Three-dimensional finite element analysis in time domain on dynamic soil-pile-structure interaction of a practical engineering is carried out in this paper. General-purpose finite element program ANSYS is used in the analysis. Commonly used equivalent linearity model is chosen as constitutive relation of soil. Viscous boundary of soil is implemented in ANSYS program. The influences of parameters, such as soil property, excitation, the rigidity of structure and buried depth, on dynamic characteristics, seismic response and interaction effect of SSI system are discussed.

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We have developed a new method for wave-propagation analysis--called evolutionary normalized input output minimization (NIOM)-that models time-variant wave propagation by considering the time-variant statistical correlation between the strong motions recorded at different levels in the building. The NIOM results for actual damaged and undamaged buildings (which experienced the 1994 Northridge earthquake or the 1971 San Fernando earthquake), as well as those from an analytical elastic building model, were compared. All of these results showed two clear peaks that correspond to the incident and reflected waves propagating through the building in the vertical direction. The wave travel time was determined from these two peaks. In the case of the damaged buildings, the travel time increased during the earthquake; however, in the cases of the undamaged buildings and the elastic model, it remained almost constant during the earthquake. It was found that the change in the travel time is related to the change in the structural properties and to the degree of damage to a building. These results show that evolutionary NIOM is an effective new method for investigating the change in structural properties and the damage to buildings.

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A thermodynamic energy "water potential" based on the principles of chemical potential of an element of mixed gas is defined as the driving force of gaseous phase water transfer. Adhesive power or "capillary action" and a portion of the water potential, is confirmed as the driving force of liquid phase water transfer. A numerical model of combined heat and water transfer using the water potential is introduced and influences of forces such as gravity and pressure on water transfer are incorporated from the viewpoint of thermodynamics. A way to estimate diffusivities of gaseous and liquid phase water through porous materials and the thermodynamic relations between such diffusivities and the potential are also shown.

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This paper presents an idea of passive solar shading and dehumidifying system to improve the indoor thermal environment and energy conservation in hot-humid areas. Elementary investigation on the regeneration of this passive system is undertaken. First, the test apparatuses are constructed for solar shading dehumidifier and silica gel is chosen as the desiccant material; the effects of internal surface color and the orientation of the test apparatus on the regeneration process are experimentally investigated. Then a mathematical model and valid Fortran program made to calculate the regeneration process are checked by the experimental results, it is used to analyze the influences of airflow rate, glass layer, the thickness of desiccant material and insulation material. The distribution and variation of moisture content and air temperature at different point in the apparatus are also obtained by numerical calculation. Experimental results and numerical results show that: lower airflow rate is beneficial to the regeneration of this passive system, the airflow rate influences the regeneration process greatly; thinner desiccant material layer can be quickly and fully regenerated, but adsorbs moisture easily; single glass layer and black internal surface are more affective of using solar energy to regenerate the desiccant material; insulation material has almost no effect on the regeneration process. The numerical results also show that desiccant material is more dehydrated when it is far from the inlet of air.

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In order to improve the performance of the floor heating system, it is very important to investigate how the heat loss is caused and how the energy consumption of the system could be reduced. Therefore, the heat loss from a hot water floor heating system was investigated in a residential house in Japan. Through the investigation process, several improvements were made in the heating system. To know the effect of the improvements, the upward/downward heat flows from the hot-water panel and the heat loss from the piping of the floor heating system were calculated. In result, insulating the piping and attaching the insulation below the floor improved the upward heat flow rate from the panel. However closing the ventilation openings hardly improved the rate of the upward heat flow from the panel. Although insulating the pipe and attaching the insulation below the floor improved the upward heat flow, heat loss from the piping was still high. To reduce the heat loss from the floor heating system, it is much effective to insulate the piping, compared with the improvement of the insulation and structure of the floor.

