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Cover1-
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A1-A4
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A6-A14
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村木 茂
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ii-iv
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山口 益弘
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v-vi
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小野 透
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vii-x
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三浦 孝一
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xi-xii
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山地 憲治
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xiii-xv
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牧野 英一郎
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xvi-xvii
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SYNOPSIS: World energy consumption is increasing in parallel with growth of population. Coal has been major energy resources until now and also will be major energy resource over coming decades. The sustainable coal consumption for human prosperity is subject to solution of resource constraint and environmental concern such as CO2 emission. Innovative coal technologies should be developed by continuing R&D under the international industry-govemment-academia cooperation.
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原田 亮
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xviii-xix
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Production of hydrogen and syngas can be carried out via steam or CO2 reforming, partial oxidation, or autothermal reforming by natural gas or hydrocarbon source. At present, natural gas is the major feedstock for production of hydrogen and syngas because natural gas is plentiful and production cost are much lower for natural gas than for any other hydrocarbon source. Catalytic processes based on hydrogen or synthesis gas were among the first to be developed 20^<th> century and among the most basic and critically important in fuel and chemical resources for the peoples.
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近藤 昭彦
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xx-xxi
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中岩 勝
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xxii-xxiii
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A concept of"Co-Production", which aims to produce energy and material simultaneously so that the overall energy efficiency can be significantly improved, has been considered as an epoch-making energy saving technology for process industries. The technology can promote cooperation between companies. An example includes area-wide heat and mass integration project was shown and it brought both companies profits.
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吉岡 敏明
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xxiv-xv
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Enormous disaster waste has caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake. Amount is estimated that even with 18 million tons and 24 million tons. Removal and treatment of disaster waste are important missions as a first step towards reconstruction. In the past disaster waste treatment, land fill and incineration was the most common method. It is difficult, however, to secure land filling site and to rely on existing incineration facilities. Sendai city proceed to treat the disaster waste standing point of the policy to recycle over 50%. In particular, in order to recycle and recovery of the metals and wood wastes as resources and energy, thorough classification has been carried out. As a result, the treatment ratio in area tried to classification is over 20%, however, it is less than 10% in other area.
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石川 英輔
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xxvi-xxvii
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王 青躍, 新井田 大貴, アパル パタル, 陳 啓宇, 三村 直輝, 関ロ 和彦
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Nowadays, the oil agglomeration process has developed for reducing and making beneficial use of waste fine coal from the coal mechanic extraction and coal cleaning. In this study, we investigated coal cleaning efficiency based on oil agglomeration with three different grade coals. In order to investigate the precise effects of coal grade, ash contents in coal samples were removed by HC1 and HF acid digestion treatment procedure. Then, on oil agglomeration, we investigated recovery of coal and ratio of oil adhesion to coal. Moreover, from analysis of TG-DTA or DTG, combustive characteristics of each aggregate were searched. As the results, better coal recovery from the low grade coal can be easy to be achieved by oil agglomeration due to interaction of aliphatic low molecular weight compounds with oil aggregating agent. On the other hand, combustive characteristics of the high grade coal were improved, especially the activated energy descended.
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中島 常憲, 原ロ 幸征, 南 有紀, 金近 文彬, 高梨 啓和, 大木 章
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Coal contains various hazardous trace elements. For these hazardous elements, especially volatile elements, such as Hg is in great concern, because those elements are likely to be released into air when coal is burned. In this study, we examined the determination of trace elements in coal by use of microwave-acid digestion (MW-AD) followed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) or inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), and the effect of MW-AD condition upon the recovery of trace elements was investigated. In addition, the concentration of Hg in coal was measured by use of heat-vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (HVAAS).
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倉本 浩司, 福島 登志代, 細貝 聡, 松岡 浩, 鈴木 善三, 笈田 晃行, 義家 亮, 成瀬 一郎, 隈部 和弘, 守冨 寛
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In an effort to explore the feasibility of coal-syngas use as a fuel for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), we conducted some power generation tests using electrolyte-supported button cell with Ni-YSZ anode fueled by the simulated coal syngas with/without doping of selected gaseous/condensable contaminants to know how the trace contaminants in the syngas would cause deterioration of SOFC performance. Doping of metal vapors volatilized from coal ash to fuel gas resulted in the formation of eutectic melting of Ni over the anode layer. When As vapor was injected to the anode chamber, secondary As-Ni phase was formed in the anode which would cause the performance loss. The formation/distribution of solid products among the heavy metal components (As, P and Se) and Ni in the tubular cell was also examined based on the thermo-equilibrium approach.
