Reduction of connecting resistivity at the intermediate region for the mechanically stacked multi-junction solar cells is discussed. The top and bottom silicon substrates are bonded using an epoxy-type adhesive dispersed with transparent and conductive indium-tin-oxide (ITO) particles. Forming the roughness on the bonding surfaces of the substrates by SF6/Ar plasma irradiation well decreased the connecting resistivity of the stacked samples. The roughness improves electrical contact between ITO particles and substrates. A low connecting resistivity of 0.12 omega cm2 was achieved for the stacked sample with 39-nm-surface roughness formed by the plasma treatment for 40 min.

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Multi-junction (MJ) solar cells provide ultra-high efficiencies by the effectively utilizing the solar spectrum. A conventional fabrication method is a monolithic epitaxial growth technique with complicated layer structures. We demonstrate the use of GaAs multi-stacked structures as the top cells of MJ solar cells, which can be obtained using a relatively easy growth technique. As an initial verification, we fabricated a GaAs/GaAs//InGaAsP three-junction solar cell using a smart stack technology and obtained an efficiency of 20.2% at 1sun (AM1.5g). These results demonstrate the possibility to use the GaAs multi-stacked structures in next-generation MJ solar cells.

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Long-term dry heating under light irradiation slightly reduces the conversion efficiency of CIGS solar cells. In contrast, Dark dry heating significantly decreases the conversion efficiency. The net acceptor concentration considerably decreases after dark heating, and the reduction of acceptors results in decreasing the open-circuit voltage and fill factor. After light soaking, the net acceptor concentration increases due to metastable acceptors in CIGS layers, and the open-circuit voltage and fill factor partly recover. Therefore, metastable acceptor concentrations should be controlled using light irradiation to evaluate correctly degradation rates using by accelerated lifetime test.

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The passivated emitter and rear cells (PERC) have micro-scale structure on rear side. The micro photo luminescence (PL) is suitable to analyze PERC in a non-destructive. In the case of the objective lens (x5) with microscope and 1 Mega pixel camera, calculated pixel resolution is 2.6μm. Micro-PL results of the passivation layer after Laser contact hole opening (LCO) process shows that passivation region quality is affected up to about 400μm away from the border of the laser contact opening. And micro-PL shows that the PL intensity at local back surface field (BSF) region correlates well with the thickness of BSF layer measured from the cross section of solar cell.

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This paper presents a simple Si ink preparation from reusability of waste crystalline silicon (Si), including waste polycrystalline and single crystal silicon from photovoltaic industry, and transmogrified their structure into microcrystalline silicon (micro c-Si) powder yielding up 80% through a ball milling as a low-cost technique. Si films were reproduced from screen printing method by using Si ink. As-coated Si film was dried at low temperature (100 degree Celsius) receiving preferential film adhesion, homogeneous and high-quality thin films. Si films were annealed at various temperature conditions from 100-900 degree Celsius in order to study their stability of crystal lattice verified by X-ray diffractometer (XRD). It is found the high quality of Si crystal lattice stability (less than 5.3Å). This research addressed the existence of nanocrystalline Si with the average size around 80-90nm, which is independent with temperature anneal. In addition, Si film is adjustable dopant by varying volume ratio of phosphoric acid in the mixture of Si ink. It is a simple method to prepare Si films without using high thermal diffusion in order to widely use in microelectronic applications. Moreover, it shows that phosphorus (%atomic) in film decreases from 5.78 to 0.18%atomic with increasing temperature anneal from 100-700 degree Celsius owing to thermal diffusion behavior. It is also implied that Si film in this research obtains good diffusibility at low temperature range.

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The plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) was combined with in situ deposition of Sn thin film by evaporation technique at surface temperature about 220°C to form tin nanoparticles (Sn NPs) on the surface of hydrogenated silicon thin films. Formation of Sn NPs was additionally stimulated by hydrogen plasma treatment through a low pressure hydrogen glow discharge. Both processes were applied in situ to avoid oxidation and were repeatedly alternated to realize deposition of silicon thin films with embedded Sn NPs. Characterization of the prepared structures was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), electron diffraction spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The photothermal deflection spectroscopy (PSD) was used for optical measurement of the absorption coefficient spectra that is higher than in the case of thin films without NPs. PIN diode structures with and without the embedded Sn NPs were characterized of I-V characteristics.

