This paper examines the decrease of the smallpox mortality after the introduction of vaccination in 1850 to Tama Conuty in the province of Musashi, Japan.

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This theory focuses between relationship Modern Germanic Geographer Alexander von Humboldt(1769-1859) and Romanticism of Bayreuth before and behind 19th Century. When he was in younger days, he stayed in Bayreuth to research natural resources around Land of Bayreuth as Engineer of Prussia Kingdom . By the experience seeing various and precious this nature filled with Romanticism in Bayreuth's Land, he had gotten new inspiration related to his milestone "Kosmos" after that his exploration around the world. I will mention what Bayreuth gave him, and how Bayreuth's Land and Romanticism influenced on Modern and Human Geography up to Earth environmental studies in nowadays.

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This presentation intend to clarify the political,military and economic structure of the space in the cities of Liaotong region during the Ming Dynasty,especially through the process of the formation of the horse markets in Guangning.

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We compare the Library of Congress-housed military maps of China issued in Russia, Germany and Japan during the 1900s decade.

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This paper concerns a part of the results of the research preject "In-flow migration of rural area in Japan". We conducted a questionnaire survey on migration to the whole households in Kami, Taka Town, Hyogo Prefecture.

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Considerations on conservation of historic and cultural heritage in Tarragona, Spain. Advantages for culture and tourism policy and restrictions for improvement of living conditions will be discussed.

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The purpose of this study is to consider the tourist use of historical streets of 'Hutong' in Shichahai, Beijing, China.

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Introduction
The development of ecotourism in different topographical landscapes results in quite different types of ecotourism activities and attracts different tourist markets. Ecotourism development can be geographically classified into terrestrial and coastal/marine areas. This paper focuses on marine ecotourism using case studies in Akkeshi Town (Hokkaido, Japan) and Van Don (Quang Ninh Province, Vietnam). After discussing patterns of ecotourism development (illustrated by a figure of typology of ecotourism), the authors suggest a solution in order to diversify marine ecotours and improve the participation rate among local fishermen based on the community-based approach.
Marine ecotourism development in Japan and Vietnam
Analyzing ecotourism development in Japan and Vietnam, the authors find out that ecotourism in practice has spread in space and combined in products. Ecotourism, particularly marine ecotourism, has started in protected areas in the early phase, extended in well-known tourist destinations and then in lesser well-known ones. In this process, marine ecotourism is more likely to develop into "mass ecotourism" after the improvement of accessibility if its natural resources satisfy mass tourism products like beach-related activities. That explains for an increasing model of eco-resorts in rather geographically-isolated islands, such as the example of Van Don. Otherwise, if the natural resources are not so typical, marine ecotourism will develop into "modified ecotourism," emphasizing on a village-revitalizing function, as manifested by the case study of Akkeshi Town. Also, it is learned that fishermen' income is highly fluctuated due to a high degree of seasonality of their jobs.
Case studies
Akkeshi Town (East Hokkaido, Japan) has the total area of 739 km2 with the population of 11,164 people (2008). The town is the habitat for 4,441 households (2008). Most of them are fishermen (with 23.8% of the labour force work in fishery). The main product is seaweed or kelp. The figures of tourist arrivals have showed a downward trend in the last 15 years. Three main tours offering are Seal watching tour, River touring by canoe, and Experience of shellfish digging. The economic benefit is too small to revitalize the economy, though only minor environmental effects are being observed. Other mass tourism activities are spring festivals, summer festivals. Main tourism revenue is obtained through Akkeshi Mikaku Taminaru Konkirie.
Van Don (Quang Ninh, Vietnam) is made of over 600 islands and small islets in the northeast of the Tokin with the total area of 553.2 km2 and the population of 41,447 people (2008). Most of them work in fishery (accounting for 25.7% of the labor force). The figures of tourist arrivals have showed an upward tendency in the last 10 years. Ecotours have often appeared in papers but not really been implemented in practice. Other favorable activities for mass markets are beach-related activities (e.g. sun-bathing, swimming), festivals, and religious and historical places visiting. Environmental impacts are to be increasing in line with the growth of new infrastructure and tourism facilities.
Suggestions
The two case studies, in spite of differences in terms of tourism development, share some problems. One of them is a low rate of local participation in tourism development. The authors find out that one of the reasons is a lack of models of ecotours that most villagers feel comfortable and possible to participate and gain benefits. Applying the community-based approach, based on a viewpoint that fishermen's participation is indispensable for the success of local tourism industry, the authors suggest a model by making better use of fishermen's leisure time. Experience tours on "sa sung" digging skills or jelly-fish processing skills seem to be highly applicable in the case of Van Don.

