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A lot of Japanese companies have invested in and withdrawn from Southeast Asia since the middle of the 1980s. Many of such companies have located their head office or headquarters in Tokyo and Osaka metropolitan areas. The economic integration of Japan and Southeast Asian countries is progressing gradually but steadily. The economic integration between the countries has been developing with the actual contents that the relationship between the metropolitan areas, including capital region, is being strengthened.
On the other hand, Southeast Asian countries have been promoting their economic integration strongly in order to meet the economic growth of both China and India, and hence they are going to create the Economic Community in 2015. At this time, the metropolitan area of each country serves as the crucial base which realizes each country's economic growth. The eight major metropolises, Jakarta, Manila, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, Bangkok, and Ho Chi Minh, including Tokyo and Osaka metropolitan areas in Japan, were observed that are changing not only economically but also politically in this presentation. And the present condition of eight metropolises and the future role were examined in relation to the growth strategy of each country and the regional policy. Three groups, 1) Jakarta and Manila, 2) Singapore and Kuala Lumpur, and 3) Bangkok and Ho Chi Minh City were examined respectively with special reference to the industrial developments and urban area formation in Southeast Asian cities. On the Tokyo region, the Capital Reform Project and the capital region's role were evaluated, and two features namely, the industrial changes of Osaka water front area and the failures in Science City developments were pointed out as for Osaka region.
In future, even if a political mechanism like East Asian Community is formed, the power of the central government in each country will be never reduced at all in Asian society. I think that metropolitan areas would be continued to grow as national economic centers, even if any kind of transnational regional integration is realized in future East Asia. And it is inevitably that the issue on the regional gap between metropolis and the country side will be one of the important policy targets in accordance with the strength of power of the central government. For this reason, the central government's regional policy will serve as one of a crucial policy measures. The obvious example is today's Thailand.
Various policies and concepts are discussed both on the national level and transnational regions. In this situation, the metropolises in Japan need to have the long-term view which contributes to the stable growth of the metropolis in Southeast Asia.

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Although the policy of "multi-cultural co-existence" (Tabunka Kyousei) in Japan aims to socially integrate the Japanese people and ethnic immigrant minorities, little attention has been paid to the actual attitudes of the Japanese people. This study analyzes the attitudinal variation of Japanese residents toward this policy, and particularly focuses on the policy's effects with respect to neighborhood history. Through a questionnaire survey conducted in a neighborhood increasingly populated by Japanese-Brazilians in Yokkaichi City, we found that an accommodating view toward foreign residents was affected by the richness of the respondents' social networks with both Japanese and Brazilians. On the other hand, factors related to age and educational background do not have significant effects on such a view. These varying attitudinal aspects are also confirmed to originate from neighborhood characteristics, especially the type of housing (owner-occupied, rented by the prefecture, or rented by the Urban Renaissance Agency). While owner-occupiers have resided in the area for long and formed their social networks, they have relatively less motivation to support their counterparts. This is because they seldom get chances to communicate with Brazilians, as most of them reside in rented housing. The residents of apartments rented by the Urban Renaissance Agency also exhibit a passive attitude toward social integration regardless of daily contact with foreigners, as they have a poor social relationship with the neighborhood association due to the short term of their stay. In comparison to these two housing types, residents of apartments rented by the prefecture have enough networks with Brazilians and are ready to accept them in a positive way. This result is partly derived from the fact that the prefectural government requires all tenants including foreign households to participate in the neighborhood association.

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Urban Social Geography, Geography of Politics This presentation examines the practical contribution of geography, through engaging in writing the proposal report of the future policy formation for the Airin District in Nishinari, Osaka

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We propose a framework based upon a qualitative approach for analyzing fear of crime among young women, restrictions on spatial behavior and anticrime measures in urban spaces.

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I introduce the topic of two movements; Henoko and Takae, analyize the spatical scale of these movements and demonstlate the characteristics of these movements and the relationship with each area.

