One of the major tasks of the present International Law is the protection of human rights in the community of nations. It is after the second world war that the importance of international protection of human rights was widely recognized. Before the war the protection of human rights was mostly depended upon the internal legal systems of individual States. The United Nations has made great efforts for the advancement of international protection of human rights. The General Aseembly adopted "the Universal Declaration of Human Rights" in 1948. It also adopted the "the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Economic Rights", "the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights" and "the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights" on 16 December 1966. These Covenants and the Optional Clause came into force on 3 January 1967 and 23 March 1967 respectively. Presently these "International Bills of Rights" are the most important documents for the protection of human rights. The United Nations has adopted many other declarations and conventions on human rights in various fields. The UN Specialized Agencies such as the International Labour Organization and the UNESCO have also adopted conventions for the protection of human rights in the areas of their mandates. The regional organizations such as the Council of Europe, the Organization of American States, and the Organization of African Unity have also made significant contributions for the protection of human rights. These organizations have adopted regional conventions on human rights and operated their own systems for the implementation of the conventions. In spite of the large number of human rights conventions adopted and brought into force, still the present state of international protection of human rights is not satisfactory. The weakest point is in the systems of implementation of the conventions. Although the committees have been set up by the conventions in order to secure the compliance of the contracting States, these committees usually have no power to give binding decisions. The committees can examine the reports submitted by the contracting States on the implementation of the conventions. But their opinions on the reports are not binding. A committee may specially be empowered to receive complaints of the contracting States on the violation of a convention by other contracting States, or the complaints of individuals whose rights assured by a convention have been injured by a contracting State. Yet what the committee can do on the complaints is to lead to "friendly solutions" or to make recommendations. The Courts of Human Rights under the conventions adopted by the Council of Europe and the Organization of American States can make binding decisions. The Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe is given the same power. Therefore, they are rather exeptional. The systems of the protection of human rights in the international community should develope to the same level as these regional systems. The attitudes of the Japanese government towards the international protection of human rights may generally be summarized as not positive. The government has not adhered to many human rights convention on such as the prevention of "Genocide, Apartheit, Discriminations, Tortures or the convention prohibiting discriminations in the field of education adopted by the UNESCO. It has not recognized the power of the Human Rights Committee of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights to receive complaints of other contracting States or individuals against Japan. The judiciary is not inclined to apply human rights conventions to the cases brought before the courts. Yet the influences of human rights conventions are observed in enactments or amendments of legislations as well as in public activities for the promotion of human rights.

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1. Introduction 2. Violation des droits de l'homme des travailleurs immigres et irreguliers(1)Situation actuelle du travail au noir(2)Causes des violations des droits de l'homme 3. Les remedes a apporter durgence(1)Ce qu' on peut faire en se basant sur les lois actuelles(2)Les reformes necessaires et ideales a. Les problemes a envisager dans l'immediat b. Les mesures a prendre a long terme 4. Conclusion

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Crimes which are internationally related are generally called "international crimes. " But interpretations of the term differ. The presenter will define the concept of international crime from a viewpoint of International Law. He will describe how crimes involving international law are being prosecuted directly in internationally authorized courts. He will also discuss current cases of extradition.

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Protection of Intellectual Property, especially, Copyright Protection is important matter to know internals or externals as to expression of idea. Internals of expression is not simple idea, but is able to know it through externals of expression as to idea. Copyright of Computer Programs is the same way to think an outline or story of novel.

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I will refer to some problems of our private law towards international civilization. As one of the fundamental problems in these points, a present value calculated from the income stream of Japan as a cost of living and wages differs greatly from that in foreign countries on question. Therefore amount of damages estimated in foreign civil redress are too small for Japanese costs of living in torts case or breach of contract case. Such civil conflict cases may be increase or concentrate as 'Forum shopping' before the court in the high-estimated and high-convenient countries. And then I propose some legal concepts in the civil life that may also come out many mental gaps as so-called caltural shock. I will point some to arranged items shortly. 1. Signature added seal in making documents and its substitution by printed name added seal without autograph as a Japanese custom. 2. Legal situation of foreigner-worker in Japan. 3. Going a limitation term of actions(Verjahrung)on money obligation(bonds etc. )even so guaranteed by security, mortgage estate or pawn property. 4. Protection of a bona fide purchaser and even also grantee from illegal transferer of goods, and protection of the original owner of goods through the recovery right to undueprofit held by bona fides grantee, these protection had to postulate to harmonize by various rules in various legislations comparatively. Our Japanese law remains with problem that is deny the protection for the latter. 5. We can sale one's own estate, own each buildings and its each sitegrounds separately, that's means dealing-in-contract of a building contains no site. 6. On enforcing execution of a debt to joint liability of group members(in partnership, association and co-heirs etc. )7. A purchaser and a contractor must take burden of risk in act of God. 8. Contract of sale breaches an relation of lease. 9. Why a judgement for divorce obtained at foreign country results effective in native land, leaving unattendant spouse? How to give practical relief for the spouse? It is necessary international legal aids in proceedings and enforcing among the related countries for put into the redress. 10. Newly special adoption established in 1987 and its conformity against international adoption.

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Compare the cost of public assistance in the Livelihood protection Law with the minimum cost of taxation in the income tax Law.