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This paper presents a feasibility study of a fresh air load reduction system by using an underground double floor space. The fresh air is introduced into the double slab space and pass the opening bored through footing beam. The air is cooled by the heat exchange with inside surface of the double slab space in summer, and heated in winter. Then the heat is transferred to the adjacent soil through foundation slab and wall and to the room just above the mat through floor slab. The initial cost of the system can be reduced, because it doesn't need a pipe or duct in the ground as does the cool-tube system. The object of this paper is examination of performance of fresh air load reduction system by using underground double floor space. Performance index are reduction rate of fresh air load, HVAC energy consumption, running cost and environmental load such as CO2 emission. In this paper, the system assumed to be applied for office building and these indexes are examined comparing with total enthalpy heat exchange system.

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The distribution of a air pollutant which is emitted from the building materials in a room can be quantitatively predicted by the CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) technique. The authors develop a CFD analysis incorporating a pollutant sorption model which allows the detailed analysis of the effect of reducing the concentration of the indoor air pollutant through the sorption on walls and other interior surfaces.
In order to demonstrate the usefulness of the CFD analysis incorporating the sorption model, we conduct an analysis of concentration distribution for an indoor air pollutant in a closed heated room. We examine the effect of reducing the concentration of the indoor air pollutant by installing an adsorber in the walls and ceiling, assuming that the pollutant was emitted from the floor of the room. The sorption model incorporated is very simple and assumes zero concentration at the adsorbing surfaces. The CFD analysis shows the significant effect of reducing the concentration of the indoor air pollutant by the absorbing surfaces.

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Legislative history of indoor air quality (IAQ) in China may be simply divided into three stages: starting stage (late 1970s-1993), developing stage (1994-2000), and normative management stage (2001-present). Up to date, China has established two sets of IAQ relevant standards: one set directly dealing with indoor air concentration limits, and the other dealing with limits of harmful substances contained in materials that will be used for constructing or furnishing the interior of buildings. This paper reviews the background, objectives, and approaches of various IAQ related standards in each of the three IAQ legislative (management) stages.

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This article mainly studies the influence between the increase of automobiles and air pollution in Shanghai, and analyzes the relationship between the increase of automobiles and the national economy development and tries to find out a solution to mitigate the influence of the increase of automobiles on air pollution. The increase of automobiles is linear to the increase of the GDP, and it does not have direct relation with the increase of population. The pollution caused by automobiles is getting more and more serious in the urban area in Shanghai, and automobiles have become the main factor causing the urban air pollution. There are some important measures to reduce the pollution of the environment such as to meliorate traffic, limit the increase of automobiles, develop a public traffic and increase green area.

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This paper presents energy and cost performance of a cooling plant system with indirect seawater utilization for air-conditioning in a commercial building. The energy and cost performance is verified by direct measurement and a model-based simulation analysis. In the simulation, the indirect seawater utilization system is compared with a cooling tower system, an air source heat pump chiller system and a direct seawater utilization system. The electric energy consumption of the indirect seawater utilization system is almost the same as the other systems except the air source heat pump chiller system, because using lower seawater temperature can make the efficiency of the refrigerating machine higher, but this system also needs electric energy for cooling seawater/freshwater pumps. However, the indirect seawater utilization system can largely reduce demand charge compared with the cooling tower system, and cut down initial and maintenance costs compared with the direct seawater utilization system. Using these results, the effectiveness of the indirect seawater utilization system toward environmental conservation, energy and cost reduction is clarified in this paper.

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In this paper, we analyzed the current situation of district heating in the city of Changchun, including heat source, the rate of propagation and total pipeline length. And we investigated the water temperature, water flux of waste energy source. Based on the investigation, we predicted available waste heat energy storage and the environment benefits when the low-temperature waste energy can be made use of. As a result, we found district heating mainly supplies heat for residence area in Changchun. About 37% of the total heating energy in Changchun is provided by a co-generation system. For the possible waste energy use, we found there is steady source in Changchun from sewage and river. If we can make use of all those sources, about 6.7% of the heating energy consumption can get from the sewage and river. The benefits of decreasing the pollutant are also important.