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Thin films prepared by deposition of nanoparticles on the surface of hydrogenated silicon were studied with aim to optimize properties for optoelectronic applications. Two techniques were used to prepare the nanoparticles –ArF Laser Ablation and MBE resp. high vacuum evaporation. Broad range of deposition conditions (e.g. precursor pressure, temperature and laser fluence) was studied. Interesting and utilizable optoelectronic properties were observed at multilayered films composed of Germanium nanoparticles. The Ge NPs were deposited immediately (in situ) after deposition of the amorphous silicon layer by Plasma Enhanced CVD without exposing the underlying layer to ambient air in the case of Laser Ablation. In the case of MBE the Ge NPs were deposited ex situ, but after previous deposition of amorphous silicon. The deposited material was characterized by means of Raman and photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. Transmission, scanning and atomic force microscopies were used for more detailed description of the prepared layers.

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Quantum Dot structure has many types. In this paper, the new method to make Quantum Dots is presented. The new method is basically performed by simple following steps. 1. Diamond structure layer or Zinc blend structure layer are epitaxially grown over Si (100) wafer, 2. Impurity ions are implanted into Si wafer through above layer from 4-(110) directions (45 degree from wafer surface) By only these steps, regularly located impurity regions are formed in nm-scale and can be used as Quantum Dots. This new method has already been certificated by Japanese Government (Patent No 6224538). The paper will explains the theory of this method, and as an example, how to utilize the method to produce new type of solar cell, which has “special” p-type region.

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Energy is the basic need of our life. We use it in various forms out of which Electricity is very important part of our daily life. Due to some serious issues like depletion of conventional sources, increasing pollution and global warming, world is rapidly adopting renewables for electricity generation. Solar PV is one which will be the major contributor of electricity generation in future. Integration of Solar PV into products originates a range of products which falls under category of product integrated photovoltaic (PIPV). PIPV products has potential to solve problems of rural and remote areas of developing countries which are associated with very less or lack of access to electricity grid. Currently most of the PIPV products are in lighting area with very few new applications of it. As an Industrial design research team, we believe that by using an Industrial design approach, new applications of PIPV can be developed for the use of rural and remote areas of developing countries. This paper describes the study conducted around PIPV products and Industrial Designers by focusing rural scenario. It concludes with description of PIPV product concepts produced by industrial designers focusing rural and remote areas introduced to them.

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Off grid applications of solar PV brings product integrated photovoltaics (PIPV) in the picture. There are several possible applications of PIPV. But as it is underexplored, there are very few products available in the market. This scenario depicts the need of innovation and intervention of Industrial designers in this field. PIPV includes solar PV panels which provides electricity for the function of product. The size of Panel dictates overall form, function and other industrial design attributes. Lack of information available on compatible size of solar panel leads non-feasible ideas and barrier for innovation during conceptual phase of product design. It is important to study the process of idea generation, quality of ideas and the behavior of industrial designers while dealing with Solar PV. This paper highlights the issues in idea generation process of industrial designers while designing PIPV products. It describes the need and proposes a framework of feasibility tunnel for feasible and innovative idea generation in PIPV product design.

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Surge voltage or current induced by lightning strike around a PV system often causes short circuit failure of a Bypass diode (BPD) on the PV module. We investigated the characteristics of PV modules and BPDs broken by the induced lightning and evaluated risk of the short circuit failure of the BPD. The BPDs on the broken PV modules with slight damage were often shorted. The BPDs on the broken PV modules with serious damage had previous phase that was a short circuit failure. The shorted BPD was heated with current from a cell string of the shorted BPD in case the broken PV module did not operate. If a PV module had a partial shade in a cell string with the shorted BPD, the shorted BPD was heated by the current from other cell strings without the shade. These results show that if the shorted BPD is left unattended, it can cause serious accidents of PV system such as an overheating or a fire.

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Estimation of the series resistance (Rs) is an important factor to detect degradation on photovoltaic (PV) systems. Currently, there are several methods to estimate Rs of a PV module. However, the accuracy is still not satisfactory. Therefore, this study has validated the estimation accuracy using the conventional method of calculating the slope of a current–voltage (I–V) characteristic. The results indicated that the Rs was overestimated. Therefore, the equivalent circuit equation was used in an attempt to improve the accuracy. The result showed that Rs can be estimated accurately by using a slope of a single I–V characteristic.

