Content (1)About Consideration of human rights and the right of peaceful life. (2)About the character, Academic theory and the language of Privacy. (3)About the Right of Privacy in United States of America and the Main Judicial Verdict of the Right. (a)Protections of Privacy in the federal Constitution of U.S.A. (b)Explanation of the Main Cases. (1)Olmstead V.U.S.A.(Nineteen and twenty-eight year Verdict)(2)Melvin V.Reid Case in California States Supreme Court:1931. (4)About the Main Cases of the Right of Privacy in Japan. (i)Case of "Utageno Ato" by Yukio Misima(1964 year:Tokyo District Court Verdict)(ii)Case of the Wire Tapping used by the prefecture of Nigata Police Office(1953 year:Tokyo High Court Verdict)(5)The Foundation of the Right of Privacy and it's bounds.

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In Mino Cenotaph Case, Osaka high court resevsed the decision of Osaka district court and decided that(I)the cenotaph was not a religious establishment, (II)the society of the war bereaved was not a religious organization and(III)it was constitutional that public officials attended the memorial service. This decision followed the opinion of the Supreme Court in Tsu-Jichinsai Case(1977)concerning the principle of separation of religion and politics. I think that the decision of Osaka high court is generally reasonable. This paper contains the following items:1. Introduction 2. The outline of the decision 3. My opinion(1)On the nature of the cenotaph(2)On the nature of the society of the war bereaved(3)On the attendance of public officials at the memorial service

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The U.S. Constitution hadn't explicitly mentioned a right of priveacy anywhere, but that right was based on invasion of a statement placing some one in a false light, or a physical intrusion, or surveillance, or interception of private communication in the judicial dicision. After 1977, the privacy right has urged an expasive concept of the liberty protected by the due process of Law. There are some theories that the privacy right has the following four problems areas in the Law of privacy with concern to the public communication:they are disclosure, false light, appropriation, and intrusion. I will search for the substantive reading of the right of privacy in future.

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As we know the parliament of England is called "the mother parliament" of the whole world. This article intends to examine the law relating to children and young persons during the establishment of the Parliamentary Government, especially concerning poor law policy. Particularly, Prime Minister Pitt organized the departmental committee in the House of Commons. Through the influence of this committee, the law relating to children and young persons, and also the poor law policy, developed to the next stage in England.

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Selon le Code Napoleon, la responsabilite des instituteurs du fait de leurs eleves etait la meme que celle des parents:lorsqu'un eleve avait cause un dommage, la loi posait une presomption de faute, qui pouvait etre combattue, a l'encontre de l'instituteur qui le surveillait. Ce regime de la responsabilite des instituteures fut inteprete par les tribunaux avec une certaine rigueur, la presomption etant difficilement ecartee, ce qui crea bientot une vive inquietude parmi les membres de l'enseignement dont les tache s'alourdissaient en raison de l'augmentation des effectifs scolaires. L'emotion suscitee par la fameuse affaire Le Blanc entraina, avec le vote de la loi du 20 juillet 1899, la substitution de la responsabilite de l'Etat a celle des membres de l'enseignement public. La presomption de faute subsistait, mais la victime ne pouvait l'invoquer que contre l'Etat. Elle, en prouvant la faute, gardait donc la faculte d'assigner directement les membres de l'enseignement public. La loi du 5 avril 1937, bien qu'abrogeant la loi de 1899, a maintenu cette substitution. Elle a, d'autre par, realise la suppression de la presomption de faute:la victime doit demontrer la faute de l'instituteur, qu'il s'agiss d'un instituteur prive ou d'un instituteur public. Pourquoi cette innovation? La seule explication fournie consista a dire qu'il fallait etablir une harmonie entre la responsabilite des instituteur a raison des dommages causes a l'eleve et leur responsabilite a raison des dommages causes par l'eleve. Sous l'empire de l'ancien art. 1384, ces deux hypotheses recevaient un traintement different:la presomption de faute jouait seulement au cas de dommage cause par l'eleve, mais non au cas de prejudice cause a l'eleve du fait d'un tiers autre qu'un camarade.

