The purpose of this study is to examine influence of teammates on motivational climate of college baseball teams, to find relationship between motivational climate patterns and teammates factors, and to contribute to improve teamwork and motivation of team members. The study was done on 180 athletes (180 male players with their age of 20.19 ±1.35 years old) belonging to the five college baseball teams in Hokkaido. The research was carried out to ask each baseball team to fill out a questionnaire that I had made for the study. The contents in the questionnaire were based on their individual profile, such as ages, gender, and so on, and some questions to measure motivational climate of the team and to understand the interaction among the teammates, and to clarify how deeply the individuals were affected by his teammates. From the research, I found the following results: If there might be unfriendly relationships among the teammates, those relationships would lead other teammates to lower their motivation. In case some players in the teams show unfavorable attitudes toward the other teammates or some players who are physically gifted don't feel the need to practice or some players are criticized and not encouraged when they make mistakes while their play, these negative factors often influence strongly the players' performance climate. To strengthen the mastery climate helps teams improve their teamwork. Thus, when you coach team sports, such as baseball or basketball, it is important for you to try to make good team atmospheres to reach mastery climate.

    The purpose of this study was to identify an effective technique in the support leg extension for sprint speed skaters. Ten junior and 9 senior elite male skaters who participated in a 500 m race were videotaped with 2 synchronized high-speed video cameras (250 fps) positioned at the middle of the home straight (～50 m from the start line); the recorded images were analyzed using a panning direct linear transformation technique. The three-dimensional coordinates of the segment endpoints and blades were determined to calculate the kinematic variables during the right stroke. On the other hand, skaters performed a single leg skate jump test on a tartan track. The ground reaction forces and three-dimensional coordinates of the segment endpoints were determined to calculate the kinetic variables at the right support leg by using an inverse dynamics approach. During the first half of the stroke in the ice skating performance, the change in the forward displacement of the center of mass in the senior group was greater than that in the junior group; this was attributable to the smaller segment angle of the shank in the support leg for the senior group. This indicates that a greater anteversion of the shank is a technical characteristic of an excellent skater. While the vertical ground reaction force in the single leg skate jump test greatly increased, the senior group maintained a smaller segment angle of the shank and a greater knee extension torque in the support leg. On the other hand, knee extension torque in the support leg for the junior group decreased temporarily owing to increase of the segment angle of the shank. Thus, the ability to maintain a greater knee extension torque with a greater load in the lower limb is an important factor for acceleration during the straight skating in the first half of the 500m race.

    In this study, as well as Oe (2007) using the configured evaluation team tactics, patterns were analyzed to quantify aspects of an effective attack to break through in international soccer game, the following conclusions were obtained.
    1. Constitute a confirmatory factor analysis model for all aspects of the attacks against representatives of the two games against Slovakia and Japan Representative for Japan national team against UAE representative, population analysis revealed that simultaneous multi-factor loadings between the factors of the path and showed a high degree of fit of the model placed constraints imposed on the covariance, etc., has been verified that the factorial invariance is established. This showed that irrespective of the population to match the 10 factors extracted.
    2. Simultaneous multi-population analysis, using factor scores derived from the model were adopted, cluster analysis classified the attack scene. As a result, six pattern making stage, 11 stage trick patterns were classified into four phases break the pattern. The magnitude of the effect of the factor scores in attack patterns that characterize each phase (ES) and the success rate, could be an effective hierarchy break aspects of the attack pattern.
    3. By quantifying the attack scene, can be regarded fragmented attack patterns, it was clear to verify its effectiveness. Quantitative evaluation of the breakthrough stage attack patterns obtained in this study is superior in terms of objectivity, because when objective information and coaching tactics, thought to contribute to capacity building of soccer stadium be.