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In order to keep sustainable development in Asia in the 21st century, we have to solve the global environmental problems because of the huge energy consumption with rapid economical growth. One solution is to use new energy and environmental system. For example, co-generation system is one available approach. In this article, we make a District Heating and Cooling (DHC) system together with co-generation system (CGS) to meet the increasing energy demand in the quickly developed area-City Center in Shenzhen city, and evaluate the whole system from the viewpoint of energy saving and environmental protection.

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From the viewpoint of global-warming prevention, it is asked for the curtailment of the amount of CO₂ discharge in the advanced countries including Japan internationally. In Kyoto COP3 (The 3rd Session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) in 1997, Japan is lifting the target value which will cut down the amount of CO₂ discharge 6% in 2010 compared with 1990. In this study, a planning and evaluation system for introducing distributed generators in city level was built using GIS. An arrangement planning of the distributed generators in the Tokyo's 23 wards was performed using the planning and evaluation system. Curtailment of commercial and residential sector's energy and CO₂ discharge was calculated from the field of energy-saving nature, environmental-preservation nature, and enterprise nature. The result showed that when the unused energy and CGS were introduced in 500m mesh, the rate of injection primary energy curtailment and CO₂ curtailment became 11.4% and 15.3% in the Tokyo's 23 wards. The amount of CO₂ curtailment became the result equivalent to 76% of the amount of required curtailment of Tokyo.

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The energy consumption of residential housing in China was analyzed in detail by fuel type, urban and rural areas, province and partly by end-use type, based on China's energy statistics. In addition emissions of CO₂, SO₂ and NO_x were estimated from the energy consumption data in this study. The target period of provincial estimation is from 1995 to 1999. This is only the first step in providing a fundamental analysis, but this kind of primary study is very important to the basis of East Asian energy and environmental policy on climate change, regional and continental air quality, acidification, urban or social development and so on.
The most significant fuel in residential energy use in China is biomass in rural areas, which provided 65% of all fuel use in 1999. In total comprising, 42% from stalks(agricultural waste or crop residues), 22% firewood. In rural areas 80% of fuel use is biomass, 52% stalks and 28% firewood, but none in urban. Coal (including coal products) is dominant in urban areas at 44%, but in rural only comprises 15%, all areas averaging 22%. For residential energy this is far less than the 56% share of all primary energy consumption, including biomass.
Average annual energy use per capita in urban areas is 3.5GJ, in rural 11.7GJ, and for all areas 8.2GJ. Rural use is bigger than urban because of low efficiency biomass combustion for cooking and space heating. Per household use is: urban 10.9GJ; rural 51.9GJ; all areas 30.2GJ. Per capita average consumption in 1999 in China is 52% of the Japanese level in 1999, comparable to Japan in 1976. By provincial analysis, the north and inland regional areas have higher per capita and per household energy consumption levels, primarily due to the colder climate.
Estimated residential energy consumption including biomass and electricity is 10261PJ as low calorific value and secondary energy base in 1999, which is 28% of total consumption in China. CO₂ emissions amounted to 1010TgCO₂ (Including Biomass), SO₂ 1950Gg and NOx 723Gg as NO₂.

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There have been very few researches on the energy consumption of residences in China because it is difficult to collect the data of energy consumption for district heating. In this study, the energy for district heating was estimated based on the heating load, and the annual unit energy consumption (UEC) for the residences in the main cities of China was calculated. The relationship between the UEC and heating degree-days was examined for China, Japan, Canada and the United States.

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The authors assume that it is necessary to find a set of solutions to the crucial issues concerning the relation between the global environment and the sustainable human society. Based on the assumption, the authors have been developing man-environment-society system models to simulate the characteristic phenomena related to the issue. This paper describes one of the models focusing on a social dilemma that actions rationally performed to make individual's indoor thermal environment better bring about worse environment against the rational decision. Some results of the case study simulations with the purpose to find some crews to deal with the issues are also shown.

