressors is thought to be a possible cause of poorer performance when speaking in a foreign language. This study aims to clarify how manipulating anxiety through internal or external attentional stressors affects the quality of Japanese students’ spoken English and their executive function (inhibition). Preliminary results suggest that both experimental groups spoke less fluently than control participants. Furthermore, both experimental groups appear to complete both congruent and incongruent Stroop Task trials quicker than the control group but made more errors in the incongruent trials. As for electrodermal activity, experimental groups showed slightly increased activity in both skin conductance level and skin conductance response measures when focusing on incongruent trials. This poster will present and discuss the full results for 45 participants.

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Concealed information test (CIT) detects memory by presenting multiple question items and comparing the responses to the specific item with others items. We examined the availability of CIT using the attentional blink (AB) task. AB is known as the phenomenon that when monitoring the rapid serial visual presentation of stimuli containing two targets (T1 and T2), observers often miss T2, which appears at short intervals after the T1 onset. Our pilot study showed that the accuracy of detecting T2 decreased when T1 was crime-relevant compared to when it was crime-irrelevant. Here, we conducted three pre-registered online experiments to investigate the effect of T1 being crime-relevant on AB; however, no results were obtained to support the hypothesis. Further research is needed to consider factors that evoke stronger crime-related memories.

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Literature has suggested that belief updating and emotion regulation can be achieved through memory control such as retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF). In cognitive (behavioral) therapy, therapists often ask patients to generate functional interpretations which counter with dysfunctional negative interpretations for events, leading to a decrease in negative emotions. In this condition, there were competing functional and dysfunctional interpretations of the event as a cue, and we posited that the findings of RIF effects on beliefs and memories could be adopted. Experiment 1, participants recalled 8 negative autobiographical events and identified dysfunctional interpretations for these events, and then generated 4 functional interpretations for all events followed by retrieval practice of functional interpretations for a half of events. In Experiment 2, participants generated only one functional interpretation per event. We did not find any retrieval practice-specific effects on recall of interpretations, beliefs, and emotions.

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The Attentional Blink (AB) is a phenomenon where the second target stimulus (T2) cannot be detected accurately when presented shortly after the first target stimulus in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) task. Kawashima et al. (2022) reported that presenting a 10 Hz auditory stimulus just before the RSVP sequence enhances the AB effect. In the present study, we analyzed neural oscillations during the AB task in open-access data in an exploratory manner to gain insight into neural oscillations that might be modulated by auditory stimulation. Our analysis revealed no significant difference in the alpha power of pre-stimulus RSVP between AB and no-AB trials. On the other hand, a difference in trial-to-trial phase coherence during the RSVP was observed between AB and no-AB trials. This result was replicated in the same participant's EEG dataset collected on a different day. Taken together, these findings suggest that the enhancement of the AB effect by a 10 Hz auditory stimulus may be due to the inhibition of phase synchrony during the RSVP stream.

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In a previous study (Fukukawa & Matsumoto, 2022), which showed that spatial attention affects not only external features that form attractiveness impressions but also internal trait judgments, the presentation time of face stimuli was set at 68 ms, which may have been insufficient for processing facial morphology information. Therefore, in the present study, the presentation time was set to 136 ms to examine the modification effect of attention induced by spatial cues. Participants judged which of two faces presented after the appearance of the spatial cue was more attractive or more reliable. The results showed that the face in the position to which attention was directed by the spatial cue was more likely to be selected, and reaction times tended to be faster for the attractiveness judgment. Comparison of these results with previous studies showed that they were unaffected by the length of the presentation time.

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been reported to have difficulties in sustained attention and attentional selection. However, since previous studies used attentional tasks that involved low inter-stimulus competition or requirement of perceptual processing, early attentional selection processes in ADHD remains unclear. We exploited a sustained attention task with event-related potentials (ERPs), which rapidly presented stimuli to increase perceptual load and enabled observation of early selection processes (Heinze et al., 1994, Nature). Results in the attend-right condition for normal university students showed that false-alarm rates decreased and the N1 attentional effect (amplitude enhancement in the hemisphere contralateral compared to ipsilateral to the attended visual field) increased as ADHD tendency increased. The pattern of results showed more efficient attentional selection, inconsistent to the previous indication. However, the rapid stimulus presentation may have caused an immediate reward for individuals with higher ADHD tendency, which is related to delay aversion, and facilitated their attentional focus.

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The Uncanny Valley Effect (UVE) refers to the low affinity towards robots that do not perfectly resemble humans (Mori, 1970). This study examined effects of participants’ gender and age on the UVE, using systematically controlled stimuli by “shape-morphing” method, warping facial images from humans to robots and manipulating facial surface properties. Online experiments were conducted with participants of young, middle-aged and old age-groups using pictures of existent robots’ faces (Experiments 1-A and 1-B) and shape-morphed faces (Experiment 2). Participants rated human-likeness and likeability for each picture. Weak UVE was observed in older adults (Exp. 1-A), and older adults showed higher likeability for human-surface faces compared to younger adults for the existent robot images (Exp. 1-B). In addition, older males showed higher likeability toward female morphed images than younger males (Exp. 2). The gender difference may be a reason for the weaker UVE observed in older adults, especially in older males.

