A 1843 year made globe is reported. The globe was made by Yoshisada AKASIKA who was a theacher of mathematics and ethics. The school was located in Himeji city, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan. The globe is 16.5cm X 15.5cm egg shape. The weight is 1.78kg. The surface is a world map drawn whitewash. The world map is Matteo Ricci type. This globe is authorized the 22th old globe made in Japan by Kazutaka Unno PhD..

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The Author focussed into a sparial structure of the Port City of Malacca established at the end of the 14th Century, and followingly discussed with its changes eachly after the Portguese occupation in 1511, Dutch occupation in 1643 and British occupation in 1795.

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An analytical framework was developed that incorporates dimensions of managerial performance and locational preferences of the manager. Individual locational preferences of foreign manager directly affect the potential to create synergy and therefore the performance of the foreign firm in a particular location. Our analytical approach is an actor-centered approach. In the first step we evaluate the work style and life-style of the foreign executive manager in purpose to estimate the potential of synergy creation in the cross-cultural workplace. The second step was to evaluate locational preferences using conjoint analysis. Our investigation included all 141 foreign executive managers listed in the directory of the German Chamber of Industry and Commerce in Japan and affiliates. Interviews were conducted with 58 executive managers. 43 valid cases have been used for analyses. The foreign managers'need for human resource support is significantly higher in the 1st tier global city. Foreign managers with a weak ability to adapt have a significantly stronger preference for human resource access than managers with a strong adaptability. Executives with a clear strategic intent prefer the collaboration in the MNE for their success. Thus, we assume that different types of international managers have different synergy potentials. We found two different types of managers: First, EXPATriated managers are characterized as a person with global management skills but often described as being disembedded from their working and living environment. Second, HYBRID managers are socially embedded and evince more sensitivity towards local norms and values. We identified a hybrid manager as a person with strong cultural adjustment skills and adequate business knowledge or vice versa. Significant differences were found for adaptation, discovery and sensibility. Hybrid managers adapt more to the local working or business environment than Expat managers. Their life style centers not on the Expat community. They have a higher sense of discovery and perform strong sensitivity towards cultural issues in private life as well. Hybrid managers develop a strong sensitivity to cultural issues and attain appropriate knowledge for intercultural communication. Consequently, we were able to verify that Expat managers and hybrid managers show significantly different degrees of acculturation. We verify that acculturation of foreign executive managers based in Osaka-Kobe is slightly stronger than in Tokyo-Yokohama. This result let us infer that business environment in Osaka-Kobe remains, relatively, more traditionally Japanese. Or, to make it clear, Tokyo-Yokohama is more affected by globalization processes. Expat managers prefer to work in the first tier Global City Tokyo-Yokohama. Here, those managers stay culturally disembedded but can rely on knowledge-rich networks within the epistemic international business community. Hybrid manager's potential to create synergy in the intercultural workplace is higher than that of the average expatriate manager. They have the advantage of a relatively strong acculturation and thus succeeded in implementing their strategic intent. The Expat manager's locational preferences show that he depends on human resources concentrated in the 1st tier Global City. Only supported by the 1st tier Global City he has a chance to succeed in the foreign business environment. Therefore, we do expect a great crush of Expat managers into the 1st tier global city, Tokyo-Yokohama. The Hybrid manager has locational preferences that distinguish him from the Expat manager. He seeks cooperation to create market opportunities, achieved knowledge about local business relations. He succeeds in acculturation and with the implementation of his strategic intent in a fashion that makes synergy effects possible! He got the skills to create synergy. Therefore he is able to operate outside the Expat community and succeeds in the 2nd tier Global City as well.

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It is needed laborer who is paid low salary in Taiwan, Since the early 1990's, there has been an ongoing increase of foreign laborer from Southeast Asia. On the other hand, since women extend their operations in the society and the academic credentialism increase from educational reform, the women who unmarried or married at a mature age are increasing. The man increase that can't get married and they ask for the spouse abroad. It is not only in the city to look for such a foreign spouse (new immigrant), all of positive in even countryside and detached island are like this.

In 2006, it was known that Taiwan had 380,000 foreign spouses (included Chinese). These foreign spouses are different from general foreign laborers who are under the prerequisite for permanent resident in Taiwan. So those foreign spouses produced various kinds of social concerns in life, language and different tradition. In addition, the issue on human rights of the foreign spouse has happened under family's violence and different treatment. In order to enable the foreign spouse to meet life, there are many community support activities in Taiwan.

