This paper aims to clarify the characteristics of societies, that are pre-modern, modern and postmodern societies, from the viewpoint of〈Gemeinschaft〉and〈Gesellschaft〉.
　　　At first Yu-nakama community in Nozawa-onsen village is focused. The hot spring water in this village has been utilized by hotels, guesthouses and communal bathhouses on the old conventional rights of hot spring. There are 13 Yu-nakama communal agencies for managing those bathhouses, which are open to visitors. Yu-nakama and other conventional rights have been supported by social sectors such as Nozawa-kai foundation, self government organization Nozawa-kumi and village municipality.
　　　In modern society, money is the main subject in market world. Money system has been changed from gold-money to gold standard and finally to paper money standard. Then money itself had to leave“money as fortune”and to arrive at“money as debt”. Money as Secular God has now come to God of “debt community”enshrined on the altar of nation-state and central bank. Money has grown to be capital by making use of its nature to‘take risks’. Marx’s words“capital makes true community”now appear to be‘finance community’（M. Aglietta 2012）.
　　　A number of young people now begin to escape from“capital community”and to support themselves on the conception of “serious self-help”. It reminds me of Marx’s“individual ownership”mentioned in his Capital, which also leads us to the concept of “communism”. At the same time“societal ownership”is another important concept which is relevant to“socialism”. Communism and socialism assume each other and will build a new society on the global level.

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　　　The objective of this paper is to explore, through the case study of Harie Village in Takashima City, Shiga Prefecture, how the village succeeded in creating an attractive community space without adopting conventional tourism methods.
　　　Particular interest is given at the contradicting claim villagers make that the village is not a tourist destination whilst they proactively engage in tourism. It can be said that this claim symbolizes the difficulty to involve the whole community in promoting tourism.
　　　After analyzing the case, there were below findings. In the first place, tourism in Harie Village did not start as a local revitalization program. A voluntary group started activities to protect the villagers' daily life from the sudden increase of tourists to the village. However, many villagers focused on the group's tourist service aspects and had an understanding that they were promoting tourism. In other words, there was a difference between the two parties’ understandings. The voluntary group had the purpose of protecting the villagers' daily lives, but the villagers thought that the voluntary group was trying to change the community into a tourist destination.
　　　However, the voluntary group did not necessarily regard the difference in understanding the other villagers as something negative. The voluntary group has been making adjustments in carrying out tourism so that it does not compromise the daily life of villagers who are opposed to tourism. This understanding, as a result, prevented the village from becoming a typical touristic community.

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　　　Many people living in rural areas must travel to distant urban areas for medical care. The problems that such low accessibility to hospitals bring to patients differ depending not only on patients’ conditions but also on their family structure. This study, using a medical behavior survey of residents of a mountain area who have constantly experienced problems of hospital access, examined how family support should be conducted for medical behavior. The region surveyed was a settlement in Oguni Town, Yamagata Prefecture. Members of all households in one settlement were interviewed, with inquiries about outpatient hospital visits and hospitalization of household members, and family support for medical related activities. Results revealed that many residents went to or were admitted to distant hospitals more than about 31 km distant from their homes, but that distance did not necessarily cause problems in their daily life. The reasons were the following: 1）For hospital visits, the frequency was low and travel was less burdensome. 2）For hospitalization, patients received more support from family members living separately near the hospitals than from family members living together.

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　　　This study reveals interactions between agricultural production and actor’s relations in Kamihata settlements in Minami-Awaji City, Mihara Plain. Farm management in farm households is examined to determine whether farm activities, such as lending equipment, supplying compost, and establishing delivery routines develop the relationships among farmers or between farmers and other stakeholders, while identifying the kind of relationships formed. Moreover, the contribution of multi-layered network formed through relations between and among such stakeholders is considered.
　　　The research method adopts social network analysis. This approach allows a quantitative stand in analyzing human relations based on the presence or strength of ties between nodes, the distance between such nodes, and the node parameters. Economic activity and social life are inseparable in rural areas and villages, and ties among farm households are characterized by various roles existing in a multilayered structure. This study focuses on the extent and width of social ties among certain nodes.
　　　Results show that in Mihara Plain, the “ three crop” rotation system―a combination of paddy rice, onions,and cabbages or paddy rice, lettuce, or Chinese cabbages―has been widely promoted. The study area practiced intensive farming. The production of leafy vegetables served as an economic activity that could augment the income of farm households. Farm management, as practiced by every farmer household, progressed within the range of social groups such as settlements and districts, and did not become completely independent albeit done individually. Various territorial relations became a conforming frame, as seen in the sharing of equipment and supplying of compost. The network was selectively formed according to the purpose. In addition to the abovementioned relations, networks based on the delivery of crops was observed. These networks extended in various ways, according to every farmer household's management policy, and had various influences on every farmer's management practices.

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