The paper aims to investigate e-Local government policy in terms of regional information technology (IT) industry's promotion. The research is based on statistical analyses and some case studies of some Japanese local government policy and some regional IT firms. The author firstly estimates the impact of government procurement on a regional IT service industry based on Japanese statistics. One analysis shows that the weight of government procurement in demand for IT service industry in rural area is more than that in urban area. Government procurement plays more important role for regional IT service industry in rural area than urban area. The other analysis shows that more than 40 percent of local government expenditure for IT service industry flows from rural area to urban area. The latter analysis suggests that some expenditure of e-local government in rural area could flow back to its own area's IT service industry. The author secondly investigates potential of regional IT industry as suppliers. The statistical analysis regarding Local Government WAN Application Service Provider, LGWANASP, shows that not only major IT vender but also regional IT vender plays an important role. Furthermore, a case study of an independent regional IT vender shows that open system movement in e-Local government could be an opportunity to break into new e-Local government market. The research thirdly focuses on Nagasaki-IT-Model. The unique model has been conducted by Nagasaki prefecture since 2002. The paper depicts the characteristics of the model and the impact of the model on regional IT industry. The research fourthly investigates the procurement capability of a local government based on case studies about Chiyoda Ward office, Tokyo metropolitan, and Kawaguchi City office, Saitama Prefecture. The analyses show that improvement of the capability needs participations of not only IT section but also general business section of the city office.

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A useful system for the disaster is different because of the passage of time after the disaster occurs. The concept of the refuge support system (System I, System II) is included forecasts observation technology the support system of the refuge action and the attainment possibility of the Tsunami by an abnormally high tide level. In refuge, it is needed the optimized arrangement of the refuge person and refuge goods by which securing the shelter space is necessary, and supports an urgent situation from the inducement. Urgent refuge of the earthquake and the Tsunami is refuge in outdoor place, and "Outdoor place and shelter system" is the first subject concerning the examination of the system conception in this study. The heavy snow and the typhoon after the earthquake and the Tsunami are the compound generation disasters; therefore a new rescue system is necessary. Neither the rescue and shelter standby in the compound generation disaster nor the support systems are established enough. In the second subject, the system of the rescue delay of the compound generation disaster is developed. And, the system concept concerning the refuge rate decrease the tidal wave warning is announced officially is considered in the third subject. Conclusion 1 of this study uses the bus to take refuge and shelter in outdoor place. Heating, the wireless, and the illumination can be supplied to the function of the bus. Especially, the bus can be flexibly used in the disaster in the cold region. Conclusion 2 of this study uses the agent system so that there is a possibility that the "helping staff" and the "water and foods" supported at the disaster can be distributed best. The distribution agent system decides the distribution and the route best by the GA algorithm based on the evaluation according to a fuzzy measure. Conclusion 3 of this study obtained the solution from refuge when the tsunami signal was warned in this year and last year. Rewriting the information image with the television and the radio is thought as a big factor to decrease shelter. Other factors are the severities of outdoor refuge, and the bus is used for shelter.

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In England, New Labour has formed diverse local partnership structures both as service delivery systems and as democratic renewal mechanisms by developing its neighbourhood renewal policies and modernization agenda since it took office in 1997. These local partnerships, which are multi-layered ranging from the strategic level to the neighbourhood level within the boundary of each local authority, have been regarded as new spaces for community governance. This paper focuses on the governance of partnerships for 'New Deal for Communities,' one of the most devolved program among the New Labour's policies. It reviews whether the NDC partnerships, introduced by a top-down policy approach, can enhance bottom-up participatory governance termed as 'citizen governance' under the H. Sullivan's normative framework. We identified the gap between the policy discourse and the reality of the governance through the conduct of empirical studies on NDC partnerships. We found that the NDC partnerships were virtually controlled and steered by the central government while they were superficially addressed as genuine community-led partnerships. The citizen governance model for the NDC partnerships is yet to be established. However, we can reassess such local partnerships in terms of 'political opportunity structure.' That is, the local partnerships can provide the citizen with learning opportunities to build their capacity and develop their countervailing powers even if the citizen governance model continues to be less dominant within the partnerships. From this point of view, we should prioritize co-evolution rather than co-governance or co-production as a rationale for the local partnerships. Thus the local partnerships should be developed as learning organizations to promote social learning within the communities and extend the network of knowledge creation.

