It was important that examine for the reliability and the validity of artistic gymnastics judging. Several factors have been reported that influence to the validity of judges' score. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of position and the level of routine on judges' ratings. Subjects were thirty-six certified male gymnastics judges. The parallel bars routines of the 1993 All Japan Gymnastics Championship individual optional sessions were videotaped from the side and the diagonal of this event. The routines were divided into fifteen groups by the level of the final score. One routine was randomly selected from each group. Subjects viewed each routine from the side and the diagonal of this event. The ANOV A revealed that judges' position and level of routine were found to have significant effects upon judges' deductions of exercise presentation and scores (pく.01), but not found to have significant effects upon judges' start value. Judges must have close involvement with the sports of gymnastics and must constantly expand their practical knowledge. At the same time, judges must understand that own scores dose not necessarily to need to same as other judges' scores.

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between rotational velocity of giant circle and mechanical work of joints on uneven bars. Giant circles performed by twenty-six female gymnasts at 1995 World Gymnastics Championships in Sabae were videotaped to calculate the kinematic and kinetic variables. Rotational velocity of giant circle was not significantly correlated with mechanical work of hip flexion and shoulder extension but was significantly correlated with mechanical work of hip extension (r= -0.593, p<0.01) and shoulder flexion (r= -0.611, p<0.01). These results indicate that to increase rotational velocity of giant circle on uneven bars, restraint of hip joint extension and shoulder joint flexion should be emphasized.

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the grading ability of the perforrnance control in sprinting, jumping and throwing as focusing on the correspondence of objective perforrnance to variable subjective efforts, the influential factors to the grading and the specific differences among those movements.

    The results were summarized as follows:

(1) There was a significant and similar linear relationship between the subjective effort and the objective perforrnance in each movement.

(2) The objective perforrnance generated to each effort were significantly greater than the level of corresponded subjective effort in each movement.

(3) Significantly influential factors were the step length at lower speed and the step frequency at higher speed in sprinting, both of the maximal joint angle and the angular extension velocity of the knee and the hip joint in jumping and forward horizontal displacement of the center of gravity in throwing, respectively.

(4) In terms of the accuracy to correspond with the level of effort (a) and with the variable rate to change the effort (b), the grading abilities of (a) and (b) were common to jumping and throwing, and to running and jumping, respectively.

    Rule changes over the years in basketball not only have altered the style of play, but have placed special emphasis on certain aspects of the game. A part of particular importance is the endline out -of-bounds plays which were introduced after the rule revisions in 1995. However, it has not yet been made clear how much effect they have brought about in the game. We aim at clarifying the principles and validity on endline out-of-bounds plays. Accordingly we analyzed the 31 games that were played in the 1995 Kanto intercollegiate women's basketball league.

    The main results may be summarized as follows:

    1) The percentage of occuηences of endline out-of-bounds plays in the front court was 55.6%; that is, they made up above half the number of the whole occurrences. In addition, there were significant differences at p<0.01 between the number of occurrences and the B･C areas where whistles were blown for out of bounds near the offensive backboard.

    2) The frequency of shots after the throw-in from endline was double that from sideline. The percentage of successful shots made was 38.9% in endline and 27.5% in sideline.

    3) There were no significant differences between the number of passes and the number of the whole occurrences of endline out-of-bounds plays and also between the number of passes and the shot success percentage after the throw-in from endline. The percentage of successful shots made after one pass from endline was 50.8%; that is, the successful shot number was above that from sideline.

    4) 3 point shots and perimeter jump shots were most frequently used. On the other hand, the percentage of the inside shots near the basket was 56.7%; that is, the inside shot number was above half that of the whole occurrences. Therefore, it can be assumed that the success of the endline out-of-bounds plays depends on the results of those shots.

    5) Endline out-of-bounds play formations were categorized into 7 types. Most frequently used type was “box" alignment, and it was grouped into 5 pattems.

    From the facts described above, we may conclude that the endline out-of-bounds plays are designed to give a team numerous scoring opportunities once the ball is passed inbounds and that each particular play is pattemed to make a player open for a high percentage shot.

