International Journal of Sport and Health Science
Online ISSN : 1880-4012
Print ISSN : 1348-1509
ISSN-L : 1348-1509
Volume 20
Displaying 1-31 of 31 articles from this issue
  • Zhanyu Liu
    2022Volume 20 Pages 1-8
    Published: 2022
    Released on J-STAGE: April 01, 2022
    Advance online publication: January 19, 2022
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

    This study examines the public debate triggered by private folk fights in recent years and the failure of wushu to become an Olympic sport. The study highlights that the root causes of traditional wushu's crises of practicality and authenticity of are related to the essential nature of sport wushu. Since modern times, to become a so-called “living tradition,” wushu has continuously remade its value orientation. However, the modernized version of traditional wushu and sport wushu have the following problems: both are losing or have lost the original essence of Chinese martial arts. After analyzing the crisis faced by wushu from the perspective of the cultural philosophy of intimacy/integrity, this study proposes that the modernization of wushu and the invention of its universal value should be based on its particularity.

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  • Akira Konosu, Shinsuke Yoshioka, Senshi Fukashiro
    2022Volume 20 Pages 9-18
    Published: 2022
    Released on J-STAGE: April 01, 2022
    Advance online publication: March 03, 2022
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

    In this study, we analyzed the relationship between the ground reaction force (GRF) and both leg kinetics in kicking pullovers, with the aim of clarifying the mechanics and techniques for acquiring vertical GRF and moment in single-leg takeoffs for aerial rotation. GRF applied to the support leg foot and kinematics were recorded for the takeoff phase of successful kicking pullovers by 11 adult males. Using a 12-segment, sagittal-plane rigid body link model, the relationship between GRF and kinetics of both legs were analyzed. Although the GRF had its peak in the middle of the takeoff phase, it also contributed to the generation of the moment around the center of mass (CoM) by being tilted forward than to the CoM immediately after touchdown and before takeoff. The support leg was struck against the ground with angular velocities and torques of the hip extension and knee flexion at touchdown. The swing leg accelerated forward in the first half of the takeoff phase. These movements probably contributed to tilt the GRF forward immediately after the touchdown. The torque waveforms of the support leg joints were, on the whole, similar to those in the high jumps. It is suggested that in single-leg takeoffs for aerial rotation, controlling GRF direction with both leg movements while increasing the peak GRF with the takeoff techniques common to running jumps is an efficient strategy to acquire vertical GRF and moment with limited leg strengths.

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  • Yuto Yasuda
    2022Volume 20 Pages 19-25
    Published: 2022
    Released on J-STAGE: April 02, 2022
    Advance online publication: March 03, 2022
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    Different cultures have different societal structures and different communication style. Additionally, how sports are organized varies from country to country in terms of structure. These factors make athletes across the world demonstrate different psychological characteristics. Despite these differences, these cultural impacts have been paid little attention to, and psychological universality has been explored in the field of sport psychology even though the importance of cultural differences is remained. This review article explores the consideration of cultural psychology within the domain of sport psychology. Specifically, this article compares East Asian culture and North American culture from an achievement motivation perspective. Self-construal, regulatory focus theory, self-determination theory, and achievement goal theory are investigated in order to compare the two cultures. It is recommended that future researchers in the domain of sport psychology refer to both cultural differences as well as psychological universality to deepen insight into the sport psychology field. Practitioners in sport psychology such as mental performance consultants and coaches, are also suggested to consider cultural differences in order to effectively communicate with players and implement more effective interventions.

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  • Mihoko Takahashi, Kazuhiro Kajita, Randeep Rakwal
    2022Volume 20 Pages 26-36
    Published: 2022
    Released on J-STAGE: April 08, 2022
    Advance online publication: February 04, 2022
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    The 2020 Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics Games referred to as “Recovery Olympics” are supposed to encourage in recovery of the Tohoku regions affected by the 3.11 Great East Japan Earthquake. Tsukuba International Academy for Sport Studies established in 2015 as part of SPORT FOR TOMORROW initiative under Japan Sports Agency has since been holding Olympic education program every year at Rikuzentakata City, one of the disaster-affected areas. However, few studies have examined the contents of Olympic (or Paralympic) education in these areas. Therefore, this study shares knowledge through practice of Olympic education in a high school with an aim to suggest better practice in the area for its continuation post-2020. In 2019, an Olympic education class for 120 high school students was conducted followed by an open-ended questionnaire survey to the students. Questions consisted of: i) impressions of the class, ii) image of Tokyo 2020 Games, iii) current self-challenges and regional issues, and iv) how to use the Olympics. Text mining the obtained data revealed that respondents had a positive image of the Tokyo 2020 Games. Self-challenges and regional issues associated with reconstruction were clarified in answers to the survey, where some respondents revealed their future designs to contribute towards the development of local community. Some respondents also connected the class learning contents to providing solutions for local issues. Overall, the findings as discussed in this study were considered as useful knowledge for future practical Olympic education.