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林 石英
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This work studied a Ca chemical looping coal gasification FC power generation process by using AspenPlus. Since Ca chemical looping gasification produce near 80% H2 and 20% CH4, the heat released from FC can be used for CH4 reforming. Accordingly, the analysis result shown that, H2 production cold gas efficiency can be obtained 10% higher than gasification cold gas efficiency.
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林 石英
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This work studied the effect of hot water treatment on reactivity of Ca-loaded lignite steam gasification. And a hot water treatment CWM coal gasification process was analyzed and also compared with lignite dry treatment coal gasification process.
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佐藤 和好, 山田 優樹, 宝田 恭之
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In this study, we have investigated the gasification behavior in catalytic low temperature steam gasification of coal char samples through in-situ loading of alkaline catalyst. Either KOH or NaOH loaded Loy-Yang (LY) brown coal char prepared at 650 ℃ was used as catalyst donor. Acceptor char samples were prepared from Hinoki, brown coal (LY), bituminous coal (Daido), anthracite (Hongai) and Graphite. The acceptor and donor particles were mixed with the fixed carbon ratio of 1:1. The steam gasification was performed at 700 ℃ for 2 h under the steam partial pressure of 0.5 MPa (Ar balanced) in a thermogravimetry equipment. The catalysts successfully transferred between donor and acceptor char particles and promoted the gasification of the later. The promotion effect is significant for the acceptor char samples with higher specific surface area and those from lower carbon content raw material. The fact indicates that proposed process is preferable especially for lower grade coal expected to be used for the future power source.
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海保 守, 山田 理, 安田 肇, 島田 荘平
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AIST developed a method that enables us to draw a reaction formula from composition of gas and ultimate analysis of coal. We analyzed the data of underground coal gasification experiments carried out at coal seam in Ezhuang coal mine and fundamental apparatus of China University of Mining and Technology by our method to elucidate the chemical reaction process of UCG.
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山本 修司, 櫻井 靖紘, 工藤 真二, 則永 行庸, 林潤 一郎
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Conversion characteristics of tar model compounds have been investigated in simulated atmospheres that are likely happened in the reductors of air-blown and O_2/CO_2-blown two-stage entrained-flow coal gasifiers. A mixed vapor of model compounds; benzene and naphthalene, which are believed to be the most refractory aromatics, was thermally converted in an atmospheric tubular reactor at 1100-1400 ℃. Gas mixtures composed of CO-CO_2-H_2-H_2O and N_2 were used to simulate the reductor atmospheres. The experimental results suggested that O_2/CO_2-blown mode suppresses the soot formation and promotes the gasification of the soot and/or soot precursor more extensively than air-blown mode does over the entire range of the conditions.
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羽鳥 哲矢, 大塚 裕貴, 森下 佳代子
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Cu has been separated from Fe included in waste etching liquid adding NH3. Cu was recovered by ion-exchange with brown coal. NH3 is too expensive to use for Cu recovery from waste liquid. In this study, NaOH that was relatively low cost was added to reduce NH3 usage and the cost of Cu recovery from waste etching liquid.
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佐藤 和好, 鈴木 彰, 宝田 恭之, 山本 誠一, 濱口 眞基, 井上 聡則
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In this study, we have investigated the role of atmospheric water vapor on the low temperature oxidation of brown coal. Dried brown coal samples of approximately 0.8 g were enclosed in 1L of aluminum coated Tedlar bag with oxygen and helium with the oxygen content of 21 %. For some samples, 2 g of water was added. Then the bag was heated in a drying oven between 60 and 90 ℃. During the period, gas sampling and analysis by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy was took place. We have found that the water vapor significantly promote the oxidation of brown coal. The mass spectroscopic investigation with stable isotopes including ^<18>O_2 and H_2^<18>O reveals that the water vapor react with brown coal surfaces to form a complex. Then the removal of hydrogen (proton) from the complex by oxygen to form water vapor and evolution of CO_2 from the coal surface occurs simultaneously, resulting in promotion of low temperature oxidation. Those finding will help to understand the self-combustion phenomena of brown coal.