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This paper discusses how formal language representation brings about some burdens in design support system after giving the outline of formal representation in design. Then, this paper proposes, without formal representation, a framework to represent the relation between shapes and natural language expression about the shapes, though the framework is not completed since it is a part of an on going project. Finally, an experimental implementation, which uses a connectionism model, of the proposed framework and the behavior of the implemented system are described.

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This research investigates spatial information retrieval in architecture focused on constructing efficient metadata that is crucial for data retrieval. Generally speaking, metadata is 'structured data about data' to describe resources especially in digital realm. In this research, metadata is a sort of data object useful in searching spatial information, to describe raw spatial data objects with not only attribute but also content consisted of structure and semantics. There are two issues that motivate this research; 1) how to represent intangible space as a form of data object, and 2) how to search and browse these data objects in a huge database, an issue of content-based information retrieval. We analyze spatial information of a floor plan, especially focused on the apartment unit floor plan common in Korea. Then we extract the metadata items in a structured manner. To manage the items efficiently, we develop a data model for spatial information according to the concept of "Structured Floor Plan." For exploiting the metadata, this research shows several possibilities of query operations to present a set of sample queries about L-D-K(Living room - Dining room - Kitchen). Implementation of the prototype system is divided into three parts: 1) a modeling module, Vitruvius; 2) an indexing module, SpaceCore; and 3) a browsing module, SpaceScope.

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A complete enumerative survey was made of the repair and improvement work costs of the 1,255 general sorting post offices throughout Japan in 2000. This paper analyses the 2000 expenditure figures from both the national enumerative survey and the survey of the five post offices being monitored for twenty years after their completion. The results show that the average annual repair work cost is 665 yen per square meter, and the average annual improvement work cost is 4,231 yen per square meter, which total an average annual cost of 4,896 yen per square meter. The repair and improvement work cost reaches an accumulated total of around 50,000 yen per square meter 20 years after a building has been completed, and an accumulated total of around 250,000 yen per square meter 50 years after completion. After analyzing the relationship between the rebuilding cycle, and rebuilding, repair and improvement costs, by changing the present rebuilding at age 40 to building additions at age 40 and rebuilding at age 60, it became apparent that we could expect a significant reduction in facilities investment costs.

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With its rapid modernization and the unparalleled rate at which its society is aging, South Korea faces the need for a dramatic increase in its supply of elderly care services. Among these, nursing homes are considered an essential alternative provision because Korea can no longer rely on traditional familism or medical facilities for the care of its older people. It is necessary, therefore, to prepare a plan for the delivery of nursing homes in Korea. This paper has identified the elderly care context and analyzed existing elderly care facilities of Korea in terms of the supply and utilization rates of nursing homes, according to region and type of facility. On the basis of this analysis, a plan for the delivery of nursing homes in Korea has been proposed in order to improve the welfare status of older people as well as the efficient utilization of health care resources.

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This paper proposes a method that can be used in local government of the information society. By using this method, governments will be able to provide residents with information on infrastructure development projects efficiently. In this study the authors classified residents into types using Personal Involvement Inventory (PII) (Zaichkowsky, 1985) and examined their response to provided information. With the result of the experiment, the authors concluded that the tendencies of residents' consent to provided information differed according to type of resident classified by use of PII and to whether an evaluation was included in provided information. Base on our findings, electronic governments should measure the involvement of residents by use of PII when certifying the identity of residents who access the government over the Internet, and they should also provide residents with information through the method proposed.

