This paper is roughly composed of two parts. The first part examines several aspects to clarify the concept of resilience. First, we analyze the image of resilience and the sentences in which resilience is used. Next, we investigated the concept of resilience in each field by interviewing experts in several fields and examined it. For example, the expert in urban planning theory said that cities used to be “gray infrastructure” centered on concrete, but in order to increase the resilience of cities, it is important that wood is used and “green infrastructure” is based on trees. In the second half, after these examinations, we examined the philosophy, activities, and awareness of GONGOVA. GONGOVA is the international volunteer activities by young people from Japan and Thailand in a mountain minority village in northern Thailand, which started in 1997. The purpose is to give young people who participated in the on-site training program the opportunity to gain broader perspectives and deeper insights in an extraordinary living and working environment. GONGOVA has been studying activities and codes of conduct through trial and error in order to achieve these goals. In these activities, the view of shifting cultivation, which is the basis of this people's agriculture, changed drastically. Slash-and-burn was thought to be a deprivation of forest resources, but it is actually a farming method to protect the forest and maintain the environment. Here, the slash-and-burn area is circulated and harvested at intervals of several years to sustainably use the forest and protect the forest ecosystem. Adolescents who participated in GONGOVA can be seen to enhance their humanity and develop an understanding of different cultures during the two to four weeks of activities. For this reason, international volunteers bring about a better life in the village and a deeper understanding of livelihoods, and increase the resilience of participating youth.

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The concept of resilience includes two dimensions which are the resilience of individual and resilience of society. The contents of the two aspects will be considered through partiture cases. The concept of resilience has diversity. Therefor to clear the meaning of recipience, we think about two research field, which are educational science and emergency humanitarian aid relating resilience and volunteer. In the educational science, the theories of curriculum development and evaluation are considered especially Tayler and Blum theory and Rashomon approach. The field of emergency humanitarian aid, the Rohingya refugee aid in the Bangladesh by WFP (UN World Food Program) and UNDP (United Nation Development Programme) program for victims in the Syria. There is the paradigm shift in emergency humanitarian aid which is included mulch stakeholder approach and localization. These two concepts have strong relationship with volunteer. However, the content of resilience is complex, but resilience has relation with individual and society as same as volunteer. Through volunteer activities, both individual and society will be strong it's recipience.

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This study aimed to examine the attitudes and perceptions of 14 student volunteers in an international collaborative training program known as the Grassroots Overseas Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) Volunteer Activity Programme (GONGOVA). In the study, a morphological examination of the questionnaire results via KH-coder software was utilized for quantitative content analysis. Based on the results of the questionnaire, it was determined that some of the perceptions of volunteers in the program were transformed to being more open-minded, gaining an understanding of mutual relationships, and even reconsidering ideas of wealth. Additionally, these experiences prompted several of the participants to pursue language study, manage time more productively, and to more clearly consider their career objectives. Based on the results of the questionnaire, it was found that the experiences of participating in international volunteer activities was not limited to mere assistance to those in need; rather, it provided essential experiences that could help influence the participants'own lives and future.

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This study aims at finding 1) the meaning of self-transformation through participation in volunteer activities for international cooperation in Japan, and 2) the mechanism which generates self-transformation through participation in volunteer activities for international cooperation in Japan. ‘Incidental learning’ is employed as an analytical concept for the study. Semi-structured interviews to volunteers and staff members and participatory observation of activities for international cooperation managed by one international cooperation NGO are conducted as a research method. Firstly, the study found that self-transformation through participation in volunteer activities for international cooperation in Japan consists of three elements: 1) diversifying and widening points of views of participants, 2) growing awareness on global issues such as poverty, environment and peace, and 3) increased self-efficacy for international cooperation. Self-efficacy is the source of sustainability for their interests in global issues and volunteer activities. Secondly, the study found that leaning through participation in volunteer activities for international cooperation in Japan is organized with four components: 1) effective and convincing international cooperation projects in developing countries, 2) planning, organizing and coordinating volunteer activities for international cooperation in Japan, 3) organizing volunteer activities as ‘Ibasho’ for participants, which means that participants meet others and share time and space in comfortable and friendly manner, and 4) feedbacking to participants on outcomes in developing countries provided by volunteer activities. The study also indicated self-transformation through participation in volunteer activities might lead to organizational transformation.