    In sports that are played both home and away, it is thought that home field confers an advantage, referred to as “home (field) advantage” (HA). HA has traditionally been defined as a more than 50％ probability of winning home games. However, this advantage does not necessarily apply to an individual team or a specific combination of teams, as HA depends on the strength of the teams playing. This study used odds ratios to investigate whether HA exists and the relationship between HA and “learning,” “travel,” and “audience/crowd” factors on Japanese Professional Baseball, in which HA is assumed to occur frequently.
    Archival data of all games of Japanese Professional Baseball from 2005 to 2008 were used. In addition, a) travel distance and b) travel time were used as travel factors; c) interleague games was used as a learning factor; and d) audience size, e) audience density, f) presence or absence of a dome at the home stadium, and g) stadium capacity were used as audience/crowd factors. The learning factor was assessed by comparing odds ratios in intraleague games with those in interleague games. Correlational analysis between odds ratios and travel and audience factors was applied. Results were as follows:
1） Constant and definite HA was found in Japanese Professional Baseball as in soccer, ice hockey, and basketball, all of which use a home and away system. However, the degree of HA in baseball was no more remarkable than in other sports.
2） HA between teams did not occur randomly in all teams, but did occur in specific teams, such as the Chunichi Dragons in the Central League and the Rakuten Eagles in the Pacific League.
3） Although findings were not consistent among years, a partial effect of the learning factor was found when comparing HA in intraleague and interleague games.
4） Simple correlational analysis of HA and travel and audience factors showed no significant correlation.
5） Results of multiple correlational analysis using travel and audience factors as independent variables showed some significant multiple correlation coefficients. In particular, significant regression coefficients and partial correlation coefficients were shown regarding the audience factor.
    HA was present in the Japanese Professional Baseball League. Although the travel factor had little effect on HA, the learning and, in particular, audience/crowd factors significantly influenced HA. Methods that systematically increased the number of fans and organization of fan clubs were shown to contribute to HA. However, as this role is filled by a teamʼs front office staff, coaches should communicate with front office staff and encourage them to focus on these factors to help their team make the most of HA.

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the age structure and the feature of Chinese badminton players. The following features were observed in the age structure of the players.
    1）As the playerʼs age going up, there was a tendency of decrease on the percentage of the number of the players.
    2）The pyramid shape could be seen in the graph of the age structure by 2-year Age Group.
    3） There were about more than 70% of the players were under 18 years old, and about more than 20％ were between 19 to 24 years old, and about 5％ were after 25 years old.
    The age structure of the players could be considered to reflect the status of the player pyramid of Chinese badminton players, from the age factor. The information of the player age structure showing in this study may help on discussing the player pyramid of Chinese badminton players, as objective data.

    The aim of this study was to clarify the structure of sailing knowledge. Four hundred and five sailors who belonged to high schools, universities, and companies completed the knowledge test for sailors developed by Sakaguchi and Aoyagi (2009, 2010).
    This test consists of 95 test items related to topics such as rigging, sailing, racing, tactics, strategy, and weather. Item Relational Structure analysis developed by Takeya (1988) was applied to right and wrong answers on the test. Arrow diagrams in 6 knowledge areas that displayed hierarchical ordering structure of test items were derived. The complexity of hierarchical ordering structures and the relationships between the numbers of paths between items that have a different direction than the one estimated based on the hierarchical ordering structure, and athletic performance and length of sailing carrier were compared.
    The following results were obtained:
1) A more complicated structure was derived in the areas of weather, sailing, and rigging, but not in the areas of strategy, tactics, and racing. This finding indicates that systematic teaching needs to be performed in the former areas, but the knowledge of the latter areas can be taught on an as-needed basis.
2) In three of the arrow diagrams for the 6 areas, some grouping of paths was observed. These clusters are interpreted based on the similarity of the character/nature of the items included the cluster. The names of interpreted cluster are “weather knowledge from a TV weather forecast” and “weather knowledge from a treatise” in weather, “alignment knowledge for instrument and equipment” and “technical knowledge of a sailor” in sailing, and “general knowledge for a sail” and “sailing knowledge specific to game performance” in rigging.
3) Correlation coefficients of the numbers of paths between items that have a different direction than the one estimated based on the hierarchical ordering structure with athletic performance and length of sailing carrier were statistically significant, indicating that sailors with a long carrier or high game performance had systematic knowledge but not partial or fragmentary knowledge.