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The market of social human service has been consisted of both commercial companies and non-profit organizations. Much the same is true on the sports club management. As with the factors that determine either for-profit or non-profit type of organization, Tanimoto (2005) pointed the following four requirements when a specific organizational form selected: (1) market constraints, (2) financial constraints, (3) legal constraints and (4) social constraints. He also suggested the organizational portfolio strategy by which they capitalize on both advantages of for-profit and non-profit organizations. To verify his assumption we have conducted some case studies of local sports clubs as follows, (a) Vegalta Sendai Co., Ltd., a member team of J League (the Japan Professional Football League), shared mainly by the local government, (b) Montedio Yamagata Inc., (c) Shonan Bellmare consisted of bilateral types of organizations and (d) Tohoku Rakuten Eagles, a professional baseball team, owned by a private IT company. Tanimoto's theory has been conclusively found to be almost true through these case studies. In addition his theory has been found to be applicable to a highly commercial professional league team. One local team such as Tsukuba FC, currently not participating to a professional league, seemed to utilize more efficiently their fewer resources by operating both profit and non-profit organizations as the organizational portfolio strategy presumed. In contrast another local team such as Shiogama FC Inc., actively selected nonprofit organization so as they had priority on management by power of their local network. The conclusion is that community-based club management tends to be short of funds, so that utilizing a citizenship network around the organization should be most effective for organization management.

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In late years many social enterprises come to put different organization forms together. A purpose of this paper is that this organization form considers what kind of meaning there is from a viewpoint of the social innovation (new services/products and the systems of the offer which used a market for the solution of the social problem). This organization form lets you do emergence of innovation by promoting sensemaking when I show a conclusion earlier and promotes emergence and reception of the value of the society. When I speak it from a conclusion earlier, organization portfolios are to maintain much heterogeneous stakeholders that deferent organization form was collected and these stakeholders creates social innovation and receive it. It is Prahalad (2004) and Hippel (2005) to serve as a reference by an argument of the past innovation. These arguments cannot apply to social innovation with things about the business innovation immediately. However, the viewpoint called value co-creation of Prahalad and the lead user of Hippel are important indication. I supplement two points of the following I supplement these arguments, and to achieve a purpose. The first point clarifies a process of co-creation. How does the second point attract a heterogeneous lead user? By this report, I supplement the short part of those arguments with a symbol and the role of the agent. It is thought a symbol attracts a process and a lead user of co-creation and that an agent carries them out. The conclusion can point out two following points. First an organization portfolio is integrated system of heterogeneous stakeholder. Second it is a system keeping the agent where it brings up social value alive.

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This paper represents empirical evidence from 400 SMEs in Japan's machine and metal industry and plastic processing industry. We propose a model between economic and environmental performances of SMEs, including market condition, business competitiveness, greening pressure and EMS certification. The results show conditions to promote environmental management of SMEs. Those are the following three. Firstly, as for SMEs under severe market circumstances or SMEs of the subcontract type, greening pressure of large enterprises can promote environmental management. Secondly, as for SMEs which have some advantages in management resources, competitiveness, and products, high economic performances can promote environmental management. Thirdly, information provision given by client large enterprises and certification organizations is important to support SMEs' environmental management.

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In this paper, the concept of accountability in terms of CSR was defined, in an active process, as the interaction between business and society. In order to define that concept, two steps took place. First, the essence of CSR was revealed through the study of existing surveys from previous studies regarding CSR. Next, the theoretical approach for CSR was examined using this finding. As a result, the basic framework for future research to increase the awareness of accountability was developed.

