本稿は，平成28年3月に開催された日本コーチング学会第27回大会（日本大学） において講演いただいたV.H.プラトーノフ氏によるものである．プラトーノフ氏は，大会テーマであった「アスリートの準備の現代的システム」の理解を深めることができるように，5本もの論文を本学会に寄稿された．これはそのうちの2本目の論文であり，「オリンピックスポーツにおける選手の多年準備構造の基礎」についてまとめたものである．
    本稿の中でプラトーノフ氏は，オリンピック等の国際試合で勝利を収めることとともに，長期間にわたってその成果を維持するためには，多年にわたり計画的な準備を行う必要性があると述べている．その中でも，特にジュニア・ユース年代のトレーニングプロセスを構築する際には，十分な配慮が必要との見解を示しており，是非とも一読願いたいと考える．

    This research focuses on factors other than technique and physical strength that influence the game of tennis, which is an individual competitive sport. Specifically, group cohesiveness and life skills can be considered to be psychological factors influencing competitive ability. Competitors were classified into “competitive performance”, “group cohesiveness”, and “life skills” based on information about players, and to grasp the characteristics of each group. The research methods included a questionnaire survey of 373 college tennis players from a tennis club, who belonged to the first and second divisions of the Kanto Intercollegiate Tennis Federation’s tennis league. A latent class analysis was used to examine participants’ answers (79％ of surveys returned, effective answer rate of 69％). Based on the results, college tennis players were divided into 4 classes: Class 1 (24.7％) was “high group cohesiveness and life skills”; Class 2 (31.0％) was “high group cohesiveness, low ability to think” Class 3 (17.9％) was “low group cohesiveness, low communication skill”; and Class 4 (26.4％) was “low group cohesiveness and life skills”. Additionally, when looking at “the college’s best result” and “the change in the best result at college from high school” among college tennis players, there was a tendency for the top players to gather in Class 1; this class comprised tennis players who improved their best result at college compared to high school. Also, Characteristics of each class from group cohesiveness and life skills were examined, along with coaching methods for each class.

    This study clarifies the features of throwing motion to second base of professional baseball catchers．Eleven catchers of two Nippon Professional Baseball Organization teams were participants. Using the highest confidence data among analytical trials for throwing time, we defined it as ‘the time required from catching until ball arriving at second base with shortest time’. Following five characteristic features were revealed. 1) In time parameter, professional catchers have a difference in motion time (the time required from catching to release in amateur catchers), especially during the beginning phase having a relation with duration time (arrival time from the ball release to the second base), the throwing phase having a relation with the throwing time and release speed (speed average of ball speed of 3 frames after releasing the ball), and the grip changing phase having a relation with motion time. 2) Further, professional catchers have a tradeoff relationship between the motion time and the duration time as well as amateur catchers; and, particularly good professional catchers can shorten the duration time even while shortening motion time leading to shortening of the throwing time. 3) In stride parameter, professional catchers have a difference in the length of the pivot foot in amateur catchers, especially, the X component has a relation with the motion time while the Y component has a relation with the duration time, and the stride length is likewise; there was no relationship between all the items. 4) In release parameter, professional catchers maintain a higher projection height of the ball than amateur catchers and maintain the tendency of the projection angle to be lower, improving the throwing accuracy, especially the elevation angle is related to the duration time and the release speed, but the azimuth angle is likewise; there was no relationship between all the items. 5) In center of gravity of the body, professional catchers have a relation with the movement speed of the center of gravity of the body and the release speed as well as amateur catchers, but the moving distance of center of gravity of the body is likewise; there was no relationship between all the items.

    The purpose of this study was to clarify effective tactics of attack on the sport of rugby sevens using notational analysis of game performance on the menʼs rugby sevens at Olympic games 2016. The main results of this study were as follows; 1) The rate of attack to the open-side and reverse-direction are higher. 2) To breakthrough the defence-line is more difficult than the gain-line. 3) In the number of passes before contact, the rate of breakthrough the defence-line unused pass were the lowest and the rate of unused pass in the Top6 teams was lower than the bottom6 teams and therefore the attack option using pass is effective. 4) In the attack options, the rate of breakthrough the defence-line under the overlap situation is the highest and therefore the attack option to carry the ball at vacant space is effective. 5) In the starting points in attack, the rate of breakthrough the defence-line in attack from turn-over and therefore turn-over is one of the effective starting points.