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In this paper, a method to estimate a decline in string STC power output has been proposed. Open circuit voltage (Voc), short circuit current (Isc), fill factor(FF)of a degraded string are calculated using the I-V characteristics of two strings, a reference string and a degraded string. Then STC power output is estimated by using these parameters. This method is based on an assumption that Voc, Isc, FF of the two strings have linearity. It is verified that this method would be effective when applied to PV strings which have different azimuth angle.

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In this study, a method to detect a decrease in output power on photovoltaic systems is proposed. This proposed method is based on using satellite irradiance data. In order to mitigate the error of satellite data, we determine which day has acceptable data to detect a decrease in output power, depending on the climate condition. From the viewpoint of necessary period, the proposed method has shorter the elapsed monitoring time compared to previous study. In addition, cluster analysis to distinguish between permanent decrease and temporary decrease is considered.

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Energy consumption of the world is steadily increasing yet, and will continue even for the future. The capital energy source is fossil fuels like petroleum and coal. Since it is finite resources, they will be exhausted someday. Furthermore, such energy source causes an environment problem. In such circumstance, solution of the problems is that adopting renewable energy, especially photovoltaic power for its easy to adaption. Under such environment, in the paper, a novel MPPT (maximum power point tracker) for photovoltaic power generation system is proposed by using general purpose logic ICs, that is simple and concise construction. In addition to application of the MPPT for the photovoltaic power, the maximum or the minimum value tracking could be easily realized and accepted for another various application.

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The PV generation system operates in maximum power point of PV array by MPPT (maximum power point tracking) control of power conditioning system (PCS). However, there is a problem that a shadow which covers some panels of the PV array configuration greatly decreases maximum power of the PV array. For this problem, the method which connects MPPT unit to each PV panel is able to suppress decrease of maximum power by shadow. This paper clarifies the appropriate placement of MPPT units from the viewpoint of acquisition of electric power and system stability, simulating P-V and I-V characteristics of some representative patterns connected MPPT unit to each PV panel in the PV array configuration.

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To reduce air pollution in Ulaanbaatar city, we need to properly penetrate the advanced technologies of energy generation and heating devices into the existing types of residences. Therefore, we are testing electric thermal storage (ETS) heater and an insulation improved Ger (yurt) since October of 2017. This study presents the optimal PV capacity for supplying a Ger with ETS as well as without ETS. The 45o, and 60o tilt angles, in the period of winter, are good for electric demand with ETS. The optimal PV rated capacities, for typical and night-time ETS heating demand, are 2-4 kWp while 5-7 kWp are suitable for demand with day-time heating.

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In this study, we propose to map solar irradiance of Mongolia using fine resolution satellite data and limited ground measurements. We have implemented a semi-physical model to calculate ground albedo from brightness data provided by Japanese geostationary meteorological satellite Himawari 8 which is the successor of the previous MTSAT series. After retrieving ground albedo, solar irradiance falling on the earth’s surface can be estimated. It is found that the model performed well with mean bias error (MBE) and root mean square error (RMSE) of 64.09W/m2 and 134.73W/m2, respectively and a correlation coefficient of 0.93.

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Ground-measured solar irradiation data has conventionally been used to evaluate the effects of solar thermal technologies. In Japan, since there are only 48 observation points for solar irradiation, it is difficult to evaluate these effects in areas that are far from observation points. In this study, we obtained solar irradiation time-series data with a high spatial resolution by correcting the satellite-based estimated solar irradiance data with ground-measured solar irradiation data. We analyzed the geographical characteristics of the solar irradiation using the corrected data and compared it with conventional ground-measured solar irradiation data. The results showed the usefulness of data utilization in high spatial resolution data.

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Due to their unique characteristics, recently ionic liquids have been proposed as a novel absorbent for absorption systems to eliminate the drawbacks of conventional water/LiBr working fluids, particularly crystallization and corrosion. Studies on the cycle performance of absorption cooling systems using water/ionic liquid working pairs have been published in many literatures. However, specific studies on the absorption characteristics of these new working pairs still remains open. Present study theoretically analyses the absorption characteristics of water vapor by aqueous ionic liquid solutions in a vertical tube falling film absorber. The model is developed by employing three ordinary differential equations describing the absorption process and is validated. The results are analyzed and the performances of water/ionic liquid are compared with those of conventional water/LiBr working fluid.