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Background: Although the relationship between attachment security and information processing has been discussed, the relationship with future-related information processing has not been studied extensively. Thinking about the future is common and important. Therefore, the present study examined whether attachment security is reflected in episodic future thinking.
Methods: 155 Chinese participants were asked to generate personally relevant events that could occur in the future and rate the content based on its relationship with interpersonal relationships, emotional valence, emotional intensity, and content quality. The attachment was measured using the ECR-RS.
Results: Structural equation modeling revealed significant paths between attachment avoidance and interpersonal relationships (standardized estimate: -.271), vividness (-.188), emotional valence (-.190), and emotional intensity (-.245), as well as significant paths between attachment anxiety and interpersonal relationships (.181) and emotional valence (-.181).
Conclusion: The deactivation strategy of attachment avoidance and the hyperactivation strategy of attachment anxiety could be reflected in future-related information processing.

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This study examined the relationship between IAT and the Assumed-Competence Scale (ACS) for faces of own and other races. There was a weak correlation between IAT and ACS.

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Animacy perception is the feeling of intentions or animality toward objects. This is considered important for building social relationships. Names are symbols that recognize people and animals, which are important for building social relationships. When a name is written on an object, the name serves to recognize the existence of the owner of the object. In addition, stuffed animals and robots are sometimes given names and treated like living things. In this study, we examined the effect of names given to objects on animacy perception of the objects. Participants responded to the degree of animacy perception toward objects in each of three conditions: a condition in which the object was not given a name, a condition in which the owner's name was given, and a condition in which the object’s name was given. Results discuss the relationship between the name given to the object and animacy perception of the object.

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Motor control relies on the judgment of which object is under control, known as the sense of agency; however, the mechanisms underlying these processes have been studied independently. Previous agency research required retrospective judgments about whether an event was self-generated, thus failing to capture the sense of agency during motor tasks. In this study, to investigate changes and roles of the sense of agency during motor control tasks, participants were presented with both a true cursor they controlled and a false cursor automatically controlled by a computer. Participants were required to approach a target while discerning which cursor was under their control. Here, by modeling the movements expected to be executed when participants identified a particular cursor as their own and fitting them to actual movement trajectories, the sense of agency was estimated. Consequently, successful quantification of online sense of agency and evidence for agency-driven motor control mechanisms were obtained.

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In this study, we examined the relationship between the perception of music tempo and heart rate as well as the relationship between the perception and accuracy of interoception. A standard stimulus (SS) of 86.50 bpm and 11 comparison stimuli (CS) ranging from 0.5x to 1.5x SS in increments of 0.1. Participants evaluated the differences between the SS and CS on a visual scale. Before and after the all evaluations, they reported their heart rate measurements and the number of times they noticed their heart rate as an interoception. The results showed that the differences between the points of subjective equality (PSE) and SS point decreased as the tempo closed the SS. Furthermore, using two-way ANOVA, we found that the more accurate the participant's interoception, the smaller the differences between the PSE and SS point at 0.7x and 0.8x. We discussed the accuracy of interoception is related to perception of tempo.

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In a dark environment, participants cannot visually confirm the task outcome, possibly leading them to report their performance as advantageous to themselves. Although previous studies have suggested this point, none of the experimental verification has been conducted. In the present study, we directly manipulated the ambiguity of the task outcome and test its effect on participants' reported scores. One hundred and two participants performed the task of extracting a target ball from a box with a one-in-six chance of success. We manipulated the similarity between the appearance of targets and non-targets to make different ambiguities. After 30 trials, participants reported the times of success as their score. As a result, there was no significant difference in the reported score between the two conditions (p = .054). However, because the effect size was relatively large (Cohen's d = .321), we will conduct further studies by revising the task and sample size.

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Many studies have been conducted on the components of facial attractiveness and sexual dimorphism. However, most previous studies were mainly laboratory experiments based on experimenters' hypotheses, making it difficult to comprehensively and in detail examine the relationship between various facial features, sexual dimorphism, and facial attractiveness. Therefore, in this study, I employed a data-driven approach that does not rely on hypotheses. Specifically, using the various facial features and facial impression scores in the facial image dataset, I extracted features important for facial attractiveness and sexual dimorphism using a random forest regression model. Then I investigated causal relationships using a statistical causal discovery method called LinGAM. The results showed that for male images, various facial features predicted attractiveness via sexual dimorphism, whereas, for female images, various facial features predicted sexual dimorphism via attractiveness. These suggested that, from a data-driven perspective, the relationship between sexual dimorphism and attractiveness varies by gender.

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The aim of this study was to reveal the clues that humans use to evaluate the impression of dance. Firstly, we investigated whether aesthetic evaluation can be conducted based on movement alone by removing human appearance information, and examining whether stick figure dance evaluations are similar to actual video evaluations. We captured various movements of Japanese dance using motion capture and video cameras, creating two types of videos: actual video and stick figure video. Fifty participants evaluated the aesthetic qualities of the videos based on four categories: proficiency, softness, stability, and beauty. Furthermore, to confirm the importance of perceiving the videos as whole-body movements, we conducted aesthetic evaluation experiments on videos played in reverse and inverted conditions, investigating whether evaluation changes occurred depending on the conditions, similar to those seen in actual videos. The results suggest that even with simplified movements, some consistent evaluation for impression is possible.

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