    The purposes of this study were to investigate the relationship between competitive result and environmental factors in high school baseball. A questionnaire survey was conducted on 533 university students who belonged to the baseball club when they were in high school. The survey content was the following 11 items; 1. Highest competitive result, 2. Presence or absence of the sports recommendation entrance examination, 3. Presence or absence of the sports scholarship system, 4. Occupation of the head coach, 5. Presence or absence of the assistant coach, 6. Number of the assistant coach, 7. Occupation of the assistant coach, 8. Presence or absence of the selection system for enter the club, 9. Number of the members, 10. Type of school (public or private), 11. Presence or absence of the private facility. In case of high school duplication, only one answer was adopted, and other inappropriate invalid answers were excluded for totalization. Finally, 435 students were divided into national group (n＝89), block group (n＝82) and prefecture group (n＝264), based on the best result of the team at the time of high school, and examined the relationship between the competitive result and each environmental factor. As a result, regarding the occupation of the head coach, the proportion of teachers in all groups was high, but in the other items, the relationship with the competitive result was indicated, and the possibility that the difference in these environments could affect the competitive result was shown.

    The present study used mixed methods research to examine “split step blocking during of not involved in an opposing quick attacks, a volleyball technique used by elite center players. The results will assist players and coaches aiming to improve blocking performance.
    As a result,
・In the example of Kitagawa, he emphasizes “anticipation” but blocks while complexly utilizing both “anticipation” and “observation.” The right 2nd tempo attacks that has a time margin, “anticipates” a move and then makes “observations” to determine the ball’s trajectory, thereby likely executing a more reliable blocking maneuver by planting both feet on the ground in the split step position. Unlike the right 2nd tempo attacks, the left 2nd tempo attacks have a smaller time margin and may therefore choose to plant both feet on the ground in the split step position by forcing their body to react to the “anticipated” move.
・Tomimatsu, meanwhile, “anticipated” the trajectory of the ball from visual information, information in the game, and especially the state of the setter, immediately before the setter tossed up the ball, and blocked the attack by forcing his body to react to the “anticipated” move. Furthermore, if he correctly “anticipates” a move during a situation where the opposing center player does not take part in a quick attack for some reason, he might also be able to take part in a blocking maneuver in the event of an incorrectly “anticipated” move by quickly changing his direction of travel through kicking out the opposite leg.

    The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of gender, physical, and motor factors on forehand long serve (FLS) performance in badminton. The study subjects were 190 students who took a physical education course for badminton at two universities. Multiple regression analysis using the forced entry method was used to explore the effects of the four classes of explanatory variables on the outcome variable of FLS score: 1) gender, height, and weight; 2) distance traveled by the racket hand; 3) distance traveled by the center of the racket head; and 4) wrist angle. Male students achieved significantly better FLS performance than female students, suggesting that this metric is greatly affected by gender-related differences in muscle mass and strength. Significant positive correlations with FLS performance were observed for several motor factors, including distance traveled by the racket head and hand during the forward swing phase, and distance traveled by the racket head in the follow-through phase. In addition, FLS performance was significantly and negatively associated with wrist angle at impact. Therefore, instructors should endeavor to incorporate these findings into badminton lessons in university physical education.

    In recent gymnastics, elements are becoming increasingly difficult. In men’s pommel horse, “Busunari (reverse Stöckli through handstand, 3/3 travel, and 360° turn to flairs)”, considered “F” difficulty in the “2017 Code of Points,” is performed to achieve high exercise value score (“D” score). However, studies on the technical training of Busunari are limited.
    Therefore, in this study, the technical process of successfully performing Busunari was analyzed from a kinesthetic standpoint.
    Our study revealed that practicing by dividing the element into units is one of the effective practice methods to learn Busunari, which changes aspects diversely. In addition, the following points were important for learning Busunari:
    1) Practice of handstand twist is effective for correcting the swing up to handstand phase
    2) “Flair technique”is required when swinging down from handstand to flair
    3) Anxiety factors should be eliminated to learn swinging down to flair from handstand
    4) There is a need to prepare for the next movement at all times to smoothly perform Busunari
    This study provides gymnasts and coaches who are aiming to perform this element with learning points such that they can consider learning Busunari as a practical possibility.

    This is the case study that the race pattern of a 400-m sprint was improved by “Affirmation”. The affirmation is a method of accomplishing goal and used in the world for business, education and so on. The purpose of this study was to obtain practical wisdom when using the affirmation to sports. A male sprinter had been having the problem of the 400-m race pattern and tried to solve it by the affirmation. Then, while correcting the affirmation sheet each time the race was done, the problem was solved four months from beginning to use the affirmation. He could not realize the image of the race pattern in the first half of the practical process. But in the second half of the practical process, he changed the contents of affirmation sheet greatly, realized the target model of race pattern which is the moderate deceleration type one month later. Besides, he had read the short affirmation sheet every day during this practice process. From this process, it was suggested that it is difficult to make the high-quality affirmation sheet in a short period from using it for the first time, and that it is necessary to use the short sentence involved realistic and clear image for continuous implementation of affirmation.