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Experiments and simulations were conducted to assess the hygrothermal performance of an intelligent roof system that utilizes renewable energy, which could reduce thermal loads.This paper presents the principles of the proposed envelope system and describes the experiment conducted to assess this system, which used apparatus modeled on a roof.The results indicated that a significant dehumidifying effect was incurred. The parameter sensitivity analysis was performed on the experiment resultsusing Hygrabe software, which is a tool for analyzing unsteady heat transfer in a building envelope.This work enables the combined analysis of the movement of heat and moisture in an envelope system. Improved methodology for the system was also examined.

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This paper investigates energy conservation on an office building with a double-layer Trombe wall for winter heating application. The heating potential of double-layer Trombe wall for an office building was estimated using the dynamic thermal load calculation software, THERB for HAM. The double-layer Trombe wall is oriented on the south side of the office building, and designed with pipe with fan that can control thermo-circulation, located in Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan. The ability of a fan to improve the heating thermal energy performance of a double-layer Trombe wall was studied by comparison to a traditional wall.

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Solar air heaters, because of its simple structure, is one of the most economical devices for building heating in cold regions. However, it has been noted that the thermal efficiency of a solar air heater is low due to the low heat transfer coefficient between the absorber plate and air. To solve this problem and increase the solar absorption rate, a novel solar air heater with aluminum honeycomb is developed. After the comparative experiments, we found it has a high thermal efficiency advantage than the traditional solar air heater in both natural and mechanical air supply conditions. It is founded that the thermal efficiency of aluminum honeycomb solar air heater will increase with the increase of the air flow rate and the ratio of b/a (honeycomb depth/ honeycomb diameter). The highest efficiency is 78%,when the air flow rate is 0.05kg/s and a= 6mm, b = 10mm. In order to explore and predict the parameters affecting the thermal performance of aluminum honeycomb solar air heater, a mathematical simulation, which considered the heat transfer model from honeycomb to the air and solar absorption model of honeycomb, has been developed and experimentally verified. These parameters include the air flow rate, solar elevation angle, the surface radiation absorption rate of honeycomb, the depth and diameters of honeycomb. The experiment and simulation results show the same trend and the average deviation between them is less than 3%. Therefore, these heat transfer models are useful in analyzing and optimized designing the aluminum honeycomb solar air heater.

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In this paper, dust deposition of an evacuated tube solar thermal collector is modeled using measurement results of transmittance of the glass tubes that were exposed for long period under real environmental condition of Ulaanbaatar city and evironmental data measured during the exposure such as wind speed and direction, the amount of airborne dust PM10, and the amount of rain and snow. In addition, by the derived model, daily behavior of transmittance of the galss tubes is calculated and the daily change in transmittance is simulated in case that hand cleaning has been done during over-contamination. The purpose of this study is: with the assistance of the dust deposition model, appropriate cleaning time will be estimated with respect to thermal output of the solar thermal collector.

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In this paper the experimental performance of a solar circuit composed of four series-connected evacuated tubes solar collectors operating under the climatic conditions of Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia) during October 2015 and April 2016 are presented and discussed in detail. The measured data are analyzed in terms of recovered thermal energy as well as thermal efficiency in order to assess the potential of solar energy exploitation under harsh cold conditions. The measurements are also compared against the results of a simulation model developed by using the dynamic simulation software TRNSYS with the main aim of assessing its feasibility in accurately predicting the experimental values. A percentage difference between simulated and measured daily efficiency in the range from -5.8% and 11.7%, allowing to conclude that the model is able to simulate the thermal behaviour of the solar collectors and, therefore, it can be used to assess the applicability of the solar thermal system under different operating conditions and scenarios.

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Thermal and stratification number profiles of three sensible heat TES systems are presented during charging cycles with three different flow-rates. Charging cycles are performed with flow-rates of 4 ml/s, 8 ml/s and 12 ml/s. The three systems evaluated are an oil only TES system, a packed-bed system of big pebbles (average diameter: 31.9 mm, void fraction 0.43) and a packed-bed system of small pebbles (average diameter: 10.5 mm, void fraction 0.31). The oil storage system charges up faster than the other storage systems due to its lower thermal mass. The small pebbles TES has a lower void fraction as compared to the larger pebbles TES making its rate of temperature rise faster. The flow-rate affects the rate of temperature rise. Higher flow-rates result in faster rates of temperature rise in the TES systems. Higher TES temperatures are achieved in shorter intervals with higher flow-rates, but the overall charging period is longer due to more heat losses. Stratification number profiles are seen to rise and drop during charging cycles. The higher the flow-rate, the faster is the rate of rise and drop. The highest flow-rate (12 ml/s) shows stratification number profiles dropping in a non-smooth manner possibly due to turbulence in the TES tank introduced at this particular flow-rate. The oil TES system shows the fastest rise and drop of the stratification number due its lower thermal mass, followed by the smaller pebbles and lastly by the larger pebbles. Generally, the slowest rate of drop in the stratification number profiles is seen with the large pebbles TES system for all flow-rates suggesting more quality useful energy is stored in the system with the large pebbles regardless of the fact that it charges up with the slowest rate