    The variation in cooling dwon swimming exercises and their intensity play an important role in removing blood lactate immediately after the first race as well as for the next race peformance, particulariy when very short time is allowed between the race. Therefore it is very important to clarify the effective swim intensity, distance and time in cooling down. Several experiments were done to determine these points and the findings are;

1)  100m maximum effort swim record and their variation.

  (1)  No significant differences of First stage all out swim (AS 1) was observed in Experiments I to III.

  (2)  Only Second stage all out swim (AS 2) in Experiments II showed a swim record decrease.

2)  Changes in blood lactate concentration.

  (1)  The blood lactate concentration drop in Experiments I and II in first stage was sudden, immediately after rather than at the beginning of First stage cooling down (CD 1). The same finding was obtained for First stage rest (R 1). In comparing the concentration in Experiment I with that in Experiments III, the significant differences were observed immediately after CD 1, 5 and 7 minutes after the beginning of R 1. The blood lactate was less concentrated in Experiments I than in III. As for the comparison of Experiments II and III, the significant difference were observed immediately after CD 1, as well as 3, 5 and 7 minutes after the beginning of R 1.

    In Experiments II, a rapid decrease in the concentration was found and there was no significant difference but was a tendency to a decrease in the concentration.

  (2)  Blood lactate concentration comparison in the second stage. As in the first stage, the concentration dropped more, immediately after Second stage cooling down (CD 2) than at the beginning, and the same was observed with Second stage rest (R 2). In comparing Experiments I and III, the significant differences were observed 3, 5 and 7 minutes after the beginning of R 2 and Experiments I showed a faster decrease in the concentration .There was no significant difference in Experiments II and III.

  (3)  The consentration decrease in the second stage was obtained more rapidly in Experiments I, where swim intensity was gradually decreased, than in Experiments II ,where the intensity was gradually increased. Blood lactate was not removed rapidly in CD 2 where the subjects kept asitting position.

   This study was purposed to know about baseball batters' reactions to hiting fast-speed (32m/sec) and slow-speed (21 m/sec) pitches by investigating how the hitting motion phases changed with time and how the weight was transfered in their hitting actions. University baseball players as experts and male university students who had a few-year-experiences to play baseball as novices, both hit the pitches on the two force-plates. Ground reaction forces in the hitting actions were measured by force-plates. And the hitting motions were video taped by a high-speed camera.

   Weight transfer in the batters' hitting actions and change of motion phases with time suggested the following batters' responses to pitches.

1) Experts started stepping motion toward the pitcher earlier than novices did. And after landing of the stepped foot, momentary remaining of weight onto the stepped foot was followed by beginning of the bat-swing action. There were no differences between in hitting fast-speed pitches and in hitting slow-speed ones in experts' weight shifts.

2) Landing of the stepped foot and the motion phase of take-back top was shown at the same time by novices. Just after landing of stepped foot and the top of take-back, weighting onto the front foot (the stepped foot) and the bat-swing action were started. In their stepping motions, novices shifted their body weight from rear foot to front foot more remarkably in hitting slow-speed pitches than in hitting fast-speed pitches.

3) In hitting fast and slow speed pitches which were mixed randomly, experts started stepping motion and landed their stepped foot at the same timing at each speed. And when slow-speed pitches were delivered, they delayed to start putting weight onto the stepped foot and bat-swing actions for adjusting the timing of their motions to pitches' slow speed. By landing stepped foot early to prepare for fixing the stepped foot firmly on the ground, weight shift in hitting fast-speed pitches was the same as in hitting slow-speed ones. Novices timed their hitting motions to pitches' speed by adjusting the timing of landing stepped foot. Novices shifted their weight onto the stepped foot more than experts did. And they shifted their weight onto the stepped foot at the same time when the stepped foot were landed. Because of such kinds of motion styles, novices shifted their weight more onto the stepped foot before start of bat-swing in slow-speed pitches, and started bat-swing actions with incomplete weight shift onto the stepped foot in hitting fast-speed pitches.