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藤墳 大裕, 盧田 隆一, 三浦 孝一
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To use low grade carbonaceous resources, such as brown coal and biomass, efficiently, dewatering, increasing heating value, and suppressing self-ignition tendency are required. We have found that the low-molecular-weight compounds obtained by treating low rank coal in non-polar solvent at around 350℃ had the low self-ignition tendency because of their small pore surface area. However, the self-ignition tendency of the entire solvent treated coal(STC)was still slightly higher than that of raw coal. In this study, hot-press briquetting method was employed to reduce pore surface area of low rank coal and STC. It was found that the samples prepared by hot-press briquetting from raw coal had small pore surface area than the raw coal and the coal pyrolyzed under normal pressure, and the self-ignition tendency decreased with the increase of treatment pressure. The samples prepared by hot-press briquetting from the STC at around 250℃ also had small pore surface area and low self-ignition tendency than the STC.
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Xian Ll, Dedy Eka PRIYANTO, Ryuichi ASHIDA, Kouichi MIURA
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In our previous work we have presented a degradative solvent extraction method to upgrade and separate low-rank coals or biomass wastes into three solid fractions at temperature lower than 350℃. 26.3-56.2% of carbnon were converted into low-molecular-weight fraction (termed soluble), which have molecular weight of around 300, and were free from moisture and ash. In this work the solubles obtained from low-rank coal and biomass waste extraction were hydro-liquefied at lower than 400℃ by using iron hydroxide and sulfur as catalyst and tetralin as solvent at the hydrogen pressure of only 2 MPa (at room temperature). Results showed that the oil (hexane soluble excluding water) yields reached more than 60% on carbon basis. Carbon and oxygen contents of the oils obtained from the solubles were respectively higher and lower than those obtained from their parent materials. Furthermore, H2 consumptions of solubles hydro-liquefaction were rather lower than those of their parent materials hydro-liquefaction. Thus, the combination of our proposed degradative solvent extraction method and hydro-liquefaction of solubles under mild condition may be a promising technology for high quality liquid fuel production from low-rank coals or biomass wastes.
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石原 篤, 中嶋 洸平, 橋本 忠範, 那須 弘行
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A silica gel skeletal was reinforced by aluminum tri-sec-butoxide (ASB), hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDS) or tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) to make silica-aluminas with various large mesopores. Extremely large mesopore reached about 40 nm of pore size using HMDS. The mixed catalysts were prepared using β-zeolite and the reinforced silica-aluminas. The catalytic cracking of n-dodecane was performed over the mixed catalysts and the properties of the reinforced silica-alumina as a matrix were examined. The higher selectivity of branched products was observed using a mesoporous matrix reinforced by ASB.
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Boodsakorn KONGSOMART, 佐藤 和好, 松嶋 彩, 宝田 恭之
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Ni-brown coal char composite with the Ni loading of 20.3 wt % were applied for low temperature gasification of a wood biomass. The composite was fabricated with the simple manner, immersion of brown coal into the Ni amine complex solution and drying followed by heat treatment between 400 and 650℃. The gasification experiments were carried out between 400 and 600℃ with a fixed-bed reactor. The biomass was pyrolyzed up to 900℃. The composite showed better catalytic performance for tar reforming into gaseous species compared to that of previous Ni loaded brown coal char with the Ni loading of ca. 10 wt %. Lower temperature fabrication of the composite significantly reduced the grain size of Ni, providing better tar reforming performance.
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片山 遼, 田村 佑貴, 大田 昌樹, 佐藤 善之, 渡邉 賢, 猪股 宏
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A Flow-type apparatus was developed to measure vapor-liquid phase equilibrium of water-heavy oil mixtures at high temperature and pressure conditions. Equilibrium phase samples were collected and analyzed by GPC for oil contents and by Karl-Fischer titration for water. Phase observations through view window suggested that the mixtures showed vapor-liquid two phases, then vapor-liquid-liquid three phases and liquid-liquid two phases with increasing pressure. Measured vapor-liquid phase equilibrium composition indicated that the water content in vapor phase decreases and the water contents in liquid phase increases with increasing pressure.