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Thermosiphonic solar water heaters (SWHs) have still great potential for domestic hot water demand in Japan. Some new distribution systems for SWHs have come into the market to use solar heat in a more convenient and comfortable way. Therefore, an annual field test for 3 SWHs with 3 distribution systems was held in Tsukuba, which showed that the solar contribution was about 20MJ/day and that the solar efficiency was between 22 and 38%. Then, all effective daily data were simulated by TRNSYS18 and the calculated results showed good agreement to the field data.

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The combined systems of solar thermal energy with heat pumps (HP) for detached houses have recently come to the market in Japan. In order to receive the economic benefit of inexpensive night-time power, water in the storage tank is partly boiled in late-evening or in the early morning by HP. Since the auxiliary heater is ahead of solar heat, its optimizing control becomes very difficult. Two types of the combined solar systems with air-water HP were tested from Apr. 2017 to Mar. 2018 in Saitama, Japan and their performance of each season or period was analyzed.

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In this study, a new type of evacuated tube solar collector, which can improve the reliability of the existing solar thermal system and annual energy efficiency, was developed. A solar thermal system that uses this collector was also developed and tested experimentally. The newly developed collector can fix the angle of the absorber plate inside the tube at a desired angle regardless of the installation angle of the collector module. In order to develop a system with natural circulation, a parametric study was carried out on the various parameters required for system optimization. The system finally proved the efficiency of the system through empirical tests.

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To improve the thermal efficiency of unglazed PV/T using flat heat pipe collector, many experiments were performed for estimating the thermal resistance in each part. The results shows 1) increasing the contact area at the condenser decreases the thermal resistance, 2) increasing the flow velocity decreases the heat resistance but it has a tendency to saturate at 0.1 K/W, 3) decreasing the flat heat pipe temperature increases the thermal resistance. Using these results and estimated influence of transmitted solar irradiance and infrared radiation from the PV/T, we proposed the optimized structure for FHP-PV/T and the thermal experiment were performed.

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This paper presents the thermal evaluation results on a solar-assisted coupling hot water-driven and gas fired-driven absorption air conditioning system at experimental apartment housing NEXT21. The coupling air conditioning system consist of hot water driven single effect absorption refrigerator of 31.3 kW rated cooling capacity and gas-fired double effect absorption chiller of 105 kW rated cooling capacity. Performances of both each two types of absorption refrigerator and whole absorption air conditioning system were evaluated by COP and compared each other.

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Estimations of an annual cooling and heating supply energy from FAM-Z01 or Z02/water adsorption refrigeration and heat pump system driven by solar thermal energy were conducted with simulation. The total cooling and heating supply energies at 20 degrees Celsius were calculated every hour for a year with an assumption of the adsorption equilibrium theory and climate condition at Fukuoka in Japan. They were 630 GJ/year and 518 GJ/year from Z01 and Z02 at collecting fluid temperature of 57 degrees Celsius under the solar collector area of 247m2, respectively. The optimum fluid temperature of Z01 was 57degrees Celsius which was lower than that of Z02.

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The purpose of this study aims to substantiate sunlight illumination using optical fiber by Electrowetting-On-Dielectric (EWOD) effect. In this study meniscus change were investigated by changing the cell structure, film formation method and liquid. In addition, the amount of transmitted light after passing through the cell was also investigated using optical analysis software.

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In this study, the dehydration and hydration reactivity of citrate-added magnesium hydroxides was studied. Sodium citrate added magnesium hydroxide dehydrated efficiently at around 350°C, and this temperature were lower than the dehydration temperature of the authentic magnesium hydroxide. In cyclic dehydration/hydration reaction test, the dehydration temperature at the second cycle was 40°C lower than that at the first cycle for C6H5Na3O7/Mg(OH)2. Regarding the hydration reaction, it was generally improved compared with the authentic magnesium hydroxide.

