In this paper, we reviewed following three points.
　　　　The first is the gaps between big city governments where their populations are highly concentrated and small sized mountain local governments where their population are decreasing sharply. We used three indices for investigating those gaps, the ratio of increase or decrease of population, the size of population, and ratio of aged population. Our main concern is small mountainous areas.
　　　　The second point is the investigating the process of changes of villages in marginal areas. We showed the process of small villages into the marginal ones by using gap analysis. Then, we discussed about the problems and difficulties through the case study of Ohtoyo - Cho Town in Kochi Prefecture.
　　　　The third point is showing perspectives of the way how those villages in marginal areas and following small mountainous villages can be revitalized. By considering those three points, l tried to present feasible measures to revitalize small villages in marginal areas for building societies that human beings and natures can live together.

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　　　　This paper reexamines the relation between the individual land ownership and the village at the early modern age while paying attention to “Unity of community”.
　　　　A lot of modern village social researches have postulated that the community, which was field for the production and life of peasants and had certain unity, existed, in distinction from the village as the administrative area. They think that the source of this community in modern age is a village or a hamlet in the village at the early modern age in many cases. The early modern village history researches recently insist that it was a village community, which supported the peasant farming and life. Additionally, they make the point that the village at early modern age held an influence over land inside the village and the villagers had the notion which the village should regulate individual land ownership.
　　　　However, this paper does not think that the necessity of the peasant farming and life for the period of the early modern age was grounds that support the unity of “community”, I request the base of the unity from the early modern village as an administrative village or the function and the role of it, l think that the acting that can be assumed to be control over the individual land ownership by the village community was a kind of function as an administrative village at the early modern age. Then, I pay attention to the land tax levy. As a result, this paper insists that when the early modern village had to limit the individual land ownership only because it had a responsibility for the land tax levy for the period of the early modern age.

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　　　This paper is a case study of Sakihama Hamlet in Kasumigaura City, Ibaraki Prefecture which clarifies how residents manage the shore space of Lake Kasumigaura that has become part of an environmental revitalization project.
　　　In the area in which reeds grow in Sakihama village, the residents gather the reeds, fish, and trap birds. The residents use the space so that they can continue to get these resources smoothly and consistently. The place where they fish and trap roughly corresponds to the area where the reeds grow. Sustainable use of space is referred to as Space Management in this paper.
　　　There are three main features of this Space Management. Firstly, the Space Management of the Yoshi-ba evolved out of it daily use over generations. Secondly, the reason this Space Management has continued is that the residents have been able to constantly catch sufficient prey. Thirdly, when the residents set their fishing and trapping equipment in the Yoshi-ba, environmentalists believe that they don’t pay special attention to managing Yoshi-ba or think about conservation.
　　　The Space Management clarified by this investigation is different from the natural management of the environmental revitalization project from the following perspective. The feature of nature management is that one resource (reeds) is an object of management, and that nature management and the use of nature are independent. However Space Management maintains two or more resources as a result of maintaining a suitable space for each resource. When thinking about the policy for environmental management, it is necessary to understand such forms of local natural management, because it does not possible to go ahead with environmental management without the cooperation of the residents.

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　　　In this paper, l first depict the policy formation process of Shokuiku（Food and Nutrition Education). Shokuiku includes wide contents which are “improved health”, “improved self-sufficiency in food ”and “teaching of a feeling of gratitude”. Especially, the norm of “teaching of a feeling of gratitude” is related to the agricultural experiences. Here l will focus JA’s Food and Agriculture Education that is one of the agricultural experiences. In this thesis, I will analyze it with the concept of the “gaze”. With it, I will examine the effect that the “gaze” from outside gave the actors who offer the agricultural experiences. My subjects are as follows. What kind of identities did they give to their activities? What kind of symbols did they construct? As a result, how did their symbol affect Shokuiku?
　　　To put it concretely, when the Ministry of Education decided on the policy that “zest for living” solves problems around children, the agricultural experiences were “gazed” as the places that can cultivate “zest for living.” JA corresponded to this policy actively and identified JA's Food and Agriculture Education with the symbol of “life”. Then farmers that offered the agricultural experiences co-owned the symbol of “life”, In the policy formation process of Shokuiku influenced the fundamental plan of Shokuiku. At the same time, the diffusion of agricultural experiences was institutionalized as the “educational farms” with a target. The symbol of “life” that was once a symbol in JA became the word which explains Shokuiku of “character formation” symbolically.

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