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The purpose of this study is to explore the process by which a view of volunteerism is formed among undergraduates majoring in foreign language studies. The focus of the investigation was the relationship between “altruism” and “egoism” in their view of volunteerism. Semi-structured interviews were conducted for 9 undergraduates who had participated in volunteer interpreter activities. The collected data was analysed using a modified grounded theory approach (M-GTA) and resulted in 5 categories and 25 concepts, which relate to motivations of the initial and repeat participation, personal growth, volunteer experiences, and a view of volunteerism and commitment. The results of examining the relationship between each category and concept indicated that even through volunteer interpreter activities with an affinity towards self-improvement, a “loose altruism” had developed among the students, that their self-oriented and others-oriented motives were compatible, and that the “loose altruism” and “my-paced commitment” may be factors that contribute to enhancing their participation. Consequently, it appears that suggesting volunteering activities as practical learning opportunities rather than emphasizing altruistic aspects may be a useful strategy to attract undergraduate volunteer interpreters. Also, it was shown that volunteering activities can be used as an opportunity to train human resources with a global mindset.

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Sports are attracting attention as a problem-solving tool in developing countries. However, the sports which are developed in modern nations to this end can engender the loss of local culture and values, and unilaterally convey the values and educational methods of developed countries to local inhabitants. The function of sports has been questioned as a means of neo-colonialism. Therefore, in the field of development through sports, a participatory development method exists for incorporating the viewpoint of the field. However, it is impossible to solve the problems in the field by simply clarifying local viewpoints using the participatory method, and it is important to understand the practitioners who use it the method in the field. Therefore, this study focuses on practitioners who use participatory development methods such as community-based participatory research (CBPR) in the field. The author clarified the changes in their lives and sports experiences and the ideas of sports practitioners in the field of assistance. Further, the ideal of development assistance through sports was considered. The results showed that local people are transforming modern sports to suit themselves through their own experiences, and understanding the value of their sports. Moreover, rather than highlighting the aid as neo-liberalism, it is necessary to consider it on the premise that modern sports will change to suit local situations. Then, through a participatory development method, aid workers can involve the various stakeholders and understand their background and sports and the history of the target area. Hence, it is important to practice sports activities which are adapted to the local environment with field practitioners.

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The purpose of the study is to explore the question in how to enhance the students' learning through the peer support experiences. This study examined the student's meaning-making for the experience as a student staff in promoting the international exchanges on campus. The verbalization of experiences focused on personal feelings. We concentrated on verbalizing experiences in terms of individual and collaborative activities in the community of practice, the sense-making attitude about results and outcomes of those activities, and beliefs formed through activities. Specifically, we applied Trajectory Equifinality Modeling (TEM) as a qualitative research method developed from the Trajectory Equifinality Approach (TEA). This methodology usually examines the two-way relationship between the informant and the researcher. Instead, we invited the other participants such as the program coordinator to hold an open dialogue in a so-called multi-view session. The results indicated that the multi-view session facilitated the student's learning in the habit of verbalizing self-narratives about their volunteer activities by responding to multidimensional questions, and these habits generated collective beliefs based on specific individual experiences.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the efforts made to improve the quality of nursing care in the intensive care unit of Potosi Municipal Hospital A, in Potosi, Bolivia. The situations in which the author worked to improve the quality of nursing care and the changes that occurred were analyze. A survey on the management of supplies was conducted, and it was found that 0.5 boxes of disposable gloves were needed per day for each patient. Further, 17 study sessions for nurse were held on nine themes, which resulted in changes such as improved suctioning techniques and reduced incidence of bleeding during procedures. However, although a proposal was made regarding the establishment of an education committee to improve the quality of nursing care in the entire hospital, this goal was not realized. The activities implemented by the author to improve the quality of nursing contributed to increased cooperation between many local staff members. However, to provide high quality medical care that truly satisfies patients, a review and improvement based on the National Health Policy and administrative management is required.

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Our recognition of large-scale disasters have remained vigilant, even after a decade following the Great East Japan Earthquake. In the immediate disaster area, those who were victims or experienced the earthquake directly have decreased in number. Additionally, recollections of the disaster for those in the younger generation have diminished. Due to these concerns, a series of online seminars were planned and conducted by the International Society of Volunteer Studies which aimed at providing open discussions and communications about the earthquake, even to those who were elementary students in 2011. This report provides both an overview and some insight on the impressions of participants in the online seminars.

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