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Parsifal(1882-) is known as Richard Wagner's Opera concerning about Legend of Holy Grail's Knight in Europe such as Perceval ou le Conte du Graal of C.Troyes and Parzival of W.Eschenbach so called Era of 12th Century Renaissance. And, My View of Point of this Thesis stands that those stories of Legend were very close and strong influenced by Crusader Battle Situation and Movement on Knights of Crusade from Europe to Middle East in real History. Parsifal had become the final work of Wagner's life and been completed at Bayreuth in Germany at last and played on for the first time and decided Bayreuther Festspielhaus as the only place by his testiment at that time. This thesis mentions about intimate relevancy between these Legends and Bayreuth City using human historical and geographical approach. In 12-13th Century, one of famous European House of Andechs & Meranien ruled important Crusader's routes or key-areas having root of Grail Knight's story in Europe, such as Franken in Germany including Bayreuth, Bamberg, and Ansbach near birth and vital place of W.Eschenbach, and Adriatic Seacoast including Dalmatia(around Slovenia and Croatia), and road to Verona in Italy across the Brenner Pass in Austria, and Bourgogne(Brugund at that time) in France near the place of C.Troyes and so on. Then, The House managed access-routes from Bishopric(Bistum) Bamberg called "New Rome above Alps" in Millennium to Jerusalem and another Middle East's cities including Acre and Beirut, and to Italy, France, Hungary, and Poland, etc. Moreover, The House had close ties with Crusader Movement in Roman Catholic and Knights of Crusader like Knights Templar(Ordre de Chevalerie du Temple) and Teutonic Knights(Deutscher Ritterorden). And this House influenced Bistum Bamberg to send their clergy, and tried to settle new land near Bamberg's East Border. Thus, Bayreuth was found by House of Andechs & Meranien as residential city with new military and trading base to East-Side such as "Beirut" where stand as city of cross-cultural and peaceful coexistence route to Jerusalem. In addition, Beirut was written Holy Gral Castle of Perceval by Troyes. After that, Bayreuth prospered like International Ideal city of Beirut until now. The aforementioned, I will point out that Bayreuth had historically Legend of Holy Grail's Knight in Europe to draw Wagner's Parsifal to Land of Bayreuth. Beside, this Legend is alive and evolves even nowadays. These Essences of Parsifal are not Germanic Hero like propaganda of Nazis era but mutual understanding, sympathy, and cooperation on human being around the world.

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Memories of place on a Zainichi community are focused on mainly through analyses of comments from local residents and mass media.

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1. Introduction
Ecotourism is a relatively new concept in the tourism industry, just started at the first half of the 1980s. In Japan, ecotourism was first and foremost promoted by the Ministry of Environment as a new form of tourism that helps protect the environment while generating economic benefit for surrounding communities.

2. Ecotourism development in Japan: from the difficulties of its niche market to the application of school excursion
The development of ecotourism in Japan can be divided into two stages:
The first stage: In the middle of the 1990s, UNWTO reported the boom of tourism industry in general and ecotourism in particular in Asian countries. Under this condition, tour operators started to over-utilize the concept to promote tourism activities in remote areas, particularly in natural-rich places such as in World Natural Heritage Sites. Yakushima is a good example.
The second stage: The lessons learnt in the previous period made the government realize that Japan should not follow other Southeast Asian countries to develop ecotourism in huge resorts in a mass form, but try to adapt it to fit the national identity. This strategy has been shown in the conference in 2004, in which they concluded with a much more open definition of ecotourism. Nowadays, the area for ecotourism activities is even expending to satoyama.

3. Targeting school excursion as the main market for ecotourism done by Minami Shinsyu Tourism Association.
The research was implemented by fieldtrips in the last two years, with a number of personal interviews, non-participant and participant observations, questionnaire surveys, etc. The results can be summarized in the followings :
1) The numbers of visitors are very limited and have a downward trend (17000 students in 2007 to 14000 students in 2010. With the total of 20900 nights in 2010, nights spent in eco-accommodation of Ohdaira bungalow accounts for only 4%, while that number of Japanese-style and Western-style hotels is 57.4%). Tourism seasonality is high (with peaks in summer) and often coincident with normal tourism seasons and agricultural seasons.
2) The revenue from tourism is promising (160 million JPY in 2010 or about 200 million USD) but not very profitable and encouraging when considering the market share in household's overall income (from 1% to less than 10% for interviewed farmers).
To cope with these issues, the local government and private tourism enterprises developed several solutions as follows: promoting social impacts rather than just economic impacts among participating communities, endeavoring to make a wide network with schools and universities in other prefectures, having fixed dates to recruit the participants, and diversifying the contents of tour programs. Very recently, the Iida City Hall has also adopted field study tours for university students for new-styled voluntary works and cultural and intellectual exchanges.

4. Conclusion and suggestion
The paper summarizes the dilemma of niche market in ecotourism development in Japan and the rise of utilizing school excursions to increase the market for ecotourism from Iida case. It shows that at the local level, ecotourism in Japan is much more a regional development tool than a conservation tool or an economic generating solution.

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Investigating the relationship between relief operations and exchange programs in local governments of Yamagata Prefecture, it was clarified that the familiarity for the affected areas had effects on the relief operations.