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盧田 隆一, 小枝 祐揮, 三浦 孝一
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In this study co-processing of heavy oil and a low-grade iron are which contains a large amount of FeO(OH) was proposed to produce both light oil and a raw material for iron making called iron ore/carbon composite (IOC). When the mixture of the heavy oil, an oil sand bitumen's vacuum residue (VR) in this work, and the low-grade iron are was heated up to 300℃, the VR filled up the layered pore space of 0.8 nm wide which was formed by the dehydration of FeO(OH). When the mixture was further heated over 400℃, the VR in the pore space was catalytically cracked to produce light oil in high yield. The resulting low-grade iron are consisting of Fe_2O_3 and containing high molecular-weight compounds, coke, in the pore space, was expected to be utilized as a high quality IOC.
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内田 宗宏, 窪田 征弘, 中川 朝之, 野村 誠治
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Coke strength is mainly determined by defects in coke. In order to improve coke strength, control of formation of defects during carbonization is important. When high dilatation caking coal is blended, connected pores are formed in large particles of the high dilatation coal, which becomes the major defect determining coke strength. Selective crushing of the high dilatation caking coal decreases the cause of major defects in coke as well as enhances the dispersion of the caking component, both of which improve the coke strength.
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西 真司, 小松 裕也, 朝熊 裕介, 西端 裕子, 北尾 政人, 小谷 充史, 西村 勝
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Coke strength is the most important characteristic for retaining permeability in the bed of a blast furnace. In the present study, coke was coated with phenolic resin in order to improve the coke strength, and a nanoindentation method was used to estimate the strength of the coated coke. The elastic modulus was measured for the microporous coke substrate. The elastic modulus of coated coke before reaction was higher than that of uncoated coke. The mechanism whereby the resin coating improved coke strength was considered by a finite element analysis using a mesh superposition technique.
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安田 肇, 山田 理, 海保 守, 川崎 -彰, 中込 秀樹
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Hydrogasification is a process to produce methane which substitutes natural gas from coal. It has been considered to diversify feedstock of hydrogasification other than coal. Waste plastics mixed with coal were seems to be suitable materials as a means of feedstock. Hydrogasification of polyethylene singly and a mixture of coal/polyethylene were carried out. Synergistic effect was observed when polyethylene was mixed with coal as raw materials, increasing in yield of methane. From the change in the temperature monitored inside the reactor, heat of exothermic hydrogenation of polyethylene may supplement the heat of endothermic pyrolysis of coal to enhance the overall reaction. In this study, helium was used as reaction atmosphere instead of hydrogen to clarify the mixing effect. As a result, in the case of pyrolysis, less synergistic effect than hydrogasification was observed.
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大野 陽太郎
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Oxygen blast furnace has a large potential of gasifying coal with pig iron production. Thermal efficiency and oxygen consumption of oxygen blast furnace are better than those of conventional coal gasification process. It is simulated that 3,000t/day of DME can be produced from excess gas coming out of oxygen blast furnace which is operated at 10,000t/day of pig iron with CR 500kg/t-p and PCR 500kg/t-p.
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河村 朗
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While Iraq has been known as one of major countries with huge oil reserves in the world, little attention has been paid to natural gas of the country. The aims of this paper are to make clear roles of natural gas in this country, and to analyze backgrounds of investment for recovering of flare gas.
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島田 荘平, 佐向 潔哉
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A geological CO_2 storage simulator, ECOMERS(CBF)-UT, was developed. It is applicable for the formations composed of all kinds of sedimentary ones like coal seams, sandstones and shales. This simulator can calculate the enhanced coalbed methane recovery from coal seams, too. As an example of its applications, the gas flow in Yubari ECBMR Project was re-calculated considering the 3-D gas flow into the neighboring formations.
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田中 潤矢, 鈴木 高弘, 宮尾 敏広, 東山 和寿, 山下 寿生, 渡辺 政廣
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The effect of Ni particle size on the performance of CO selective methanation over Ni/Al_2O_3 catalysts was investigated. Kinetic measurements for various catalysts with different size of Ni revealed that Ni surface area had a linear relation to CO and CH4 generation rate but Ni-Al_2O_3 interface length showed no relation to them. This result indicated that CO and CO_2 methanation over Ni/Al2O3 catalyst proceeded dominantly on the surface site of Ni particles.