    There is a lack of research on methods of enjoying sports competition between a novice and veteran players, using systems other than the point handicap method. Other methods might allow greater pleasure between a novlce and veteran. If both players are allowed to enjoy the sport. Such players do not compete for a championship. The game is only played for fun until the players reach their hypothetical pleasurable goal. The point handicap method does not effectively reduce the skill gap.

    In the available literature, the only relevant article was Amdt's round table tennis (1987). When looking for prototypes in oriental games, we were able to find examples in the traditional Japanese games ‘IGO’ and ‘SHOGI’ which have traditionally incorporated such strategies.

    In this study, we investigated three hypothetical handicapping systems for table tennis in three university-curriculum classes. These systems were described in detail in previous reports.

    Methods : Students gave informed consent to participate in the study. They all had interest in developing some new handicap system. Within each class, the students had determined their own ranking in the class. Then they chose their opponents from among their classmates. In choosing an opponent, the student was requested to select a classmate whose ranking-disparity was more than ten ranks above or below their own rank.

    The handicap systems are following;

1.  A 1/2Court (1/2C) which is a 50% reduction in the court was given to a lower-ranked player as an advantage.

2.  A 50% Racket (50% R) which is a 50% reduction in racket size was given to a higher-ranked player as a handicap.

3.  A 40% Racket (40% R) which is a 40% reduction in racket size was given to a higher-ranked player as a handicap.

4.  A combination of 1/2C and 50% R which was made by combining the miniaturized court and the miniaturized racket.

5.  A combination of 1/2C and 40% R which was made by combining the court and the 40% R.

    A normal game was played for control. Then the winner played each experimental handicapped player (HP) using a series of five handicapped methods from first to fifth in turn. The player opposing the HP became the advantaged player (AP). Two other classes also participated in this experimental curriculum, in which students' year and playing ability differed slightly.

    Results & Discussion: Within the control game of all three classes, pairs of HP & AP were separated into four groups by the scores obtained. The groups were based on point difference; Diff. was from 2 to 5 points (Slight disparity), Diff. was from 6 to 10 (Minor disparity), Diff. was from 11 to 15 (Moderate disparity), Diff. was from 16 to 19 (Severe disparity).

    The a series of five handicapped methods most affected the HP with Slight disparity, whose points were decreased significantly. However, the AP with Slight disparity, whose points reached twenty-one upper limit. Also the a series of five handicapped methods increasingly affected the AP with Moderate disparity and Severe disparity. At the same disparity levels, HP did not decrease their points immediately by the series of five handicap methods.

    Thus it appeared that the a series of five handicapped methods was available for classes of university table tennis curriculum.

   The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Alpine ski technique on racing time. Skiing technique that reduces edging periods with knees and body tended to fall line in the latter half phase of curving was is called “Speedy Curving Method" here. The subjects in this study were five female skiers who were the prize winners in Japan Intercollege Championship. Skiing styles were divided into two groups, normal style (A trial) and Speedy Curving Method (B trial). These trials were performed on a steep, a middle, and a gentle angle slopes. Movements of A and B trials were recorded between 4th and 5th pole by ineans of high speed 8 mm video camera and analized by video motion analyzer. The ski racing time was measured by using photoelectric tube system. Analysis of movement trials were executed by video motion analyzer. It's analyzed of motion when performance time of B trial was shorter than of A trial.

   The results were summarized as followed:

1 ) As to the gentle and the middle angle slope, total time and lap time of 4th to 5 th pole in B trial were shorter than A trial.

2) As to loading motion in steep angle slope, the angle of trochanter major in the B trial was smaller than in A trial

3 ) As to step motion in the steep angle slope, the angle of trochanter major of left leg in B trial was smaller than in A trial. In the middle angle slope, the angle of trochanter major of right leg in B trial was larger. than in A trial.

4 ) With respect to premotion in the steep angle slope, the angle of trochanter major in B trial was smaller than in A trial.

    Those results suggested that skiing training by using “speedy curving method" may be effective to reduce in Alpine ski race time.