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In this paper we discuss about the social character of technological system based on the Niklas Luhmann's theory of the social system. According to him, the social system consists of communications, moreover, of all communications, and divided into subsystems by symbolically generalized media. We define here technological system as a set of communications characterized by possible/impossible binary code. When we define technological system as above mentioned way, technological system includes not only science-based technologies but also everything that enables us to accomplish something. For instance, any technique that persuades a person may be a technology in this meaning. To what extent, however, are we allowed to call both of them as 'technology' in the same meaning? This problem can be analyzed by introducing various levels of possible/impossible criteria. Another problem may occur in the case of science-based technology. Are there any media mix of the truth/false code that characterizes the science and the possible/impossible code that characterizes the technology? Recently a concept of "social technology" has attracted the attention of many people. It is said that the social technology is not only planned to exceed science-based technology but also to unify various fields of science. We point out here that the tendency to the media mix worried about in the science-based technology might be strengthen in this case. We also discuss a relation between know-how and technological system. We have know-how that enables us to accomplish a variety of things. So we ourselves are bundles of know-how. However, we should distinguish know-how of this sense from technologies that appear in the technological system.

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This paper discusses the methodological issues of second generation social simulations. The second generation social simulations have become the big science, which various specialists collaborate to solve the problems. Though social simulations have a lot of ceteris paribus conditions often indicated the weak points of social science, the laws in natural science also have ceteris paribus conditions. If we could control the range where sub model works within the ceteris paribus conditions, social simulation can generate the reliable numerical forecasts.

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In this research we investigate a methodology for functional specification of a large scale and successively revised socio-economic information systems. SNA (Systems of National Accounts) is a typical such system. We proposed the grand design principles about the information system for SNA as follows. In the first place, we reconstruct and design the logic structure of an SNA estimation system by a modular structure. Secondary, we design the data structure which can respond flexibly to the change of original statistics by making transaction and micro data into a range in the future. We have already realized such a data structure by designing an accounts and statistics management as a data object using exchange algebra. Thirdly, we offer the design and development base for the personnel in charge who can engage in research and development of a practical problem or the future estimation method. We have developed an algebraic functional specification method and a domain specific language for the information system of SNA depending on the methodology, which is called AADL (Algebraic Accounting Description Language).

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Over the last decade, criticisms on globalism such as market fundamentalism and disparity between the riches and the poor have been subject of controversy. The purpose of this paper is to explore the operative mechanism of the economic system, referring Luhmann's social systems theory and consider the social cultural consequences of functional differentiation in global level concerning the economic system. First, we analyze the Luhmann's theory of autopoietic economic systems and point out its efficacy and limits. Although the sustainability of economic system depends on sequence of payments, it confronts instability and weakness when capital/labor scheme arises to represent social critical issues. This drives us to the question how is social inclusion possible. Referring this consideration, we investigate further the autopoietic mechanism of functional systems and social semantics. From view point of equality and inequality, we see the complementary interaction of economic system and social description of meaning to recover the weakness of autopoietic system. Marx illustrated the revolution to solve the contradictions of capitalism externally. By contrast autopoiesis theory implies gradual internal solution accompanied by tension between the time and social dimension. Finally, we consider the consequences of economic globalism, focusing the difference between semantics and culture in terms of autopoiesis and explained the logical possibilities.

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Chain reaction bankruptcy is regarded as common phenomena and its effect is to be taken into account when credit risk portfolio is analyzed. But consideration and modeling of its effect leave much room for improvement. That is mainly because method for grasping relations among companies with limited data is underdeveloped. In this article, chance discovery method is applied to estimate industrial relations that are to include companies' relations that transmit chain reaction of bankruptcy. Time order method and directed KeyGraph are newly introduced to distinguish and express the time order among defaults that is essential information for the analysis of chain reaction bankruptcy. The steps for the data analysis are introduced and result of example analysis with default data in Kyushu, Japan, 2005 is presented. The effect of chain reaction bankruptcy is also evaluated with quantitative measure.

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