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In this study, the placement of facilities in the district, location and distance of data points when using a variety of needs - to identify the error by applying the objective function of the allocation model. Included in the study area is the area of Uji, Kyoto Junior Hirono able to use the aggregate demand for non-data points. Uji, Kyoto Prefecture is located in the southeast, has an east to west across the city limits 67.55k Ujigawa ². The definition of distance, (a) distance and the road network (b) The condition of two distances, the objective function, (1) p to minimize the distance traveled by the total population using the facility-issue median (2 ) p to minimize the travel distance of residents farthest to facility-issue center, (3) and three indicators of the issues covered up to covering a lot of people are included in the area a certain distance from the facility to compare the error applies was. Comparison of the p-median problem: p-point location is ideal for the smallest median distance, the optimum conditions (a-1) in which two candidates. In other conditions, (a-3) than has been the best 2 point candidate location, a large difference in the selection of optimal location points have arisen. (A-2) define network distance, the results apply to other units with aggregate data collated town character, the optimum conditions (a-1) shows the evaluation results are almost the same, but its use may be sufficient. On the other hand, (a-3) distance network, aggregate data per 500m mesh, applied for the error becomes too large, its use is not appropriate. Definition is further distances (b-1), (b-2), (b-3) and used, because the evaluation value is about 25 percent overvalued, undesirable. Situated in this way - when applying the allocation model, or how to define the distance unit in said summary is inseparable. In particular, for the proper definition of distance, municipal road, it is effective to create and keep a detailed road network data covering non-municipal roads in kendo. Comparison of p-center problem: p to achieve equity with an emphasis on facility location-center problem, the selection of the optimal location point, the variation occurs. p-center problem, by using accurate data, said first and get good results. Thus, rather than administrative efficiency in facility location, p is the purpose of fairness in applying the problem-center, optimum precision (a-1) is required. Comparison of maximum cover problem: the maximum error for each condition at the maximum coverage problem, with 404-730 people, situated by a maximum cover problem to the junior mining - The allocation model applied, the population of 400-700 people covered, 30 to shows that about 50% can be improved. The maximum coverage problem, optimal location point under all conditions, the next two candidates, and the difference did not occur. At a maximum cover problem, the error in the evaluation, (a-2) define network distance, the most desirable units such as the use of aggregate data collated town character. However, many municipalities can not provide a detailed road network data. Therefore, the issue covers the maximum was able to calculate the point of optimum location as in all conditions, the location of data under various conditions in district middle school municipalities in Japan - in applying the allocation model, the model most accessible said to be. Located in the planning and efficient municipal facility location - in order to continue to develop distribution models are important to understand the application of the above errors. As a result, location - allocation model of the logic of transparency, promoting a clear explanation of the decision making process, will contribute to fulfill the accountability to citizens.

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1, Introduction
In France, the poles de comptitivite policy started 2005 by French government. This is a cluster policy executed by the cooperation of government and the Region. In this policy, they construct a platform for private-public collaboration of projects. The poles de competitivite, there are 71 poles today, are established generally in every Region, but some its territories extend over some Regions.
In this study, I would like to analyse the poles managed by several Regions as the wide-area collaboration of regional policy. I would like to examine two points: 1) the influence of the wide-area collaboration on the reinforcement of the regional competitiveness, 2) why French government recommends the wide-area cluster policy.
The example of this study is Aerospace Valley. It is a cluster of aerospace industry managed by Aquitaine Region and Midi-Pyrenees Region.

2, The process of the development of aerospace industry in two Regions
In both Midi-Pyrenees and Aquitaine, the historical process of industrial development in two Regions is same. First, military industries evacuated in this region before the world war II. Second, in the 1960s, this region became an object of the decentralisation policy and many high-tech industries or aerospace institutes moved from Paris to the capitals of two Regions.
But the industrial distributions in two Regions are different. In Aquitaine, the principal company is Dassault and its factories are in Bordeaux and Biarritz. The distribution of this Region is relatively decentralized.
In Midi-Pyrenees, there are a lot of suppliers of Airbus or manufacturer of embedded system in Toulouse. This Region is characterized as centralized structure of industry.

3, The wide-area collaboration in Aerospace Valley
In Aerospace Valley, 9 strategic business sectors are established. In this section, I analyse the distribution of each strategic business sectors.
The strategic business sectors can divide into three classifications by the distribution of companies. Classification A is characterized as concentration in Toulouse and it contains business strategic sector 4, 5, 6, and 7. This classification mainly contains system development of embedded systems for aircrafts or satellites and related services to this industries.
Classification B (strategic business sectors 3 and 9) in characterized to concentrate in capitals of two Regions. In these sectors, the development of new technology is focused and many institutes participate this classification.
The companies of classification C have a tendency of dispersion. In this classification, suppliers and maintenance companies are important and small and medium-sized enterprises participate in this sector.
From these analyses, three points are pointed out: 1) a support of Toulouse, 2) focus on two capitals in research and development, 3) consideration of entire two Regions by supporting small and medium-sized enterprises. 2 and 3 have to do with two Regions and Aerospace Valley promote the wide-area collaboration in supporting SMEs and development of new technologies.

4, Conclusion
Aerospace Valley attempts to link two Regions by wide-area collaboration and also attempts to construct a base for demonstrating higher competitiveness. But many strategic business sectors support only Toulouse, and it remains a problem that the development difference between Toulouse and other area can occur.

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Joseon Dynasty, the missions were sent to Japan, were required to record the fact that after returning.The travel records, in the late Joseon Dynasty are about 40 extant, has become an important resource for a relationship between Japan and Korea in history.In this research examined how Tsushima had been described in Korean Missions travel records.

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