Therefore, this study focuses on the issues of new immigrant who is foreign spouse and community support activities in Taiwan.

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The Interest to the residence environment of people is transforming from material sufficiency to mental one. That is being satisfied from the improvement of the standard of living to the environmental quality. From such a background, words of the amenity attract attention today. The amenity is utilized in various situations such as sound environment or barrier free, but the amenity formation is used for the natural environments of the particularly local inimitableness. Their importance is spoken in the environmental white paper. This study is pushed forward in many aspects about the maintenance of such natural environments, and is recognized widely. However, there are few studies of the maintenance method about the bamboo forest that it is agriculture and forestry place. The investigation for their present conditions is insufficient still more. At first, we investigate a process of urban development and the maintenance for bamboo forest by documents and hearing according to the present time. From them, it is compared the difference of amenity awareness and the consciousness about bamboo forest. Their difference between handed down conventional inhabitants and new arrival inhabitants will be found out with a questionnaire next. The investigation area is Nagaokakyo city, Kyoto prefecture. It is the area where urbanization drastically has been advanced from the highly economic growth period to the present in this city, and the urban development is advancing now. In this study, we performed a questionnaire survey to compare the amenity awareness with comparison of the bamboo forest value awareness between old arrival inhabitants and new arrival inhabitants. All the replies number of questionnaires was 197 from 800 household in Nagaokakyo city. As a result, the nearer area to the city center can be said that the interest to the investigation about bamboo forest was low. By the question to ask bamboo forest knowledge, it may be said that there are more few people knowing the present conditions of bamboo forest in Nagaokakyo city. By next questionnaire is to ask amenity awareness. The most typical answer is there was much nature by neighborhood to ask an amenity element of an ease on agreeableness of a city and living environment. There was the place that could come in contact with nature near is most representative to ask substantiality degree of an institution, service related to education, culture and a hobby of a neighborhood. It followed that called nature for an element of amenity was the most important with both questions. In addition, by a question of an amenity item of questionnaire, the interest to an ease and moisture of natural environments was high in old arrival inhabitants. On the other hand, it followed that the interest of convenience of traffic in life was the highest in new arrival inhabitants. The maintenance of bamboo forest in Nagaokakyo city can be said to be an advanced example in the formation of the amenity awareness as to the tradition of the bamboo shoot production or the aggressiveness of the volunteer activity. However, the maintenance method for bamboo forest through many residents can be satisfied. It is not always that they got ready by a residence career and breaking off a difference with the interests to the residence environment. In the future, we will check the value awareness to the environment of the resident by asking WTP to the CVM which we used it by questionnaire survey. It will be necessary to do it with the indicator of the ecological viewpoint. Nagaokakyo city is the bedroom suburb, included in an industrial district, farmland and the mountainous district. It is thought that we were provided for much knowledge that even other areas can refer to from this investigation.

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In this presentation,characters and their changes of the large plans of Kyoto that was printed by TAKEHARA Kobei at the end of the Edo period are considered.TAKEHARA Kobei was one of the famous publishers who printed plans or guidebooks of Kyoto during the Edo period.He printed two types of large plans of Kyoto. One was first printed in 1831(the edition of Tempo)and the other was first printed in 1868(the edition of Keio).
There are some similarities between the edition of Tempo and other plans of Kyoto.The described shape of town in this plan is correct and similar to that in other plan made by NAKAI-KE in 1780's.And there are many commentaries about temples or shrines in this plan.These commentaries are similar to those in other plan made by HAYASHI Yoshinaga in 1740's.In short,we can regard the edition of Tempo as a compiled map and the plans above-mentioned are the sources of this.
The edition of Keio is different from the edition of Tempo in some respects.In the former plan, different colors were used so that users of the plan could easily distinguish mansions of feudal lords from houses of the people.Moreover, the described shape of town in the former plan was transformed and became wider than that in the latter plan so that more information about mansions of feudal lords and so on could be written down in the plan.In the middle of the 19th century,mansions of feudal lords increased in Kyoto and many people demanded the information about those.TAKEHARA Kobei continually adapted the plans of Kyoto to the changes of Kyoto and the needs of users of the plans.

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