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  • Yuya Kimura, Toshiharu Yokozawa, Akira Maeda, Jun Yuda
    2022Volume 20 Pages 37-47
    Published: 2022
    Released on J-STAGE: April 09, 2022
    Advance online publication: March 08, 2022
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    The present study aimed to investigate kinematic changes in the straight skating motions of world-class speed skaters during a ladies' 3,000-m race. Sixteen elite skaters who participated in the World Cup were included in the study. Three-dimensional motion analyses using 4 synchronized high-speed cameras (300 Hz) were performed on the straight skating motions at the initial, middle, and final stages of the race. As the race progressed, skating velocity decreased and the body center of mass (CM) height and the thigh angle increased. Shank outward tilting time exhibited a significant negative relationship with the official time for both the left and right strokes in the initial stage. In the final stage, skating velocity was significantly, positively associated with hip and knee angular velocity at the end of strokes. These results demonstrated that, in the ladies' 3,000-m race, although the air resistance increases with higher CM position and the skating velocity decreases as the race progressed, the straight skating motion of the excellent skaters was characterized by longer outward tilting of the shank in the initial stage contributes to maintaining skating velocity until the middle and final stages of the race.

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  • Munenori Murata, Norihisa Fujii, Yuta Suzuki
    2022Volume 20 Pages 48-65
    Published: 2022
    Released on J-STAGE: April 09, 2022
    Advance online publication: February 22, 2022
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    Mechanical energy is known to be transferred between a body segment and a joint. However, the transformation of this energy has not been classified. By focusing on the racket-holding arm during a tennis serve, the present study examined the transformation between translational and rotational energies due to the joint force, and investigated the kinetic chain from the viewpoint of energetics. Twenty-two tennis players were asked to perform flat services to the deuce side (i.e., the receiver’s right side), and the three-dimensional coordinates of reflective markers attached to each player and racket were collected with a motion capture system. The mechanical power acting on each segment and the mechanical energy generated/absorbed by each joint were divided into the following components: (1) STP = the time rate of change in the rotational energy of a segment due to the joint torque, (2) JTP = the generation/absorption of rotational energy due to the joint torque, (3) JFPt = the time rate of change in the translational energy of a segment due to the joint force, and (4) JFPr = the time rate of change in the rotational energy of a segment due to the moment of the joint force. The findings are summarized below.

    1. The proposed method can divide the power acting on the segment due to joint force into the translational component (JFPt) and the rotational component (JFPr).

    2. The racket-holding arm mainly acquires mechanical energy as translational energy with decreasing rotational energy of the upper trunk (around right-leftward rotation).

    3. The main role of the shoulder joint is not to generate rotational energy but to change the energy form (from translational energy to rotational energy).

    4. The main role of the phase before most of the shoulder external rotation is to store the translational energy in the racket-holding arm.

    5. The main role of the phase after most of the shoulder external rotation is to transfer the translational and rotational energies to the racket.

    6. The proposed method can quantify not only the generation/absorption and transmission of mechanical energy but also the transformation of the energy form. Therefore, this method may produce new findings that have not yet been clarified.

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  • Hirotaka Nakashima, Shuntaro Kuroyanagi, Yuka Ando, Penhao Liao, Shinj ...
    2022Volume 20 Pages 66-75
    Published: 2022
    Released on J-STAGE: April 27, 2022
    Advance online publication: April 06, 2022
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    This study aimed to investigate how high school baseball pitchers throw different pitch types with attention to the ball kinematics, to reveal the kinematic characteristics of each pitch type, and to reveal whether the relationship between the speed and spin rate of fastballs thrown by high school pitchers is different from that of fastballs thrown by collegiate, semiprofessional, and professional pitchers (mature pitchers). Eighteen high school baseball pitchers were asked to throw all the pitch types they would normally throw in a game. Among all pitches, this study specifically focused on fastballs, changeups, sliders, and curveballs. First, the kinematics of balls thrown by high school pitchers were compared between each pitch type. Second, the ball kinematics of each pitch type observed in this study were compared with those observed in previous studies investigating mature pitchers. Third, the relationship between the speed and spin rate of fastballs observed in this study was compared with that observed in previous studies. As a result, it was revealed that high school pitchers could throw different pitch types by changing the speed, spin rate, and/or spin axis. In addition, it was indicated that high school pitchers threw different sliders and curveballs compared to mature pitchers. On the other hand, in this study, it could not be asserted that high school pitchers threw different fastballs compared to the mature pitchers. It was revealed that the relationship between the speed and spin rate of fastballs for high school pitchers is similar to that for mature pitchers.