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Housing is basic human need for civilized living but it has become one of the complex problems for the low-income urban dwellers even to afford a modest house in Nepal. This paper thus aims at analyzing housing problems, government policies as well as the prevailing methods adopted and their shortcomings. It investigates existing housing, demographic and socio-economic situation of urban poor and their voices regarding problems and possible solutions through questionnaire survey of Banshi Ghat squatter settlement, selecting it from the 61 such settlements of the Kathmandu city. The findings are analyzed and formulated the concept of a Holistic Approach¹ to provide the affordable housing to all income groups with special consideration for low income people. This concept creates the mixed community consisting of employment opportunity of primary, secondary and tertiary activities with active collaboration of 3P's (People, Public organizations and Private organizations) and supports the vision of the Human Settlement Section of UN ESCAP². Finally, it compares the Holistic Approach with prevailing method showing its supremacy.

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In this paper, a study on the various indigenous materials used for the construction of the traditional houses of Myanmar is made. The aim of the study is to collect the basic data for further study about the influences and effects of the use of indigenous building materials on the human comfort inside of the house in correlation with the environment and weather condition. Detail investigation is made on the villages of some races; Bamar, Mon, Shan and Inn-thar.
The authors show the type of structure of house in Myanmar and characters of the investigated houses based on the fieldworks and questionnaire, which are located at ten traditional villages and a new developed town. Various kinds of wood and bamboo used for construction materials and leaves and grasses used for roofing are shown as the common indigenous materials. Actual conditions of the indigenous materials used for structure, roofing, flooring and walling in each village and new town are clarified.

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A number of articles have been written on the relationship between cities and suburbs around the globe. However, surprisingly few studies have been undertaken on Australian cities. This paper is an attempt to examine city development and a series of evolving processes occurring in residential areas in Melbourne, Australia. The paper begins with an archival-based discourse on how Melbourne has formed its structure. It is followed by succinct comparative observations among Melbourne, European and US cities. The key findings are: (i) Melbourne extended urban rail lines into open countryside to create new suburbs, particularly in the "land boom" of the 1880s. Melbourne's basic city function as transit-oriented was made at that time. (ii) The city saw sprawling tendencies, throughout the 1960s and 70s, and was moving towards a car-based city like those commonly observed in the US. (iii) Melbourne is, at the moment, located somewhere between an Asian or European transit-oriented city and an American automobile reliant city. These physical differences of city structure are affected by precedent economic, socio-demographic and cultural elements.

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This study elaborates on the historical 'Insurance Plan' in 1905 of Cairo's European Quarter in comparison to its present situation in 2002. The objective is to pointout the future strategy of conservation. The comparison is conducted according to the criteria of: 1) urban structure, 2) building ownership and function, and 3) insurance and taxation policies. The essence of the'Ezbekieh Plaza' in 1905 synthesized the physical with the socio-economic structuring between the existing Native Town and the new European Quarter. The Municipal regulations in 1905 created a unified proportions designed for each zone of the European Quarter with characteristic European landscapes. Meanwhile, the real-estate taxation imposed on the free market, and the covered maintenance of building items by the 'Insurance Plan' in 1905 worked effectively to sustain the functioning of the European colony. The nationalization policies since 1952, however, have forced the quarter to deteriorate through the 'Rent Control' policy and the lack of enforcing the function of historical buildings and open spaces. The conservation in 2002 has no socio-economic insurance or taxation, and buildings are redeveloped into different heights and façade characteristics due to the change of building regulations. The present changes are facilitated in the light of the overshadowed 'Insurance Plan' in 1952.

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Before Islam religion was accepted by the local rulers and inhabitants, Javanese cities and settlements were created according to Hindu-Buddhistic cosmology as described in Negakarertagama about Majapahit palace and cities of Bali Island. This planning concept drastically changed from ritual-oriented to commerce-oriented as soon as the local rulers accepted Islam in the 15^th century as growth of international commerce.
In order to support this supposition, urban pattern of the North coastal cities before and after islamization must be argued. Among the cities, Cirebon and Banten are taken as case study as they played an important role in the process of islamization and still exist after experience of several transformations. Main sources of the research are local chronicles and traveler's account.

