People tend to believe that the globalization being in progress now is a way to achieve an open society. However, we have to ask whether the globalization is able to make the world "open society" in the sense of Bergson. The globalization indicates only one of many values, that is, the value of economic activities. If this value becomes superior to other values, individualism based on selfish mind sweeps away the values of human mutual love. If the present trend in the globalization continues, the relationship between human life and economic activities may create a deep rift that will bring about a serious crisis in the near future. In order to achieve an open society in a true sense, we must search for a new approach integrating human life with economic activities from theoretical and practical viewpoints. In this paper I would propose an approach emphasizing love and cooperation.

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This paper will discusss the globalization in business ethics of Japanese corporations from the stakeholder's viewpoint. Japanese corporations recruited the large number of the non-professional and manual workers from Asian and South American countries in the 1980's. Generally speaking, such workers have been treated cruelly by the corporations in Japan. The foreign manual workers have been usually paid low wages and their working hours have been longer than those of average Japanese workers. As members of the stakeholder groups of the corporations in Japan, foreign workers have been given only small power. Their fundamental human rights have been infringed. Even under the capitalistic system in which market decides almost everything, the basic human rights should be an exception. Japanese coporations ought to treat foreign workers ethically. If they do so, the Japanese corporations will be truely globalized. The Japanese management system has been famous for its human-oriented style. So it will be possible to change the management attitude to the foreign labors in the near future if Japanese corporations make serious efforts.

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As "the Corruption Round" ends and "the Ethics Round" approaching, business ethics is fast becoming an important competitive advantage in international trade. Business ethics adds values to, and reduce opportunity costs of, business firms. Therefore it is important to introduce business ethics programme to manage business ethics in a business firm. The four basic conditions which are required to successfully introduce and implement business ethics programmes are; 1) to conceive business ethics as a value-adding asset, 2) to enforce the code of conducts applicable at multinational level, 3) to make concerned staff accountable for unethical conduct even if he did it for the sake of the company, and 4) to make internal whistle blowing obligatory.

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Historically,one of basic elements of Japanese Management comes from Buddhism. In this paper, first, I will make clear how and what is Buddhistic management, and its object and structure. Secondly,focusing on top executives have steadfast Buddhist faith,I will analyze how and what they could manage best for society and nation through each faithful personality and management policy from Meiji period to present.Finally, I will propose it is necessary to think its significance from world wide view now on, as one of basic business ethics.

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In this short essay, I explain about business ethics of nonprofit organizations. The role of the nonprofit sector is recognized as one of the most important things contributing to a good society. Especially, people all over the world are watching the activities of grass roots organizations, which were set up by citizens. But all organizations are facing difficulties in securing sufficient operating funds. Therefore they intend to get funds from the business sector. But the purpose is not only to accept donation from companies but also to join business markets and to make money. At that time they must consider and discuss their 'MISSION' again, and to keep their view of ethics in accordance with their mission.

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In a liberal society corporate decision making procedure should be democratic. There are two reasons for this claim. First, citizens in an ideal liberal society would have equal rights to pursue their life plan. Therefore, when they formed an organization, none of them would agree to give other members of the organization the authority to make organizational decisions. However, there are those who say some people prefer non-democratic corporations because such people are unwilling to be responsible for making decisions, or for some other reason. Second, every citizen normally has various duties and obligations, among which may be those as a corporate member and among which there are no evident priorities. Therefore she must be able to adjust her organizational obligations and other duties in order to perform them as best she can. For this purpose the citizen should require the decision making procedure of corporations to be democratic.

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This study provides evidence regarding the different levels of Japanese businesspeople's views of ethics between their personal conscience and corporate standpoint. The results show that the ethical levels of their personal conscience are generally higher than those of their corporate standpoint. The results also show that the extent of the gap between their personal conscience and corporate standpoint varies depending on organizational rank, age, sex, and ethical issues. These results suggest that the Japanese businesspeople's ethical behavior based on their personal conscience is hampered by their corporate standpoint.