    In the contingency management theory, it is thought that the leader has to take a situational leadership. In the field of sports, the coach is supposed to conduct the team management which is appropriate to the team situation or the surroundings of team. Therefore, the author attempted to materialize the situational team management style which can be adapted to the team scale. For this puropose, he inquired the present situation of the coaches who instructed the track and field at senior high schools in Japan. The questionnaires sent to 500 coaches in October 1995, 325 whom replied to the inquiry. The data was analyzed about the relation between the team management and the team scale. As a result， the following finding was clarified. The coaches who manage a bigger team attached more importance to their roles not only of team organizing but also of promoting the relationship between their own team and other organizations. Accordingly, it can been suggested that the bigger the team is, the more important the above-mentioned roles are. In order to prove this suggestion, it is necessary to investigate the transition of each coache's roles in the future.

    The world-cup championship game for international women's volleyball 1995 (Nov. 1995) was held in Japan and our studies were made with the matches Brazil and China and between Japan and Brazil. From the game between Brazil and China, the total scoring rate and the rate of obtaining chances for services were calculated for each team rotation phase of the team of Brazil. On the basis of the these date on each phase, the strategy of the Japanese team for playing the match against Brazilian team was estimated in advance. The prospect of line-ups of both teams subject to keeping the right for service or without the right and also the prospect of the line-ups of both teams for charging and defending could be estimated in advance. Therefore, prior to the actual play, the strategy of each of the Japanese and the Brazilian teams in each team rotation phase could be almost exactly estimated. The method for analysis based on our studies like this could be assumed to be applicable hereafter to a number of games including those of volleyball.

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the tactics of the spike by intemational-class volleyball players. Chinese, Korean, and Japanese male players who participated in the 1994 Asian Games and the 1994 Nippon Volleyball League Final Games held in Hiroshima were filmed at 100 f. p. s.  with two 16mm cinecameras and a VTR. 38 successfully perforτned spikings were selected for the analysis. 22 three dimensional coordinates for the segment endpoints and a ball were computed by the Direct Linear Transformation Method.

    The results were summarized as follows: The rate of simultaneous attacking by three to four spikers was much larger (84.3%) than that of attacking a outside high set from backcourt (12.9%). The left frontcourt spike was often used simultaneously with the backcourt spike-from right-side area. The average maximum height of each set was 4.18, 4.34m respectively. Besides being broadjumpping, quick spiker hit the set whose average length was 1.15m.

    It seems that playing some sports through one's lifetime attracts many of the Japanese people nowadays. As a matter of fact, the number of the people, especially, females and seniors who enjoy some sports has been increasing very rapidly in Japan.

    The target of this paper is to offer some information about the reasons why people have come to show such a great enthusiasm in playing sports. In order to reveal the reasons, 285 general tennis players in a specific area around Tsu City in Mie Prefecture are asked about their consciousness toward playig tennis.

    The main results were as follows:

   1) General tennis players regard playing tennis through their lifetime as a way of communication, keepig good health and relaxing themselves.

   2) The players who set the goal toward winning in official toumaments tend to play positively and seriously, and their dairy life can be sometimes tennis-oriented.

   3) Female tennis players seem to be more involved in playing tennis than males in their daily life.

    In order to offer more opportunities for people to enjoy tennis throughout their life time, it should be necessary to make the facilities substantial and to establish firm organizations for general tennis players.

    The purpose of this study was to evaluate rugby coaching system. Japanese coaching system of rugby was compared with that of England and France to achieve the purpose of this study. As a result, it was found that :

1) Japanese coaching system of rugby has difficulty to arranging players in the best hit positions ;

2) Japanese coaching system of rugby has no official method for evaluating players;    and

3) French coaching system of rugby has the characteristic that the official evaluation method of France maintains a consistent strengthening of players.

    The arrangement of players in the best hit position is a factor in winning ball-games. Further, an official evaluation method of players is indispensiable for strengthening players. Therefore, it is desirable to implement Japanese official evaluation method and, to popularize rugby more among youth for making the aηangement in the best hit position easy in Japan. French perception for strengthening of rugby players suggests an applicable method for various sports to improve the coaching system.