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  • Nobuo Takeshima, Mohammod M. Islam, Yukiya Oba, Bret G. Freemyer
    2022Volume 20 Pages 76-82
    Published: 2022
    Released on J-STAGE: May 26, 2022
    Advance online publication: April 15, 2022
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    To compare elderly non-fallers and fallers for differences in the Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction for Balance (CTSIB) and Limits of Stability (LOS). Six hundred forty-six older women volunteers (69.5±6.1 yr) participated in the study. Static and dynamic balance were assessed. The static balance (SB) indices in CTSIB were analyzed for four sway velocity conditions: a flat surface with eyes open (SV1); a flat surface with eyes closed (SV2); thick foam with eyes open (SV3); and thick foam with eyes closed (SV4), and composite scores (SVcomp) calculated based on all of conditions. The LOS components (endpoint excursion (EPE), maximum excursion (MXE), directional control (DCL), reaction time (RT), and movement mean velocity (MVL)) as a dynamic balance index were analyzed based on movements toward all eight targets, and composite scores. The fall incidence within the past 1 year was studied via questionnaire survey (faller=172, non-faller=474). There were significant differences in mean age and height between faller and non-faller groups. No significant differences were found in all balance indices between groups compared by age-adjusted ANCOVA. From the CTSIB and LOS measurement adopted in this study, no difference was observed between older fallers and non-fallers. However, in order to evaluate the presence or absence of falls based only on the balance ability, further measures such as examination by combining indicators are required. It is necessary to perform prospective studies to track the occurrence of falls after the balance ability assessment in the future.

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  • Ryo Ogaki, Miki Nariai, Gento Otake, Ayane Ogura, Taiki Murakami, Masa ...
    2022Volume 20 Pages 83-90
    Published: 2022
    Released on J-STAGE: June 08, 2022
    Advance online publication: April 15, 2022
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

    A high risk of ankle injury is associated with rugby; however, current epidemiological data on rugby-related ankle injuries are limited to specific age and competition levels. This study aimed to clarify the epidemiological characteristics of ankle sprains by longitudinally investigating their incidence, severity, and burden in men’s collegiate rugby. Ankle sprains that occurred during rugby matches and training in 128 male collegiate rugby players were investigated across three seasons (2017-2019). The incidence of ankle sprain was 1.21 injuries/1000 player-hours (PHs). The risk of occurrence during matches (18.18 injuries/1000 PHs) was 25.6 times higher than that during training (0.71 injuries/1000 PHs). The mean severity of ankle sprain was 24.7 days. The injury burden tended to be higher in the match season than in the training season. The main injury mechanisms were thought to be related to contact play and stepping (non-contact play). In addition, a high rate of initial sprains was observed in this study. Ankle sprain prevention is important in collegiate rugby players.

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  • Ryohei Yamakata, Hiroki Uwagawa, Takeshi Ogawa
    2022Volume 20 Pages 91-98
    Published: 2022
    Released on J-STAGE: June 18, 2022
    Advance online publication: March 25, 2022
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    This study aimed to investigate whether four weeks of jump and running drill training with a mini-trampoline affects sprint running, standing long jump, and drop jump performance. Fifteen healthy male students were assigned to either the trampoline training (T; n=8) or ground training (G; n=7) group. All participants performed jump and running drill training using either a mini-trampoline or over ground two times per week for 4 weeks. Before and after the training period, the participants performed a 50 m sprint run, a standing long jump, a drop-jump, and a ground reaction force evaluation test during a 20 m sprint. The pre- and post-training results were compared. The 50 m sprint record improved in both groups (P<0.01). The jump height of the drop-jump test decreased in the T group (P<0.05). The standing long jump distance did not change after the training period in either group. There was no significant change in impulse in either direction before and after the training period during the 20 m sprint run. Our results suggest that jump and running drill training using a mini-trampoline did not have any specific effect compared to jump and running drill training on the ground.

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  • Masashi Asakura
    2022Volume 20 Pages 99-109
    Published: 2022
    Released on J-STAGE: June 23, 2022
    Advance online publication: May 11, 2022
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    The aim of training Comprehensive Community Sport Club (CCSC) managers, which was specifically emphasized in the policy for fostering CCSCs, was to develop their abilities without examining their duties and behaviors. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to identify CCSC managers’ behaviors and their determinants in relation to the characteristics of community sports clubs in Japan. A questionnaire survey was completed by 328 club managers. The structure of management behaviors and relationship between them and basic attributes, sports and community life experiences, and community awareness were analyzed. Nine clusters of management behaviors emerged from the results. Furthermore, sport experience and community awareness had different effects on the nine behaviors. While sport-related experiences influenced general management behaviors, community awareness affected relationship building with the organization, which many clubs experience as challenging. These results indicate that CCSC management and club managers' behaviors reveal the characteristics of both sport and community organizations. Furthermore, the problem-solving that many clubs encounter may be not facilitated through manager training that is separated from the regional community. Club management should not ignore awareness that is fostered in daily life.