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1. Il quinto congresso internazionale del Unione Internazionale dei Magistrati, tenuto a Firenze 4-6 Ottobre 1974 e scelto come tema <Il Giudice e Il Rispetto del Diritto alla Riservatezza>, aveva la grande influenza per i giuristi specificamente in Italia. I quattro indicazioni che erano fornito come conclusione del Congresso sono molto intressante e suggestivo. Perche questi facevano il riassunto delle teorie concernente il diritto alla riservatezza fino allora e prospettivano il direzione del svolgimento teorico e pratico. Nel segeunte, spiego il diritto alla riservatezza nel ordinamento giuridico positivo d'Italia tenendo conto di quelli indicazioni. 2. Il diritto alla riservatezza, riconosciuto come il diritto che garantisce di formare liberamente il proprio contenuto di agire e di svilupparsi liberamente le communicazioni con altrui, ha il suo base positivo sull'art. 2 Cost. e anche sull'art. 13, 14, 15 Cost. Per di piu, il diritto alla riservatezza trova il suo base positivo sull'art. 12 della Dichiarazione universale dei Diritti dell'uomo formurata dall'O. N. U., e sull'art. 8, 10 della Convenzione Europea per la salvaguardia dei diritti dell'uomo e delle liberta fondamentali, del 4 Nov. 1950, ratificata con Legge 4. Agosto 1955. Per quanto concerne le leggi ordinarie, noi troviamo l'art. 607, 614, 615, 616, 617, 621, 622, 623, Cod. pen. Nel C. p. p., troviamo l'art. 351, 423, 607, 608, 609, Gli altri sono l'art. 10 C. c., l'art. 93, 96, 97, L. d. a. et al. Nei questi disposizioni, il piu importante e l'art. 617 C. p. rafforzata dalla Legge 8 Aprile 1974, n. 98. Mi pare genericamente la tutela del diritto alla riservatezza nel'ordinamento giuridico positivo italiano non e meno sufficente di altri nazioni continentali. 3. Sulla pratica giurisprudenziale, la Corte di Cassazione era il oppositore durrissimo contro il diritto alla riservatezza fino 1975, ma dopo della sentenza 12 Aprile 1973 Corte costituzionale, ha cambiato il suo atteggiamento. 4. I limiti del diritto alla riservatezza e il problema piu difficile e piu importante. Qui non posso trarne, ma mi sembra che le ricerche dei studiosi italiani contengono tanti suggestioni in concerne del questo problema.

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1 Einleitung und Fragestellung 2 Klagerhebung auf privatrechtlichen Titel 3 Klagerhebung auf Anordnungskompetenz 4 Ergebnis

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This article is an outline which surveyed a debate on the theories between the legitimacy of the judicial review and democracy in the U.S.A. At first, I analysed both theories of the judicial review between an interpretivism and a noninterpretivism. Secondly I outlined the M.J. Perry's functional theory of the judicial review. Finally I supposed that this problem ulimately leads to a reexamination of a fundamental question which is what authority the constitution ought to have, or has.

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This paper analyses the legality of the administrative disposition of Tokyo Metropolis Government to the inhabitants who evacuate without notice but leave their household effects in the metropolitan dwelling house. Tokyo Metropolis Government regards that the inhabitants who evacuate without notice but leave their household effects in the metropolitan dwelling house renounce the right of residence and to their household effects, and so disposes of their household effects as trash wihout trial. I come to conclusion that the administrative disposition of Tokyo Metropolis Government is in principle lawful but in my opinion to handle their household effects as a lost property is better than as trash.

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Beginning from the 1960, Japan had entered a period of high economic growth. Because of such high economic growth, the mass production of foodstuffs and medical products resulted in a large number of damages due to faulty medical products. As a result, pharmaceutical accidents due to side affects of medicine had become a social problem. The chloroquin-based pharmaceutical damage mentioned in this paper is one of the biggest example of such social problem. The judicial decisiom of the Tokyo High Courts of March 11, 1988 acknowledged the lawful responsibilities of pharmaceutical firms and medical doctors. However, the decision of the Tokyo High Courts did not acknowledge the lawful negligence on the part of the state. Nevertheless, the administrative responsibilities for the manufacturing and importing of medicine, and the insuring of safe measures of marketing medicine are deemed as heavily important. The present paper considered the following points as relevant to its case. (1)An outline of the present circumstance surrounding the issue. (2)The relationship between the manufacturing, importing, and marketing of medical products. (3)A definitive examination of the judicial decision of the Tokyo High Courts, March 11, 1988.

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I. Introduction II. Judge Farwell's View III. A Few Considerations on the Judge's View IV. An Attempt to Develop the Judge's View V. Conclusion

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In Japan, male workers and female workers are a six-four ratio. Many female workers still have responsibility for their family care-child care, nursing care etc., . It is difficult for female workers who want to continue working. Nowadays it is the world trend that both men and women share housekeeping, child care, and nursing care for family etc., . For example the ILO Convention No. 156, the ILO Recommendation No. 165, and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women(UN)made a declaration that child care and nursing care should be done together by men, women, and society. "New National Plan of Action toward the year 2000" in Japan has the same meaning, too. But unfortunately we don't yet have the Nursing Care Leave Act in Japan. Workplaces in Japan which have the Nursing Care Leave System are only 13.6%. In 1989, the Swedish Parliament enacted the Close Relatives' Care Leave Act. It provided this act not only for relative care leave but also for close(including roommate, friend, neighbor etc., )care leave. Therefore with this Act it is possible for male and female workers with jobs to take care of their family, roommate, friend, and neighbor. The aim of this study is to examine the present condition and problem of the Nursing Care Leave System in Japan. At the same time I want to explain about the Swedish Close Relatives' Care Leave Act, too.

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