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Cover1-
発行日: 2015/07/27
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原稿種別: 付録等
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発行日: 2015/07/27
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原稿種別: 付録等
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近久 武美
原稿種別: 本文
p.
ii-iii
発行日: 2015/07/27
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Most of the people concern energy cost seriously. However cost is equivalent to employment. If the energy cost is circulating in an area for construction and maintenance of the energy infrastructure, increased cost can be promotion of local economics. Renewable energy may increase energy cost, but more money is circulating in a country due to the decreased fuel from abroad, resulting in prosperous society. The author named the concept "Energy Renaissance" for realizing sustainable society. Analysis of the necessary area and cost for the renewable energy shows the possibility of the concept. The keynote speech will show the importance of the concept to avoid economic catastrophe in the future. Speech also refers to hydrogen energy.
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増田 隆夫
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iv-v
発行日: 2015/07/27
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Catalytic conversion of inedible biomass was performed with iron oxide-based catalysts for production of petroleum-related useful chemicals. The iron-oxide catalyst exhibits high activities against hydroxyl and carboxyl groups in biomass-derived hydrocarbon molecules. In this paper, the catalytic functions of the iron oxide catalyst to real biomass such as fermentation residue, crude glycerol and lignin and the production mechanism of the useful chemicals are introduced.
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津村 健司
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vi-vii
発行日: 2015/07/27
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It has passed over 50 years since the sucess of the world first LNG carrier "METHANE PIONEER", but the design of LNG carrier is still evolving to meet with the changing market demands of variation of trading route, improvement of economy and strengthening of environmental regulations. The LNC carrier is a very unique ship which has variations of cargo containment system and propulsion plant due to the needs of combination of high technologies to handle the cargo of extreme low temperature -163℃. Recently, shipyards have released new designs of LNG carrier with various technical innovations to fit for the North America shale gas trade via new panama canal whose trading route has unique features compared with existing trading routes. In this presentation, the latest technical innovations of LNG carrier and "SAYARINGO STaGE" which is developed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd, are introduced.
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鈴木 勉
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viii-ix
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Carbonization at 500℃ for wood loaded with iron precursor by aqueous impregnation can afford highly dispersed ultrafine iron metal particles on char together with tar used as a liquid fuel. The resulting metallic iron/char complex is effectively converted into crystallized mesoporous carbon (CMC) accompanying a considerable evolution of hydrogen by subsequent 850℃-carbonization. It is confirmed that CMC subjected to such post-treatments as acid-washing and oxidation by air at < 400℃ acts as excellent electro-conductive filler. The iron-catalyzed two-steps carbonization is thus a promising industrial process realizing coproduction of functional carbon and fluid fuels from wood.
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北 裕幸
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x-xi
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In recent years, introduction of renewable energy (RE) to power systems has been expected as a measure for solving the global warming and energy security issues. In Hokkaido, introduction of wind power generation (WT) and photovoltaic generation (PV) is progressing rapidly from reasons such as it is easy to get broader land. However, electric power from WT and PV has a unique characteristic which is not consistent with stable power supply for the consumers. Therefore, some appropriate measures are required to introduce large amount of RE in Hokkaido power systems. The author describes characteristics of RE in Hokkaido power systems and their future prospects based on some experimental study for utilizing power from RE generation effectively.
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矢加部 久孝
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xii-xiii
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To reduce CO_2 emission significantly until 2030, improving energy efficiency, active introduction of renewable energy and CCS (carbon capture and storage) are important. Regarding the energy efficiency, fuel cells are key technologies. "ENEFARM" which is a residential μ-CHP has been spreading well and more expansion is expected. Fuel cells for business use will be expected to be commercialized in 2017. In terms of low CO_2 emission technology, recently much effort are payed to hydrogen related technologies. Last year new FCV was commercialized and hydrogen refueling stations have been preparing. In this paper, a summary of recent development on the fuel cells and hydrogen related technologies is reported and a new technology is introduced.
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松藤 敏彦
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xiv-xv
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Biomass energy is carbon neutral, "Biogasification is ideal energy recovery process." They are wideliy believed mantra among poeple and municipalites, as a result, there are many projects going on for biomass recycling. However, there is little consideration on overall efficiency of energy recovery. In this presentation, the author recommends to have a Life Cycle Thinkng and Material Flow (or Balance) concept for selecting optimum energy recovery system, by comparing various technologies both in biological and thermal process, and showing energy balance through these processes.
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森山 正樹
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xvi-xvii
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Energy education model school project by the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy began in 2014. Sapporo Shiroishi junior high school has been certified as energy education model school. The principal school showed the class of the radiation. The student thought about geological disposal of the high-level radioactive waste based on an experiment. I'll report on the practice.