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  • Takuya Sakamoto
    2022Volume 20 Pages 110-116
    Published: 2022
    Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2022
    Advance online publication: May 26, 2022
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    A common question on esports asked often, including in everyday conversations, is whether it is a sport. This paper attempts to clarify what the esports experience means to humans to begin with, which must be considered before discussing whether or not esports is a sport. To this end, the paper examines how to clarify the difference between esports and conventional sports phenomenologically. To examine the difference phenomenologically, we must first and foremost adopt the perspective of an esports player. When that happens, the first thing we see is a screen. We could find in Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology the philosophical basis for believing that the presence or absence of the screen impacts the essential difference between esports mediated by the screen and conventional sports, which are not, in terms of depth perception. And the issue of depth perception is also deeply connected with that of modern technology—specifically, it is a matter of remoteness. The symbol of modern technology that shares this characteristic of remoteness with esports is drone weapons. The comparison between esports and drone weapon suggests that, as with the “humane” aspect of drones, remoteness might make esports more “humane” (moral) than conventional sports. However, the debate on drone weapons has also taught us about the problem of its remoteness, that is, the fact that remoteness reduces our bodily sense of resistance to violence toward others. Therefore, we should not to conclude that esports is ethically wrong, but look into how we must interact with esports based on such a characteristic.

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  • Erlacher Daniel, Masato Fujii, Shunichi Tazuke, Tetsuji Sugiyama, Ganz ...
    2022Volume 20 Pages 117-122
    Published: 2022
    Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2022
    Advance online publication: May 10, 2022
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    In a previous questionnaire study with German professional athletes, we showed that the prevalence of lucid dreaming in athletes is 57% and that about 5% of athletes use their lucid dreams to practice sport skills while asleep. The present study applied a Japanese translation of the same questionnaire to a Japanese sample of college athletes to explore cultural differences. We found that about 41% of Japanese athletes stated that they experienced a lucid dream at least once in their lives, 18% experienced them once a month or more frequently, while 3.6% of athletes used lucid dreams for their sport practice. The frequency of lucid dreams in Japanese athletes was lower than in the German athletes, indicating potential cultural differences. Yet lucid dream practice does appear to have a cross-cultural applicability.

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  • Naoto Matsunaga
    2022Volume 20 Pages 123-126
    Published: 2022
    Released on J-STAGE: July 16, 2022
    Advance online publication: June 14, 2022
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    Synergy refers to the coordination of several muscles and has been shown to be varied in different levels of sports performance. However, how synergy changes with improved sports performance is currently unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate and track the relationship between synergy and shot-put performance in a single athlete. One shot-put thrower participated in this study. Measurements were taken three times in the span of 15 months just prior to, or after competition. The activity of 16 muscles was recorded and analyzed using non-negative matrix factorization. The participant’s personal record in competition improved throughout this study, along with an increase in the number of synergies, comprising of two synergies in the first measurement, and four synergies in the second and third measurements. Additionally, the synergies in the second and third measurements were shown to be unique. Although these data involved only one participant, both the alteration in the number of synergies and the changes to the synergy itself were shown to influence shot-put performance. These results suggest that tracking synergy may be a useful indicator to evaluate the shot-put performance growth process.

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  • Akira Konosu, Shinsuke Yoshioka, Senshi Fukashiro
    2022Volume 20 Pages 127-135
    Published: 2022
    Released on J-STAGE: September 09, 2022
    Advance online publication: July 26, 2022
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    It is important to reduce the vertical bar reaction force (BRF) by utilizing the vertical velocity and angular momentum acquired through the takeoff to make kicking pullovers successful. This study formulated the mechanical condition of success in kicking pullovers as the effects of the vertical velocity and movement time on the required vertical BRF in the arm support phase by modeling the vertical movement of the center of mass (CoM). In addition, kinematics of successful kicking pullovers by 13 adult men were measured under various bar-height conditions (ratio to the body height: 65-105%). The modeling suggested that increasing the vertical velocity “v” or moderately shortening the movement time “T” reduces the required vertical BRF, and in particular, satisfies the relationship vT = 2h (“h” is the upward distance moved by the CoM through the arm support phase), which efficiently reduces the BRF. In the measurement, the parameters were close to the optimal relationship, except for the 65% condition. When using a bar height of 75% or more, increasing the vertical velocity and angular momentum around the CoM at takeoff while satisfying the optimal relationship would be effective for successful kicking pullovers. When using lower bars, increasing the angular momentum would be the main task.