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The objective of this paper is to consider the space formation of the village settlement of Konghinglie (Singdyam city), which is a typical traditional village in Taipei basin. The study is based on the analysis of the interrelations between the religious service area of si-miao (Buddhist and Confucian temples) and village organization. The target village of the study was the frontier settlement in the period of migration from Mainland China that still preserves a traditional way of life. Several building types can be observed in the space formation of village of Hang tribe in Taipei basin. The paper firstly clarifies the distribution of building types in the village and analyzes the community organization with respect to the religious service areas of si-miao. It was found that there are two types of si-miao—the indigenous type and the foreign origin type. The service area of indigenous type is formed on the traditional community organization but the foreign origin type has no such organization in the village. Finally this paper points out the process of the destruction of traditional community organization, which is a key to understand the urbanization process of Taiwan.

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Osaka Castle burnt down during the Meiji Restoration in 1868, and the site has had various uses since. Although the greater portion of the site is presently utilized for Osaka Castle Park, it was once used as a military base during World War II. The history of its utilization is not well known, since it was long under the jurisdiction of the Japanese army. This paper attempts to clarify just how it has been used throughout the Modern age since the Meiji Restoration. Civil and military uses of the site occurred competitively throughout time. In the beginning of the Meiji era, military and civil uses began to coexist, with several modern buildings appearing in a Western style. During the Meiji era, military use was constantly expanding, while the Taisho era saw a decrease in military use in accordance with the international tendency towards military reduction. In the early Showa era, they coexisted once again, but this time in competition for land use that would eventually find a military use. When we examine the history of utilization of the site through the modern age, we find that the site is a mirror that reflects the times.

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This study aims at analyzing the methodology of metaphorical and analogical design thinking in terms of interiorization of the elements of the exterior (urban and landscape) in contemporary architecture's interior. The concept of interiorization of the external elements was studied as follows:
First, in an approach focused on system, by the mode of metaphorical transference, substantial fluid energy of natural ecology in the exterior is transferred into the interior.
The second is an approach focused on program, and it is a mode of analogy in which an event can be made. It can be from an indeterminate program and structure of plate of the interior analogized by various programs and infrastructure of the exterior.
The third is an approach focused on image. It introduces the elements of exterior prospect into the interior metaphorically and analogically, and appeals directly to aesthetic feeling through emotional expressions.

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Concept of Lissitzky's Proun is the work having characteristics of virtual structure of time and space and can be reinterpreted by new method. Lissitzky's works are complexed with constructivism of Russia and present with the way of constructivism, but actually they contain somewhat different contents with present art theories on the logic and space organization. The differences between internal and external concepts of Proun are caused by the fact that the nature of his work is formed on the basis of the digital space and image but the way of presentation is done on the basis of analogue media of his period.

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This paper investigates the notion of the urban form in a metropolis which has changed rapidly relate to modernization. By discussing the infiltration of modern urban ideology and its reacted experience in a metropolis, this investigation seeks the way of revealing the present condition of urban space. In this changing cognition of urban experience and the quality of space reffer to two spectral forms of a metropolis, "assemblage" and "hologram," through the influence of distributing modern ideology.

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Architecture has a long tradition of evoking memory, one that goes beyond the memory of shelter and dwelling. To imagine an architecture of memory is to understand the relationship that can exist between physical reality and mental meanings. Individual memory collects experience about the meaning of typology of fragments within a city. The memory shows a highly personal confrontation with the city, and the built form is an incredible example of how our lived experience in the city can be in one way a memory building. Rossi argues that the city has existed continuously through time as the basis for an attitude of exclusion that limits his formal repertoire to the most architecture of forms. Rossi employed memory as a valuable means, a starting point for creating architectonic structure rich with meaning and rich with potential which exploits thinking, reading, and responding. Based upon Rossi's projects and writings, this study shows how Rossi elaborated instruments of typology and analogy, and reinterpretation of memory for operating the formal autonomy of architecture and architectural meaning on the city. Finally this paper argues that type can be operated through memory, individual and/ or collective, to convey meaning from the original context to the new site and situation.

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