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秋鹿 研一
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xviii-
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Water electolysis produces hydrogen and the reverse reaction (through hydrogen fuel cell) produces electric power. Hydrogen and electric power are interchangeable although the efficiency of those changes are below 100%. Since hydrogen can be stored and transported as a secondary energy, hydrogen usage technology is now being develloped over the world. In Japan the "Enefarm" and the fuel cell vehicle have started to be commercialized. At present the cost of the equipments and hydrogen are expensive, however the technology and production increase must solve these provlems gradually. The final solution of energy portforio and environmental problem is how to get economic renewable energy in the world in the future. During the intermedient period every countries are wondering how to reform their infrastracture of energy transportation. The strategies during these period are different each other.
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木庭 啓介
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xx-xxi
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Primary production in terrestrial ecosystems, especially in forest ecosystems is generally limited by the supply of available nitrogen to the plants. Nitrogen in the terrestrial ecosystem is thus recycled so tightly that nitrogen loss from the ecosystem is generally low. I introduce how plants and microbes in forest ecosystems play an important role in recycling nitrogen, and how such a recycling system is collapsed in these days due to the increase in anthropogenic nitrogen input.
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廬田 隆一, 高橋 諒, 河瀬 元明, 三浦 孝一
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The authors have recently proposed a novel method that not only dewaters but upgrades low-grade carbonaceous resources such as biomass, peat, lignite, and sub-bituminous coals. The method comprises a treatment of the raw materials in non-polar solvent, such as 1-methylnaphthalene, at temperatures below 350℃, and subsequent separation of the upgraded samples into extract, residue, and gaseous product consisting of CO_2 and a negligible amount of hydrocarbon gases at the treatment temperature. The extract is further separated into solvent-soluble fraction, Soluble, and solvent-insoluble fraction, Deposit, at room temperature. The method can produce a large amount of Soluble which consists of ashless, carbon-rich, low-molecular-weight compounds. In this study the upgrading mechanism of biomass in the proposed method was examined. It was clarified that intermolecular dehydration reactions of cellulose which cause polymerization were significantly suppressed in the presence of solvent and then bond cleavage reactions proceeded in parallel with intramolecular dehydration reactions, resulting in the formation of low-molecular-weight compounds with more unsaturated double bonds.
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藤墳 大裕, Trairat MUANGTHONG-ON, 蘆田 隆一, 大垣 英明, 三浦 孝一
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Low rank coals including an Australian coal, Loy Yang, and biomass wastes were treated in solvents at 350℃. The solvent treatment deoxygenates the raw materials to produce upgraded solid products (abbreviated to STC or STB) containing 74 to 78 % C (d.a.f.) and hence having over 30 MJ value. In this work pyrolysis and gasification characteristics of STC/STB were examined by using the temperature programmed reaction (TPR) technique using TGA with detailed gas analysis. Pyrolysis of STC/STB was found to effective to obtain low oxygen content products. Gasification of STC/STB was effective to enhance the gasification rate of Soluble fraction constituting STC/STB.
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谷村 隼, 福島 寿子, 奥山 修平, 伏見 千尋, 松岡 浩一
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The integrated coal Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) has been received a lot of attention because of its higher thermal efficiency than conventional coal-fired power generation systems. To increase thermal efficiency of IGCC systems, triple-bed combined circulating fluidized bed gasifier have been developed. In this reactor, coal pyrolysis occurs with high-temperature heat medium particles in a downer pyrolyzer. Because the pyrolysis is rapid reaction, influence of heat transfer and contacting the heat medium particles with the coal is very important. In this study, we have developed a novel co-current downer pyrolyzer, which can directly contact coal particles with heat medium particles heated in about 900 ℃ using a fluidized bed preheater. We investigated the effect of heat medium particles on the pyrolysis of brown coal in the downer reactor by changing feed rate of silica sand (heat medium particles).
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奥村 幸彦, 朝日 貴哉, 國本 祐介
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We conducted combustion experiments under various furnace temperatures, heating rates, and coal types (ash melting point, ash content, and atomic ratio of raw coal) to systematically extract their effects on PM formation. There have been few studies on PM generation in a combustion field of layered char breeze as realized in the sintered ore production process, that is, in the field where pulverized coal char particles contact each other. The following tendencies were observed. With increasing furnace temperature, large ash particles became more prevalent, due to melting and coalescence. This effect was especially prominent for ash particles with a low melting point (approximately 1250℃), as compared to those with a high melting point (approximately 1450℃). As the heating rate increased, small particle generation increased. For raw coal with a high ratio of (H/C)/(O/C)×VM×ASH, char particles tend to become clump and swelling under the influence of adhesion during char formation, forming large ash particles.