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The Jungfrau-Aletsch-Bietschhorn (Abbreviation : JAB) UNESCO World Heritage Site of Switerland was registered in the world natural heritage list for the first time in December, 2001 in the Alps. The designated zone of the JAB world heritage site was expanded in 2007, and it became are 824 k_m2_ that it extended over 26 commune. As for the items of that area. Canton Valais (18 commune) is 57%, and Canton Bernese (8 commune) is 43%. As for the JAB world heritage site, it was estimated to observe the phenomenon of a global change in a climate that conservation of nature and tourism were in harmony. So, the following contents were explained about the conservation of nature and the promotion of the tourism in the JAB world heritage site by this research. 1. The reason why it registers for the world natural heritage list 2. Conservation and development of the management plan 3. The observation area of a change in a climate and value as the tourist attraction The attractive natural landscape and cultural landscape of the JAB world heritage site is conserved by the active participation of many people. It is the promotion of the tourism that is the most important for the development of the JAB world heritage site. In addition to the scientific, artistic value of the world heritage, the conservation of the land by the management of traditional alpine agriculture is necessary to maintain value as those tourist attraction to raise it more. An ecosystem is maintained, and the snowslide, flood leads to the reduction of the natural disaster as for this.

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Heiwado hits the general supermarket which performs the sale such as clothes or miscellaneous goods other than food sale, but the bringing rate calculating is data only for food sales floors. In a food cash register, I do not count the visitor who brought a shopping bag and count the visitor who declined a cash register bag and show a ratio in bringing rate. I calculated bringing rate according to the self-governing body to examine the difference of the system according to the self-governing body and a relationship with the bringing rate. I do not average the bringing rate of a store located in the self-governing body, and the bringing rate average according to the self-governing body calculates customer traffic / the bringing number of the store by doing weighted average. As a result of having calculated bringing rate according to the self-governing body of 13 City 5-cho which a store of Heiwado did the geographical convenience of, the difference did not occur to the bringing rate, but a store interval understood that there was a difference to about 10% according to a self-governing body. I grasped the present conditions of the "garbage collection" system of 13 City 13-cho in Shiga (a December, 2008 point in time) and examined a relationship by a correlation analysis. The number of the classification understands that it is different greatly by 7 kinds - 21 kinds and a self-governing body. A difference occurs to the number of the classification by bottle / cans mainly. As a result of garbage collection system according to the self-governing body and correlation analysis of the bringing rate, correlation was watched between "bringing rate" and "the number of the classification of the garbage" than official approval of the correlation ratio. I understood that shopping bag bringing rates decreased so that the number of the classification of the garbage increased (meaningful 5%). Heiwado which operated of all stores in 5. Bringing rate was low in the store which was adjacent in the factory zone, and bringing rate was able to catch a tendency to be high in the store in the point where a lot of commercial lands were distributed over. Strong correlation was watched between "bringing rate" and "industrial area ratio" "residential area ratio" "commerce / duties site ratios" than an official approval result of the correlation ratio, that bringing rates increase when bringing rates decrease when industrial area ratios increase from this, and a residential area ratio and commerce / duties site ratios increase (meaningful 1%). In addition, correlation is examined between "bringing rate" and "farmland ratios", that bringing rates decrease when farmland ratios increase (meaningful 5%). Between the other land use ratios, the meaningful correlation was not seen. I can grasp population composition within the range of the quotient by setting the commercial domain of each Heiwado store in Shiga. I grasp the difference of the population composition within the range of each store dealer and examine a relationship with the difference of the bringing rate by a correlation analysis. Using "the statistics GIS" which could handle subregion data, I grasped the population composition. The meaningful correlation was not seen between population composition within the range of each store dealer by the subregion statistics data in Shiga and the shopping bag bringing rate than an official approval result of the correlation ratio. Therefore I gave standard deviation of the shopping bag bringing rate of 2005 and extracted higher ten stores and ten low rank stores of the bringing rate and analyzed the mean and the comparison of statistics data.

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This study clarify relations with the formation/the change of the social network in the operation organization of the education for sustainable development(ESD) and the effect of the policy in Kitakyushu

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In the senior high school geography classes,we surveyed the placement of AED in a familiar region. Students were able to develop inquiry studies through this activity.

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