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Thanks to a development of modern technology, We have been able to live a comfortable life. As the result of the pursuit of technology, however, environmental destruction and other many problems have been brought about. The causes of environmental destruction have been carried by various levels: from the level of individuals to that of nations. It is quite obvious that business should cause one of big major environmental problems. I expect that business ethics gives us a key to solve the problems. This time, I want to bring out a question:is it possible that business ethics changes many problems caused by business in a modern society? In order to find a solution of the problems in a modern society with the help of the medieval ages, I would like to reflect the 20th century. The reason why I picked up the medieval ages is the existence of a famous book on history written by Johan Huizinga. The title is The Waning of the Middle Ages,("Herfsttij der middeleeuwen")

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This paper discusses the ethical Theory of the business firm.The main argument of M. Friedman's famous essay was called stockholder theory, the firm should be managed for the benefit of its sharehoders.The other hand, R. E. Freeman claimed the normative ethical theory.According to his stakeholder theory, the firm should be managed for the benefit of its stakeholders.This article is intended to argue the problems of stockholder theory and stakeholdertheory.

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Many of the ethical problems including evident law violations occured in overseas Japanese companies are due to the characteristics of Japanese Globalization. Many Japanese managements in the overseas operation encountered ethical dilemmas are mostly placed in high pressure caused by the cultural differece. In nature, Japanese management style is quite weak to ease such conflicts, thus, many of the managements of overseas operation come to be ineffective as the interface of two different systems. Some of them run to neglect laws because they cannot solve such conflicts internally. In addition to the Japanese management system, Japanese Economy also strengthens this tendency because of its characteristic structure, and distorts the Japanese Globalization. This study sets its focus on such characteristic macro and micro structures, and analyzes the mechanism occuring ethical problems clung to Japanese Globalization.

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Many of Japanese private companies are struggling to follow up 'Economic and Political Deregulations' to meet their business systems into 'Global Standards'. They are facing some difficulty to realize effective disclosure about business information, under sluggish economic circumstances after the bubble economy crushed in early '90s. When, if they fail to establish effective business information disclosure attitude under the progress on 'deregulations', they may loose their financial, and marketing domination in the very near future. They had been very good to keep 'business secret' but, not always good to disclose fair business information for such as stock holders, employees and consumers, in the past time. It must be a key factor to survive companies to achieve 'disclosure policies' under 'Deregulations era'.

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The enterprise scandals are constantly coming to light currently in Japan. The most regard to the violation of the law. It can be said that a large-scale bankruptcy is also a kind of enterprise scandals. These become factors for Japan to decline. Here considered by the viewpoint of the reason of this situation occurrence and the prevention possibility. I would like to institute the potentiality whether the organization which surrounds the management executives consolidates as an individual or functions to unite as a conclusion.

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This Article compares the business ethics in three countries: namely USA, Germany and Japan, explains what is the most important points to understand the characteristics of the business ethics in each country and try to clarify the substantial difference among these countries, focusing on what relation between the economic rationality and morality are recognized. In the USA the two elements are perceived as divided and of different roots, in Germany as unified or of same root and in Japan they are wholly blended without any rational thinking of American or German style. Each has both merits and demerits. It is only important to recognize them correctly as they are, then to harmonize them and in that process to try to construct new business ethics in future for global society.

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On September 26 1995,the Daiwa Bank announced a trading loss exceeding one billion dollars at its branch in New York from 1983 to 1995. However,US further investigation revealed that Daiwa's highest officials themselves committe d crimes as they attempted to cover up the loss and decieve US authorities. As a result of such an uncredible misconducts, Daiwa was expelled from US financial market by the order of the Federal Reserve. Why did the Daiwa"s management chose a wrong way? The Daiwa's disaster is a good lesson for business ethics case study to examine which management decision was most favorable and appropriate.

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This study reports the results of the survey of the institutionalization of ethics in Japanese corporations conducted in 1996 by the members of the empirical research working group ofJABES. The group will conduct a similar survey study every three years in order to grasp the transition of the degree of institutionalization of ethics among Japanese corporations with the change of the times. The paper presented here is a report of the first of the series of survey.

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