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  • Shinta Sasao
    2022Volume 20 Pages 136-151
    Published: 2022
    Released on J-STAGE: September 29, 2022
    Advance online publication: August 30, 2022
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    In this study, we investigated the concept of nationalism as a vague sense of individual identity as belonging to a common nation, i.e. also-called ‘cognitive nationalism’, focusing particularly on how the latter is constructed in relation to sports. Previous studies of ‘cognitive nationalism’ have focused mainly on football and have examined the stereotyped concept that Japan’s national teams or Japanese players are ‘organized’. However, no empirical research has ever attempted to substantiate this stereotype. Therefore, to clarify whether Japan’s national football teams and players can indeed be considered as ‘organized’, we evaluated this issue using quantitative and qualitative measures, focusing on players and teams featured in football magazines. Quantitative analysis revealed that the number of expressions affirmed by collective traits accounted for only about half of the total. Many expressions affirmed the personal and physical qualities of Japan’s national teams or Japanese players. A detailed analysis of the collective traits revealed that in the early days, many expressions centered on collective tactics, whereas in more recent times references to pass work increased. Furthermore, it was shown that in the early period, the term ‘organized’ often had a qualitative connotation of ‘playing collectively to make up for lack of personal and physical traits’. However, the meaning gradually changed, and recently the word ‘organized’ has been used in the sense of ‘personal qualities of the Japanese nation’, with a specific emphasis on unity or diligence. Consequently, we conclude that perceptions of Japan’s national teams or Japanese players as being ‘organized’ are no longer dominant in articles featured in football magazines, and that the term ‘organized’ has developed some ambiguity of meaning.

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  • Munenori Murata, Norihisa Fujii
    2022Volume 20 Pages 152-169
    Published: 2022
    Released on J-STAGE: November 02, 2022
    Advance online publication: July 26, 2022
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    The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between motion and ball spin in tennis serves. Ten male university tennis players participated. The three-dimensional coordinates of the players performing flat, kick and slice serves were collected using a motion capture system with 8 cameras (250 Hz). Similarly, the three-dimensional coordinates of reflective markers on the ball were also collected (500 Hz). The primary variables computed were: racket face velocity and direction at impact, velocity and angular velocity of the ball after impact, hitting point, angles of the upper limb joints, and segment angles of the upper trunk. The differences in racket face velocity among flat, kick, and slice serves were divided into the following terms: 1) ΔVposture: A difference in velocity resulting from a change in upper trunk posture, 2) ΔVswing: A difference in velocity resulting from a change in arm swing (kinematics of the upper limb), 3) ΔVutrk: A difference in velocity resulting from a change in upper trunk translational and rotational motion. Repeated measures ANOVA ( p<.05) with Bonferroni multiple comparison was used to evaluate the effects of changes in form (with differences in ball spin) on each parameter. The findings are summarized as follows.

    1) The impact point and swing direction were mainly controlled not by a change in arm swing motion, but by a change in upper body posture.

    2) To generate ball spin, it is necessary to avoid a head-on collision between the ball and the racket (a normal vector of the racket face is parallel to the racket face velocity vector). Therefore, players decreased the amount of upper trunk leftward rotation in kick and slice serves at the point of impact so as to swing the racket more laterally.

    3) It is necessary to swing the racket more vertically in order to lean the rotation axis of the ball. Therefore, players controlled the upper trunk leftward-rightward and forward-backward leaning in a kick serve at the point of impact.

    4) Changes in upper body posture cause changes in the direction the racket faces. Therefore, players mainly controlled their elbow pronation-supination angle in order to maintain a racket face direction that satisfies a legal serve.

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  • An Uesugi
    2022Volume 20 Pages 170-174
    Published: 2022
    Released on J-STAGE: November 19, 2022
    Advance online publication: October 19, 2022
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    Developing sports tourism is one of the economic strategies implemented in Japan. The collection of data on inbound sports tourists is important to conduct strategic marketing to ensure constant inflows of inbound tourists in the future. The aim of this study was to compare the data collection status of the number of international participants in Japanese marathon events between 2015 and 2019. The target of this study was Japanese full marathon events officially authorized by the Japan Association of Athletics Federation (N=40). The results revealed that the number of event organizers that collected data on the number of international participants increased in 2019 compared with 2015. The result that some events attracted more international entries or starters in 2019 than in 2015 shows that running events received more attention as an inbound tourism resource. However, most marathons, except for events held in cities, attracted only a few international participants. Target marketing and organizing data for inbound sports tourists can still be improved by utilizing sporting events.

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  • Koki Sasabe, Yuta Sekine, Norikazu Hirose
    2022Volume 20 Pages 175-180
    Published: 2022
    Released on J-STAGE: November 22, 2022
    Advance online publication: October 15, 2022
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    The change-of-direction speed is an essential physical component in basketball. This study aimed to reveal the relationship between change-of-direction kinematics and the related motor abilities in basketball players. Motor abilities, including squat, sprint speed, vertical jump, and horizontal jump, were measured in 14 male collegiate basketball players. Furthermore, the change-of-direction speed and kinematics during the change-of-direction task, including the trunk lean angle and center-of-gravity height, were evaluated. Correlations between change-of-direction time and kinematics were assessed using the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. Once significant correlations were detected, correlations between motor abilities and change-of-direction kinematics variables related to change-of-direction time were assessed using the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. There were significant correlations between change-of-direction time and center-of-gravity height (r=0.54), and trunk lean angle (r=−0.74). Moreover, there was a strong correlation (r=−0.53) between the center-of-gravity height and lower body strength. Improving lower muscle strength and change-of-direction kinematics may be necessary to enhance the overall change-of-direction performance.