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This paper presents parametric study on the size of short-term storage tank (STST) for heat-charging a seasonal borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) with solar flat-plate collector (FPC).The BTES systems with the various size of STSTs and the various outlet set-point temperature were investigated using TRNSYS simulation. As a result, the system with the STST of 50m3 shows the best heat-charging performance, though the system with the STST of 80m3 shows the best solar collecting performance.

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A thermally tunable light filter modulated in near-infrared region by using temperature dependent cholesteric liquid crystals as a reflective type of optical device is proposed for an advanced thermo-driven light controller to realize the efficient control of solar-rays. The selective transmittance spectra of cholesteric liquid crystals are controlled by using the composites of various chiral dopants with different temperature dependence. The position and band width of selective reflective wavelength based on the helical structure formed in cholesteric liquid crystals are investigated by the mixture of chiral dopants with different temperature dependence. The optical properties and internal structure for polymer stabilized cholesteric liquid crystal are also investigated by the spectroscopic measurements and a polarizing optical microscope. The optical performance as the basis of thermal operated smart windows formed by the combination of cholesteric liquid crystal cells is demonstrated as a reflective thermal operated solar-ray controller.

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The objective of this study is to clarify effective operation methods and the energy conservation effect in a house. An experimental house, installed SOFC-CGS, solar photovoltaic system and storage battery system, was constructed. In this paper, first, we measured energy consumption and analyzed performances of the equipment. We built the model-based simulation program to calculate the energy consumption of multiplication cases. As results of the simulations, we found that installation of home battery leads to suppression of purchased electricity. And when SOFC-CGS is installed, primary energy consumptions are reduced by over 10%, however installation effect depends on life-style of family.

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Storage battery is utilized in the grid, in the household, combined with solar power generation, fuel cell, for accumulating overpowered electricity and emitting it while it runs short. But we have very little information of energy loss with storage battery, during accumulating and emitting electricity, by transferring direct current to alternating one and reverse process. The authors have evaluated saving energy and energy loss of fuel cell and storage battery combined system. It says that not only fuel cell trait, whose efficiency is high at full load, but also storage battery trait, which loses some electricity during accumulating, emitting and transferring, should be evaluated. In addition to that, we have tried to evaluate saving energy and energy loss of solar power generation and storage battery combined system. We have got lots of information on these issues.

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As an effort to improve the thermal indoor environment for elderly residents in old non-insulated apartment buildings, the low-cost insulation retrofit method was proposed and examined its effect on energy efficiency by conducting numerical simulation of heating and cooling loads. As a result, the low-cost insulation retrofit model was able to reduce heating/cooling load by 15% compared to the uninsulated basic model. The advantage was also confirmed from the viewpoint of cost. It could be an option for elderly residents to adopt the low-cost insulation for improvement of thermal environment and energy saving.

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Year-round measurement was performed under actual living environment in a zero-energy house built in Kameyama City, Mie Prefecture, Japan, in 2009. We continuously measured the energy consumption and monitored the thermal condition under an actual living environment to realize a zero-energy house. The energy consumption according to usages such as heating and hot-water supply was analyzed, and the influence of the equipment operating trend of the residents on the energy consumption was verified. By observing the energy-consumption trend, countermeasures were taken to confirm that the energy

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Integrating robot-based automation into the design and construction processes offers not only improvement in accuracy, consistency and efficiency, but also opportunity to build more sustainably in the long term. This paper demonstrates the use of advanced building technology and construction robotics for smart energy solutions by summarizing the projects carried out in the Chair of Building Realization and Robotics (br2) at the Technical University of Munich (TUM). The paper intends to raise awareness of enhanced automation and robotic applications in the construction industry for sustainable outcomes.

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Many existing carbon footprint evaluation systems for the building industry are neither designer-friendly nor suitable for implementation of carbon reduction policies. The author proposes the CFES-LCBA as a robust alternative to the product-oriented inventory standards of PAS2050 and ISO14067. The system contains an engineering-oriented component I/0 database system and pre-diagnosis function. Also proposed is a dynamic energy usage index (EUI) method for predicting the energy usage of complicated building types with any combination of 43 functional areas. This methodology developed by the Low Carbon Building Alliance(LCBA) may be applied to architectural, landscaping and interior renovation projects and has been implemented in Taiwan since 2015.