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宮尾 敏広, 櫻林 智, 東山 和寿, 山下 寿生, 渡辺 政廣
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Addition effect of vanadium on the catalytic activity, selectivity and durability of Ni-Al oxide catalyst for CO selective methanation was studied. Vanadium addition was carried out by three different method, (1) co-impregnation of Ni and vanadium on alumina support, (2) vanadium impregnation to Ni-Al mixed oxide, (3) Ni impregnation to V-Al mixed oxide. When catalyst was prepared by the third method, the highest selectivity and activity were observed. TEM, XPS, FTIR and XRD measurements revealed that Ni-V alloy formation had an important role for the improvement of the catalyst.
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小俣 光司, 立田 侑基, 國吉 一紀, 久保田 岳志
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Cobalt catalyst supported on strontium carbonate (Co/SrCO_3) showed high activity for dry reforming of methane at 1 MPa, 750℃, SV = 100,000 mL/h/g, feed composition = CH_4/CO_2/N_2 = 45/45/10. In the first step of the optimization, new additives to the catalyst had been screened by using a Radial Basis Function Network (RBFN). Catalytic activities of 10 mol% Co + 1 mol% X/SrCO_3 (X = B, K, Sc, Mn, Zn, Nb, Ag, Nd, Re, or Tl) and 16 physicochemical properties of these 10 elements were used for the regression model, and the effect of each additive among 53 elements was predicted by the model by RBFN. In the present study principal component analysis was conducted to make input dataset for a new regression model. In addition to RBFN, Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Gaussian Process Regression was used. New additives were suggested by the new regression models.
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川村 太郎, 山本 佳孝, 須々木 尚子, 大竹 道香, 坂本 靖英, 平林 紳-郎, 辻 智也, 保科 貴亮, 永瀬 茂紀
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セッションID: 2-3-1
発行日: 2012/07/30
公開日: 2017/03/22
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Thermal conductivity of 4-component artificial methane hydrate sediment was measured with newly developed equipment during dissociation process induced by depressurization. With dissociation of methane hydrate in the pore space, thermal conductivity of the sample sediment decreased. Estimation of the thermal conductivity of the sample was also carried out with some thermal conductivity mixing model. Though distribution model reproduced measured values most appropriately, early stage of the dissociation was difficult to reproduce.
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山本 佳孝, 川村 太郎, 平林 紳-郎, 椿 卓也, 村田 篤, 竹内 基, 保科 貴亮, 辻 智也
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発行日: 2012/07/30
公開日: 2017/03/22
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Gas chromatography using small TBAB semi-clathrate hydrate particles is examined as a new practical application of clathrate hydrates. To clarify the elution characteristic, some gases with different molecular sizes and polarities are injected into the apparatus. Retention times (RT) of those gases are varied according to the molecular size and polarities. Original long chromato-column is prepared and separation of CH4 and R23 (CHF3) is examined. As a result, almost perfectly separated two peaks correspond to those gases are observed. It suggests that those gases with different polarity can be separated by gas chromatography using TBAB semi-clathrate hydrate as a stationary phase.
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岩渕 渉, 江上 智晃
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発行日: 2012/07/30
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We carried out triaxial compressive tests to clarify the strain rate dependency of the mechanical property of clathrate hydrate. The specimens were cylindrical pellets of artificial natural gas-hydrate containing methane, ethane, and propane. The test conditions were 0.5 MPa of effective confining pressure, controlled room temperature, and 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10%/min of strain rates. As the result of tests we found the fracture type change ductile to brittle by increasing the strain rate, and the strain rate of ductile to brittle transition point was considered to exist between 0.1%/min and 1%/min.
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竹内 基, 村田 篤, 保科 貴亮, 辻 智也, 大竹 道香, 平林 紳-郎, 川村 太郎, 山本 佳孝, 脇坂 昭弘, 松浦 -雄, Ji ...
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発行日: 2012/07/30
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CO_2 hydrate was synthesized from small ice particles under low-temperature and low-pressure condition (253 [K], 0.7 [MPa]) using the bench scale hydrate formation apparatus with ultrasonic mist generator. Average diameters of synthesized ice particles were measured by optical microscope with low-temperature sample stage and analyzed by image analyses software. Considering particle size distribution, hydrate formation model based on diffusion of CO_2 gas into single ice particle was modified. Production yield is calculated directly without supposition of hydration number using heat of dissociation measured by high pressure low temperature DSC.