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  • Yasuyuki Nishihara, Wataru Uchiyama
    2022Volume 20 Pages 181-192
    Published: 2022
    Released on J-STAGE: November 22, 2022
    Advance online publication: October 27, 2022
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    The aim of this case study was to reproduce the images recorded by a fixed video camera and those recorded by a 360-degree omnidirectional camera to investigate characteristics and differences in how expert coaches and novice coaches perceive such images, based on differences in the coaches’ verbal responses during basketball games. From the findings, 3 points were clarified. 1) It appeared that novice coaches were unable to observe phenomena in VR images but were able to do so from fixed camera images. In contrast, proficient coaches were considered highly likely to observe such phenomena from both types of images. 2) From fixed camera images, both novice and proficient coaches tended to observe phenomena objectively, in terms of being able to describe the situation and offer guidance and criticism. 3) From VR images, proficient coaches tended to offer praise or instructions on the basis of specific individual characteristics of player or team movements.

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  • Midori Kondo, Hironobu Tsuchiya, Takayuki Sugo
    2022Volume 20 Pages 193-207
    Published: 2022
    Released on J-STAGE: December 15, 2022
    Advance online publication: August 05, 2022
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    Pride is an emotion that may influence a competitive athlete's sports performance and mastery. The purpose of this study was to develop a scale to measure the pride traits in sports (Trait Pride Scale for Athletes: TPSA) and examine the characteristics. University student-athletes completed the TPSA, focusing on subjective emotional episodes and other scales of important personality constructs including self-esteem, resilience, authenticity, and narcissism (Study 1), and grit (Study 2). The factor analysis of the TPSA items indicated a four-factor structure: (a) Relationship, (b) Endurance/Diligence, (c) Athletic Self-Identity, and (d) Superiority. There were no gender differences in overall TPSA scores. Internal consistency by Cronbach’s alpha and the retest reliability were verified acceptable. The TPSA scores were positively correlated with all of the other psychological scales, confirming convergent validity. Findings provide initial insight into the structure of pride in sports contexts. Specifically, these findings suggest that the athletes’ proneness of pride is a multidimensional construct that involves not only intrapersonal factors but also interpersonal factors.

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  • Junki Inui, Makoto Chogahara, Kei Hikoji, Megumi Tani, Daichi Sonoda, ...
    2022Volume 20 Pages 208-223
    Published: 2022
    Released on J-STAGE: December 15, 2022
    Advance online publication: October 13, 2022
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    The purpose of this study is to examine how an individual’s involvement in exercise and sports, including past experience, is related to age group for career patterns of sports participation (the experience of adherence, adoption, dropout and resumption) in adults. This study relies on secondary analysis data, derived from the 2018 Kansai Sports Monitoring Survey. The survey was conducted from December 6 to 10, 2018, using a web questionnaire, which remained open for participation until the total number of responses reached 10,000. The subjects analyzed in this study were (1) basic attributes; (2) sports involvement status, past and present; and (3) experience in career patterns of sports participation over the past year. Respondents were classified into three age groups: 18-29, 30-49, and 50 and older. First, for each of the four career groups, cross tabulation and chi-squared tests were conducted to examine the relationship between the age groups and each factor. Second, a multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed using significant items derived from the chi-squared test as explanatory variables and the three age groups as objective variables. The results indicate that there are differences by career in the relationship between age group and the status of sports involvement. Furthermore, in addition to youth experience, participation behaviors other than recent involvement in sports are related to the 50 and older for each career. It will be important to pay more attention to the relationship between sports-related activities other than participation in exercise and sports.

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  • Koichi Kawabata, Yukihide Nishimura, Tatsuru Ibusuki, Toshihito Mitsui ...
    2022Volume 20 Pages 224-232
    Published: 2022
    Released on J-STAGE: December 15, 2022
    Advance online publication: October 28, 2022
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

    This study aimed to clarify the relationship between maximum speed and change in speed during 100-m sprints among elite Japanese wheelchair racers (T54 class). The study participants were instructed to sprint at maximum effort for the last 50-m section of a 300-m distance and from the starting line to a distance of 100 m. Propulsive movements were captured at 240 Hz using a high-speed camera. The mean (±standard deviation) maximum speed (MxSP) obtained in the 300-m sprint was 9.03±0.19 m/s. The peak speed of the 100-m sprint (PkSP) was 8.42±0.33 m/s and the speed during the 100-m sprint relative to the maximum speed (%MxSP) was 93.2%±2.6%. The PkSP appeared in the final section for all but one wheelchair racer, for whom it appeared in the 90-95- and 95-100-m sections. No wheelchair racers were able to achieve the MxSP within 100 m. However, as the MxSP correlated with speed after the last 30 m, it is possible that times in the second half of the 100-m sprint could be improved by increasing the MxSP. The %MxSP in the final section correlated with the 100-m time, and wheelchair racers with a higher %MxSP in the final section showed higher speeds from the first half of the race.