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Building energy codes for public buildings in most countries apply one set of energy-saving benchmarks to one single building type, or one-to-one energy indices. However, a single mix-use building comprises several functional areas and diversified operation hours. As a result, the one-to-one system is losing its reliability and fairness as buildings become more complex, and the need for a set of dynamic building energy indices emerges. This paper has created ENVLOAD, a dynamic system with 6 functional areas and predictive equations, which were simulated by eQUEST software and an experimental method based on parameters of the building envelope, air-conditioning schedule and indoor heat density. The equations prove to have strong predictive power with correlation coefficients between 0.88-0.96. These ENVLOAD indices modified for Taiwan's building energy codes can be applied to a wide range of complex and mixed-use public and commercial buildings.

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In this paper, life-cycle assessment (LCA) of materials is considered in the context of building industry. A review and classification of materials is made with the aim of creating a Component Carbon Footprint Database(CCFD) system. While a variety of materials are examined and discussed, the author introduced how components are formed and illustrated their role in the carbon footprint evaluation of interior renovation. The perimeter of a component database system is a 5-Stage LCA of materials ranging from raw material extraction, material transportation, component manufacture, component transportation and component installation. This paper focuses on methodologies developed for data and inventory analysis for building materials. A case study of partition wall, wall decoration, flooring, ceiling and fixed furniture as a building component is introduced with a break-down of its materials to illustrate its carbon unit calculation. The paper concludes by outlining several issues when one intends to re-create a carbon emission database system exclusive for another region which may require further qualitative and quantitative analysis.

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In gully region of Loess Plateau, vernacular dwellings are usually composed of residential buildings and its courtyard within courtyard walls. Under the background of New Countryside Construction all over China, the traditional residential system replaced and gradually disappears. This research takes newly built vernacular dwelling as the object. Firstly, according to field investigation and analysis, the characteristic of different type’s vernacular dwellings are summarized. Secondly, it proposes an ecological layout method of newly built vernacular dwellings. Thirdly, the research explored a method of ecological design by establishing the ideal model of residential buildings.

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In this paper, we report the outline and the operative results of the principal applied technologies of the small and medium scale office building renovated for Net-Zero Energy Building. After renovation, this building started full operation in May 2016. This building achieved ZEB, because the primary energy consumption is 403 MJ/m2/year and the energy generation is 417 MJ/m2/year.

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This paper describes an overview of the new Aichi Steel Head Office construction project and the effects of introducing an office system that improves energy saving and intellectual productivity. This project has set an energy-saving target of ZEB-Ready and introduced circadian lighting, a radiant and desiccant air conditioning system, and other design ideas to improve intellectual productivity. The results of a subjective survey conducted after construction completion indicated that these efforts helped improve intellectual productivity while providing energy saving.

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The paper describes the application of low-cost internet-enabled sensing devices that can continuously capture the thermal preferences of occupants in open plan offices while recording the indoor environmental conditions at high temporal and spatial resolutions. The application of the methodology in a large open plan office is demonstrated and the diversified thermal preferences of the occupants in the office are analysed. The study includes records for a period of approximately 13 months during which the occupants initiated 505 expressions of preference for a change of their working thermal environment. The responses were combined with approximately 1.7 million timestamp records and examples are given on potential uses of such rich datasets. The paper concludes by illustrating the potential benefits that could be gained in open plan offices with flexible desk allocation arrangements by using the data from low-cost, easily deployable monitoring devices to directly communicate suggestions for alternative locations to the occupants who express a preference for a different thermal environment.

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Based on the investigation on the residential buildings in Vietnam, we created a typical tube house model for Vietnam. Effects of various passive methods, such as thermal insulation on the interior side of walls, exterior blinds, heat reflective glass, double roofs with air layers, etc. on the model house are examined with simulations. An energy saving house model is proposed combining all the effective passive methods mentioned above. It is clarified that cooling load can be reduced by the energy saving model by 47% and 35% when only the main bedroom or the whole house is air-conditioned, respectively. Based on the analyses, proposals are made for the design of tube houses in Vietnam.

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This paper deals with a problem of solar energy utilization in a passive way in moderate climates. The specific architectural concept of a solar buffer space incorporated into interior of a building is considered. The results show that this type of a buffer space can significantly reduce the space heating demand in winter and does not create any summer cooling demand, even if the glazed surface of the south façade is large and accounts for 70% of the total south façade area. The indices of final and primary energy consumption accounts for 22,56 kWh/ (m2 a) and 25,58 kWh/ (m2 a), respectively.

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