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池川 洋二郎, 宮川 公雄, 鈴木 浩一, 田中 姿郎, 窪田 健二
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発行日: 2012/07/30
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松尾 誠治, 藤田 豊久, 竹谷 敏, 山本 佳孝, 梅田 大樹, 岩崎 泰永
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発行日: 2012/07/30
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In this paper, the authors proposed a new protected horticulture system which unites agriculture and engineering with hydrate technology. That is, as to the engineering field, by separating CO_2 from an exhaust gas with hydrate technology, environmental loading reduction such as effective use of CO_2 and reduction of immense expense for CCS are expected. On the other hand, as to agricultural field, by supplying cold energy and CO_2 generated from CO_2 hydrate simultaneously to the protected horticulture, the increase of the photosynthetic rate of crops i.e. the increase agricultural production output is expected.
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守安 弘周, 越 健太郎, 佐藤 亜悠, 鈴木 忠典, 中垣内 敦子, 高津 淑人
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発行日: 2012/07/30
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For the purpose of studying manufacture of CaO catalyst for biodiesel production, a calcined limestone of commercial availability was ground in the presence of biodiesel and the resultant CaO-biodiesel mixture was employed for transesterification of vegetable oil with methanol. Biodiesel, which was used as the grinding solvent, allowed surface oxide phase of CaO catalyst to be guarded from deactivationn caused by contacting with CO_2 and H_2O. When the wet-grinding was carried out with the industrial machines of media-agitating type, the prepared CaO catalyst was so fine that its average particle diameter reached 0.5 μm. The activity measurement test provided data indicating that the transesterifying activity of CaO catalyst was enhances by reducing its average particle diameter. Also, it is possible to recycle the used catalyst as a raw material of the road-making asphalt mixture.
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村上 弥生, 谷 春樹, 朝見 賢二, 藤元 薫
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発行日: 2012/07/30
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It was developed a new direct production process for making the high quality diesel fuel from fat. In this process, the product of the present process was composed of gaseous product (CO, CO2 and light hydrocarbons) and liquid hydrocarbons (C10 - C20, olefins and paraffins). But, when it reacts in high LHSV, cracked oil is not high quality. So, it is suggested that hydrolysis reaction is rate-controlling step in high LHSV. Therefore, the hydrolysis catalyst was developed to promote a hydrolysis reaction.
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高梨 啓和, 中島 常憲, 大木 章, 甲斐 敬美, 丸山 守人, 伊庭 誠
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セッションID: 3-1-3
発行日: 2012/07/30
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In BDF producing processes, separations of glycerol, methanol and catalyst with gravity are insufficient, so crude BDF must be rinsed with a large amount of hot water. As a result of rinsing, tremendous amount of methanol dissolved in wastewaters. In a typical BDF production process, all the wastewater are distilled to recover methanol and water. To distill the wastewater, large amount of energy is needed. The energy consumption is estimated as 6.43% of higher heating value of BDF. This estimation indicates that reducing wastewater amount can contribute to save energy consumption in BDF producing process. So, we tried to reduce wastewater amount by applying emusilication/demulsification technique.
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グンビラ ファジャル, 坂 志朗
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発行日: 2012/07/30
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Due to low reactivity of supercritical methyl acetate towards triglycerides, reaction condition of 350℃/20MPa/45min/ 42:1 molar ratio in methyl acetate to oil was found to be needed to obtain the high yield in biodiesel production. Further increase in yield is difficult to achieve at such a condition, due to possible thermal decomposition of products. This work has been, therefore, done to find suitable additives that can proceed the supercritical process under conditions with lower risks in the occurrence of thermal decomposition. It was consequently discovered that the addition of CH3COOH(aq) improves the reaction rate, thus, the higher yield was achieved at 300℃/20MPa/45min/42 molar ratio.
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奥村 幸彦, 中村 吉成, 花岡 寿明, 中島 良枝, 坂西 欣也
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セッションID: 3-2-1
発行日: 2012/07/30
公開日: 2017/03/22
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This paper reports on the supported-K on gasification rate. Especially, the effect of direct supported-K in the char on gasification reactivity is described. The gasification kinetic rates of herbaceous and woody biomass-derived char have been revealed by measuring the rate of weight loss during its reaction with CO_2 as a function of temperature. First-order kinetic rate constants are determined by fitting the weight loss data using a random pore model. The experimental results show that the high gasification rate of biomass char is appeared i.e., 2-14 times higher than that of raw biomass-char by directly supported-K.
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