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  • Yuko Hashimoto, Ryoko Kawakami, Yuko Gando, Susumu S. Sawada, Ko Matsu ...
    2022Volume 20 Pages 233-240
    Published: 2022
    Released on J-STAGE: January 12, 2023
    Advance online publication: November 11, 2022
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

    A cross-sectional evaluation of the association between total physical activity and Body Awareness was performed. The subjects were 361 Japanese female university students. The IPAQ- SV was used to assess the amount of physical activity, and Fujino's Body Awareness Scale was used to assess Actual Body Feeling, Awareness of Bodily Feeling, Awareness when Standing and Walking, and Bodily Distress. Total Body Awareness was defined as the sum of the above three except for Bodily Distress. The data were adjusted for age and body fat and the association between physical activity and Body Awareness was examined using analysis of covariance. The results revealed positive associations between physical activity and Total Body Awareness (P for trend=0.001). In terms of intensity, there were positive associations between Total Body Awareness, moderate-intensity physical activity (P for trend=0.041) and vigorous-intensity physical activity (P for trend=0.001). These results suggest that there is a positive association between physical activity and Body Awareness among Japanese female university students, especially for vigorous-intensity physical activity.

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  • Jun Mizushima, Joanne Kyra Loo, Shermaine Lou, Clifford J. Mallett
    2022Volume 20 Pages 241-248
    Published: 2022
    Released on J-STAGE: January 12, 2023
    Advance online publication: November 24, 2022
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

    Sport coaches develop their coaching knowledge and identity as coaches through their life experiences over time. However, limited knowledge exists for what motivates youth coaches in Asia to coach, how they learn their craft, and how they develop as coaches. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the developmental pathways of youth sport coaches in Singapore. Eleven youth sport coaches in Singapore (10 males, 1 female) from a range of sports were selected to take part in semi-structured interviews consisting of three sections: coaches' profile, valued learning experience, and motivation. Qualitative thematic analysis was implemented to understand the key aspects of coach development in their coaching careers. Data yielded six main categories about valued learning experiences: (1) interaction with other coaches, (2) learning from overseas practice, (3) athletic experience, (4) on-the-job experience, (5) mentoring, and (6) coach education program. Two main categories about coach motivation were identified. These were: (1) initial motivation to be a coach—sense of purpose and (2) motivation to continue coaching—enjoyment, satisfaction, and passion.

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  • Mizuki Makino, Kenji Tauchi
    2022Volume 20 Pages 249-259
    Published: 2022
    Released on J-STAGE: January 13, 2023
    Advance online publication: November 30, 2022
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

    The purpose of this study was to determine the kinematic factors related to the forward and vertical release velocities in male javelin throwers. The movements of 115 male javelin throwers who participated in real competitions were videotaped by two cameras, and the coordinate values were obtained using the three-dimensional motion analysis technique. The time-series changes of the kinematic data were calculated, and the relationship with the release velocity of the javelin in the forward and vertical directions was confirmed by calculating the partial correlation coefficient. The forward velocity of the center of gravity of whole body from the right foot contact to left foot contact was commonly higher for throwers with higher forward and vertical release velocities. The angle of trunk backward lean at the left foot contact was smaller (more upright) for throwers with higher forward release velocity and larger for throwers with higher vertical release velocity. At the release, throwers with higher forward release velocity had a higher angular velocity of the right shoulder abduction and horizontal adduction, and throwers with higher vertical release velocity had a higher angular velocity of the trunk forward lean and the right shoulder horizonal adduction. These results indicates that the movements related to the forward and vertical release velocities in the javelin throw are greatly different.

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  • Kiyotaka Motoyama, Shunsuke Sakata, Daijiro Abe
    2022Volume 20 Pages 260-270
    Published: 2022
    Released on J-STAGE: January 25, 2023
    Advance online publication: November 30, 2022
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

    Kinematic parameters during throwing were analyzed to examine whether the absence of run-up before ball release or ball graspability was associated with ball velocity acquisition process in 33 participants. Three-dimensional coordinates were measured using a motion analysis system with eight infrared cameras with a sampling rate of 250 Hz. The captured motion data were computed to calculate the kinematic parameters. Path analysis, a structural equation modeling technique, was applied to the obtained kinematic parameters to clarify the “strength” and “direction” of the interrelationship among the observed parameters because it can detect the relationship of each parameter in the complicated theoretical model. When throwing small graspable softballs “without” run-up, the velocity of the center of the body mass influenced the ball velocity. However, in that case, a greater backward trunk tilt with a longer acceleration distance is necessary to acquire greater ball velocity. When throwing large non-graspable dodgeballs with and without run-up and/or throwing small graspable softballs “with” run-up, the horizontal velocity of the thrower’s center of the body mass positively affected the ball velocity via pull distance due to the acceleration distance of the ball and increased step length. The non-graspable dodgeball accelerated with a shorter pull distance in the lateral direction, and the presence or absence of run-up did not affect the ball velocity acquisition process in non-graspable ball throwing.