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En ce moment, on ne peut pas dire cependant qu'au Japon, ou la mort conserve un caractere tres emotionnel, on soit pret a accepter le simple arret des fonctions cerebrales comme critere la definissant. L'action d'education des scientifiques n'est pas encore parvenue a changer cet etat de fait. Ceci explique que ce nouveau critere soit accepte avec beaucoup de reticences. En Occident, l'idee de separation du corps et de l'esprit prend sa source dans le christianisme, et l'utilisation de l'arret des fonctions du cerveau, qui est etroitement lie a l'esprit, comme critere definissant la mort ne pose guere de problemes philosophiques, religieux ou ethiques. Si on tente a trouver le point commun entre l'Europe et l'Amerique, ce seraient la misericorde et la fraternite qui nous sont necessaires pour la realisation des transporations d'organe. De ce fait, il est question de faire des recherches sur le critere de l'arret des fonctions cerebrales, non seulement dans le domaine des medeciaes, mais dans celui des droits et des sciences sociales. On desire en approfondir la reconnaissance.

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1. Preface 2. Bank Secrecy Act of 1970 3. Right to Financial Privacy Act of 1978 4. Right to Financial Privacy in Japan 5. Conclusion

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The government of Japau has another plan to introduce "Value Added Tax(V.A.T.)" inspite of three times failure in the past. On this essay, I would like to explain the European V.A.T.system and their problems, and also the situation of South Korea which was introduced in last year. Right to Financial Privacy

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In 1962 the General Assembly requested the Economic and Social Council to prepare a draft declaration and convention on the elimination of all forms of racial discrimination. On 20 November 1963 the General Assembly, upon the recommendation of the Third Committee, proclaimed the United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, and on 21 December 1965 the General Assembly at its twentieth session adopted by 106 votes to 0, with 1 abstention, Mexico and opened for signature and ratification the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. The principles set out in the Declaration are reaffirmed in the Convention, and the Convention was prepared in order to give effect to the principles proclaimed in the Declaration. The Convention entered into force on 4 January 1969, thirty days after the twenty-seventh instrument of ratification or accession was deposited(Art. 19). A direct cause that induced the United Nations to take up the serious question of racial discrimination was the revival of anti-Semitic and neo-nazi movements in different parts of the world in 1959/1960. This Convention consists of 25 operative articles besides the preamble, and they are divided into 3 parts. Part I of the Convention(Arts. 1 to 7)refers to Substantive Article. Article I of the Convention begins with a definition of racial discrimination as "distinction, exclusion, restriction of preference based on race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic orgin…, "and Article 2 sets forth the fundamental obligations of States Parties to undertake in the matter of racial discrimination. Some of these fundamental obligations are elaborated in greater detail in Article 3 to 7. Part II of the Convention(Arts. 8 to 16)deals with measures of implementation. Remarkable among these clauses are provisions on the establishment of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination("the Committee"). Measures for the implementation of the Convention include the establishment of the Committee, consisting of "18 experts of high moral standing and acknowledged impartiality elected by States Parties from amongst their nationals who shall serve in their personal capacity"(Art. 8. 1). Measures of implementation are an essential part of the Convention and consist of three means--(a)the undertaking by States Parties of the obligation to submit reports and the consideration of these reports by the Committee(Art. 9), (b)inter-State complaints between States Parties through the Committee(Arts. 11 to 13), and(c)the competence of the Committee to receive and consider communications from individuals or groups within the jurisdiction of States Parties claiming to be victims of a violation by that State of any of the rights set forth in the Convention(Art. 14). Part III of the Convention(Arts.17 to 25)is devoted to final clauses-reservations. At any rate, the Convention is the most radical instrument so far adopted in this field. It is described as "the international community's only tool for combating racial discrimination which is at one and the same time universal in reach, comprehensive in scope, legally binding in character, and equipped with built-in measures of implementation"(statement by the Committee at the World Conference to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination). In addition, an exceptionally large number of States have become parties to it. As of 1 January 1988, 124 States have agreed to be bound by the Convention. However, Japan has not ratified it. We hope that it will be ratified by Japan as soon as possible.

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