According to Joseph de Maistre’s thought on sovereign, the sovereign consists in immediately connecting all the nations to the national reason. This thought influences Kuga’s ideas on the Japanese emperor: his emphasis on Japanese unbroken line of emperors, regulation of three political powers by the emperor, superiority of the Constitution to the emperor and unreligious definition of the emperor.

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Zac Efron, a two-time winner of MTV Movie Award for Best Shirtless Performance, objectifies his bodies in movies such as That Awkward Moments (2014), Neighbors (2014), and Dirty Grandpa (2016). Although bodies of Hollywood male stars have been portrayed as spectacles since the beginning of movies, representations of Efron’s bodies are somewhat different from those of other macho stars. The movies in which he shows his naked body are comedies on male friendships. These relationships are not gay ones. However, the characters are conscious of gay men and portray male relationships as close to homosexuality. Therefore, Efron’s body could be shown as symbolizing homoerotic desires. Moreover, the friendships in these movies lack male dominance and aggressiveness that ordinarily characterize male buddy movies. Efron appears to be enjoying his body and looks rather cute and innocent. Male audiences can easily identify themselves with him owing to these attributes. They could be muscle men without being like “wolves.” His body could be said to be a symbol of a new kind of male body of the 21st century.

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La isla Guam está situada al sur de las Marianas, islas que hace muchos siglos eran llamadas “Las Islas de los Ladrones.” Guam fue territorio de España por más de trescientos años .El objetivo principal de la colonización de esta isla fue el evangelizar a los nativos chamorros, España no tuvo intención de obtener ventaja enconómica.” Por lo tanto, los españoles no habían empezado a establecer su colonia en Guam hasta que llegó el Padre Jesuita San Vitres en 1668 quien realizó su primera misión católica. Sin embargo, en 1672, se asesionó el padre por el líder chamorro Matå’pang y su cómplice, Hirao. Después de este incidente ocurrió y continuó la Guerra hispano-chamorra por veinte años. Mi investigación ha sido dirigida a estudiar el proceso histórico de esa época y la relación con nuestro tiempo. El martirio de San Vitres y la matanza de los habitantes chamorros son indudablemente resultados tristes, pero al mismo tiempo nos ha ocurrido una realidad de que el padre San Vitres fue acogido positivamente por otro líder de los chamorros Kepuha. Se dice que Kepuha fue el primer nativo bautizado. El Guam contenporáneo es un territorio norteamericano organizado, pero no incorporado (organized unincorporated territory) y todavía la situación de dicha isla se ha quedado, como si fuera una colonia norteamericana. Puede ser que no les hayan permitido a los ciudadanos de Guam el derecho de autodeterminación. En el próceso de movimientos para reclamar su ciudadanía completa, han empezado a reviar “lo histórico” de otra menera para que los chamorros pudieran comprobar su identificación.

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The purpose of this paper is to present a case study of spatio-temporal perception in the intellectual history of the travelers to center the work analysis of Schubert, Winterreise (1827). Recent research indicates that more importance should be attached to the understanding of Wilhelm Müller’s poem in literary terms. So, what does it all mean regarding human nature? Examining the motifs of Schubert, Winterreise, step by step, we arrive at the following points. First, it is reality to assume that Müller was deeply affected by the vocabulary of the Old Testament, including the curse formula described in the Book of Job. No wonder, therefore, that we attempt to classify Schubert, Winterreise into the type of gothic horror. Second, we can find that two temporal elements (Zeit and Stunde) are blended in the spatial perception (ein Weg→Wege→eine Straße), which is often seen in the context of Schubert, Winterreise. Based on Heidegger, Sein und Zeit (1927) §70, such an idea reflects the double structure of Müller’s dramaturgy, and it reminds us of the case of the Book of Kohelet. Now that this paper is only able to set up a hypothesis due to space constraints, it is hoped that there will be a future opportunity to discuss other examples in detail.

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The decreasing number of farmers and the progressively aging farmer population in Japan in recent years have posed serious problems. According to some reports, “value-adding agricultural activities” may offer a solution to these problems. However, there have not been many cases of successfully implementing such activities. In this paper, we aim to provide guidance on how to pursue these activities to gain competitive advantage. We analyze the case of Kamikatsu’s signature project, the so-called “Irodori Project” from the viewpoint of “competitive strategy as a narrative story.” We used the following two data collection methods of the Irodori Project to narrate its story. (1) We surveyed several reports on the project. (2) We interviewed the representative director of Irodori Co., Ltd. Although further research is necessary to increase the applicability of the findings in practice, our results indicate that to gain competitive advantage via value-adding agricultural activities, the following four aspects are important: (1) only one out of the three generic strategies (cost leadership, differentiation, focus) should be selected; (2) organizations’ should develop concepts based on social and customer needs; (3) the concepts should be used to create components that differentiate the organization from its competitors; (4) the components should contain “critical core.”

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This research examined the effect of private life disclosure on work-life balance. The author tested four hypotheses based on literature review using a sample of 924 workers by hierarchical multiple regression analysis. Survey results show that supervisors’ family-supportive supervisory behaviors and private life disclosure have a strong impact on work-life balance.

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Since innovation was presented, there has been much debate about the concept. In Japan, the concept of innovation was studied from the perspective of management in 1961. However, under the influence of the Economic White Paper and the White Paper on Science and Technology, we often translate innovation into “technology innovation” in many cases. So, there is a misunderstanding about the Japanese translation of “innovation”. In recent years, the understanding of technological innovation has changed, while the awareness of innovation has deepened, it has become more common to use loanword “innovation” as it is. This paper aims to clarify the perception of innovation in Japan. And redefining innovation is the second objective. In this paper, the research of representative Japanese scholars in the field of innovation was discussed. No matter how interpret the definition of innovation, it is a concept that emphasizes (1) economic effect, (2) new value. So, author define innovation as a process to create new value with economic effect.

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