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  • Toru Takahashi
    2022Volume 20 Pages 271-284
    Published: 2022
    Released on J-STAGE: March 18, 2023
    Advance online publication: December 29, 2022
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

    The present study was performed to clarify the following 2 issues to reconstruct a premise that would facilitate a meaningful debate on John Dewey's views in the field of physical education. First, certain misconceptions surrounding Dewey's views, which were regarded as experientialist, were examined in an attempt to understand his claims and position more accurately. Second, it was investigated how the field of physical education in Japan came to accept Dewey's educational approach and how it impacted the field. Initially, an overview of Dewey's conception of pragmatism was conducted, and then misconceptions about Dewey's approach and their origin were discussed. Then, the impact of Dewey's educational theory on the field of physical education in post-war Japan was examined, focusing in particular on the relationship between Dewey's thought and Maekawa Mineo's “theory of physical education in life”. Contrary to popular belief, Dewey's educational approach did not prioritize a form of radical experientialism. Rather, it focused on shaping a child's development by reconstructing experience. Dewey argued that different methods should be used to provide experiences that are meaningful for a child's growth. In other words, his approach aimed to actively deconstruct and reconstruct the framework of modern education. In this sense, one must understand Dewey's aim in order to properly understand his broader educational theory. Dewey's educational theory was influential in Japan's post-war educational reform. In the field of physical education, in particular, his theory was foundational to Maekawa's theory. However, his theory has been misinterpreted when applied in schools, and the experiential learning that was implemented has been criticized for hindering physical abilities. Likewise, the field of physical education has been critical of Dewey's educational theory because of its experiential nature. Regardless of the merits and demerits of Dewey's theory, the physical education literature must first properly interpret it if research on its implementation in the field is to develop further.

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JSPEHSS Distinguished Research Award for Early Career Contribution 2021
  • Shigeharu Akimoto, Yukinori Sawae
    2022Volume 20 Pages A1-A10
    Published: 2022
    Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2022
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

    The Paralympic Games are currently in the public spotlight not only as a sporting spectacle but also as a vehicle for empowering individuals with disabilities in society. However, previous research indicates that the Paralympic Games currently cater for a limited variety of impairments, which perhaps reflects a limitation of the Games in this respect. The aim of this study was to determine whether this premise is valid by considering the empowerment of individuals in society via the Paralympic Games, focusing on groups including both mobility and hearing impairment. Quantitative data were recovered from a questionnaire survey disseminated to lower secondary departments of special needs education schools for the physically challenged (n=44, collection rate: 80.0%), lower secondary departments of special needs education schools for the deaf (n=119, collection rate: 85.6%) and a regular lower secondary school (n=145, collection rate: 83.8%) used as a control group in prefecture “A” via postal mail. Results were generated using an analysis of variance approach and χ2 test. The data indicated that the Paralympic Games as a vehicle of empowerment is only valid for those with mobility impairment, and not for those with hearing impairment. This suggests that empowerment through the Paralympic Games may only be effective for individuals with impairments that qualify them for entry into the Paralympic Games, while excluding those with impairments that do not. Ancillary findings of this study suggest that the majority of those with disabilities were uncertain about hearing impairment and the eligibility criteria of the Paralympic Games. It is also suggested that the Olympic Games have some positive effects in terms of empowering individuals with disabilities in society.

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JSPEHSS Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award 2020
  • Haruki Uchiyama
    2022Volume 20 Pages A11-A25
    Published: 2022
    Released on J-STAGE: August 11, 2022
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

    The purpose of this study was to clarify guidelines for cooperation within an entity known as a “team” that transcend the individual, based on the theory that universal validity criteria and norms that are inherent in them play an important role in team victory. For this purpose, procedures were taken to outline team values and then formulate guidelines that are universally valid by extracting value criteria and normative principles from the analysis. The study results were as follows. 1) It was suggested that criteria allowing distinction between acceptable and nonacceptable actions performed by the team are essential for collaboration among individual athletes, and that conversely, a convergence of various values occurs among athletes. 2) The success or failure of collaborative acts should be based on 2 criteria: “whether or not team performance can be improved,” and “whether or not individual athletes can be satisfied.” In addition, it was clarified that teams and individuals acted in a binary manner, allowing the team to inspire individual athletes, while at the same time individual athletes inspired the team. 3) Finally, it was concluded that team victory is supported and ordered by 2 criteria with a normative principle that “personal assets accumulated through standard value judgments of ‘whether or not personal talents are utilized’ do not reside with the individual as a right of nonaggression, but must be used for the team as a whole in accordance with its needs.” It is anticipated that the present findings will not only help to solve practical problems in team sports, but will also contribute to the debate over athletic capability, which plays an important role in establishing team performance.

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JSPEHSS Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award 2021
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