IEICE ESS Fundamentals Review

In this survey, the guidelines and ethical issues of research communities of artificial intelligence are summarized. A short list of background theories of ethics and philosophy follows.

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An annealing machine in which the Ising model is used to solve combinatorial optimization problems is proposed. In the annealing machine, combinatorial optimization problems are mapped to an Ising model that expresses the magnetic spins, and the problems are solved using the Ising model’s convergence property. A CMOS annealing machine, which implements annealing machines with CMOS semiconductor circuits, effectively solves the problems through a combination of deterministic and stochastic operations. An examination of a prototype chip confirmed that the CMOS annealing machine effectively yielded an approximate solution, and the power efficiency of its calculation was better than that of conventional von Neumann computers. In this article, a whole system for the realization of the technique is also described.

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In the modern world, multiple devices are connected through communication networks. Consequently, control methods using communication networks have attracted much attention. A control system where plants and controllers are connected through communication networks is called a networked control system and has been widely studied. In this article, we introduce event-triggered and self-triggered control methods for networked control systems. Using these methods, low communication load and high control performance are achieved.

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The shear-vibration resonance frequency of an AT-cut quartz crystal shows ultrahigh temperature stability on the order of 1 ppm/K. When molecules are captured on the oscillator surface, the resonance frequency decreases because of the mass-loading effect. Because the shear vibrational mode allows vibration even inside a liquid, the AT-cut quartz resonator has been adopted for biosensors. It has been recognized that the mass sensitivity significantly increases upon thinning the oscillator, but achieving this has never been straightforward because of the heavy electrodes and wires attached directly on the surfaces. We thus developed wireless-electrodeless quartz-crystal-microbalance (QCM) biosensors; instead of electrodes, we used antennas for noncontact measurement of the resonance frequency and achieved significantly improved mass sensitivity. Here, I introduce the principle and configurations of the wireless-electrodeless QCMs, including the MEMS process for mass production.

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