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永沼 遼, 神谷 恭平, 望月 友貴, 坪内 直人, 上坊 和弥
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The evolution of gaseous O-containing species (CO, CO_2 and H_2O) during carbonization of seven caking coals at a heating rate of 3℃/min has been studied with a quartz-made fixed bed reactor to make clear the influence of oxygen element on coal fluidity. The seven coals provide a Gieseler maximum fluidity (MF) value between 435 and 480℃, and the value depends strongly on the kind coal and ranges from 1.1 to 4.1 log(ddpm). Interestingly, the MF value decreases almost linearly with increasing total amount of (CO plus CO_2 plus H_2O) evolved up to the maximum fluidity temperature described above. Furthermore, the addition of O-containing compounds [phthalide (C_8H_6O_2), 2-naphthoic acid (C_<11>H_8O_2) and fluorescein (C_<20>H_<12>O_5)] to an Australian caking coal lowers the MF value considerably: the value decreases from the original 3.5 to 1.6-2.8 log(ddpm). It is thus probable that some of O-functional groups inherently-present in coal have a negative effect on coal fluidity.
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崎元 尚土, Atul Sharma, 鷹觜 利公
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For coke-application, coke strength is an important parameter. To produce the high strength coke, caking coal is needed. Caking coal is limited in resources and is also expensive. Iron and steel companies want to develop a technology to produce high strength coke from low-rank coals which are more abundant and cheaper than caking coals. We recently developed a new method to produce "the caking coal free coke (CFC)" and investigated the strength and reactivity of that coke in a previous study. The coke had higher strength and reactivity than a commercial coke. In this study, we investigated the strength mechanism of the CFC by using image analysis. The connectivity index (CI) increased with increasing MOSXF amount and reached maximum value at 35% MOSXF. After that, CI decreased with increasing MOSXF amount. Similar trend was also observed between coke strength and MOSXF amount. Therefore, we can attribute the change in strength pattern of caking coal free coke by CI parameter.
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Atul SHARMA, 松村 明光, 鷹觜 利公, 林 石英, 幡野 博之
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Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC) technology where oxygen for combustion is supplied by metal oxygen carriers instead of air is finding application in coal fired power plants for economical CO_2 capture. The flue gas contains CO_2 and H_2O which can be easily separated leading to reduced energy penalty. Development of a robust, an effective and economical metal oxygen carrier is of primary research interest. This study reports reduction-oxidation characteristics of natural ore Ilmenite and artificially prepared Al_2O_3/Fe_2O_3 as oxygen carriers. Reduction experiments were carried out in a fluidized bed reactor at 700, 800 and 900℃ with 10% CO. Results were discussed in terms of their oxygen transfer capacity, transfer rate and stability after repeated redox cycles.
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梅津 宏紀, 梶谷 史朗, 梅本 賢
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Coal fired power generation is positioned as part of base load power supply in our country and high thermal efficiency is required to overcome its high carbon emission. Recently, a new concept of IGCC system as a future technology is proposed that utilizes steam genereated by heat recovery of gas turbine exhaust for low-temperature steam gasification to improve the thermal efficiency. This research focused only on a entrained gasifier with steam supply, and gasification performances were evaluated using a one-dimensional numerical analysis that considers heat and material balance with gasification reaction rates. As a result, a paticular condition was found that improves cold gas efficiency by an appropriate control of oxygen comsumption and steam supply.
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丹野 賢二, 梶谷 史朗, 梅津 宏紀, 梅本 賢, 牧野 尚夫
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Integrated coal gasification combined cycle (IGCC) is expected to be a promising power generation system achieving high thermal efficiency and low carbon emission. Recently, new concept of IGCC system is proposed. In this system, steam generated by heat recovery of gas turbine is injected into gasifier and steam injection is expected to increase gasifier performance and thermal efficiency. In this study, the effect of steam injection into a two-stage entrained flow type gasifier was investigated by means of the three-dimensional numerical analysis. The results show that the steam injected gasifier can keep high temperature in combustor part enough to smoothly discharge molten slag. Furthermore, it was found that the steam injection position affects flow pattern in the gasifier and consequently, gasifier performance is also affected.
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紺野 亜紀子
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The Osaki CoolGen Project began in April 2012 as an "Integrated coal Gasification Fuel Cell combined cycle (IGFC) demonstration project" subsidized by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. This project aims to realize innovative low-carbon coal-fired thermal power generation that combines IGFC, an extremely efficient coal-fired thermal power generation technology, with innovative CO_2 capture technologies. The first stage of this project, to demonstrate the oxygen-blown Integrated Coal Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC), is progressing in construction work toward commissioning start of 2^<nd> quarter 2016. The following will explain the project outline, focused on the first stage, which is the oxygen-blown IGCC demonstration project.
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岩崎 良亮, 大田 昌樹, 佐藤 善之, 猪股 宏
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For better understanding the phase behaviors of heavy oil converting processes, vapor-liquid equilibria (VLE) for hydrocarbon (toluene or n-decane or decalin) + atmospheric residue (AR) light fraction systems were measured at 300, 340, 380 ℃ and 5 MPa by a flow type apparatus. The fractions used were most light fraction (Fr. 1) and fairly heavy fraction (Fr. 4) of which T_b ranges were about 124〜382℃ and 465〜490℃. The experimental data obtained in this work were correlated by Peng-Robinson equation of state to gather with van der Waals one fluid model. The correlations indicated that the Fr. 1, wide T_b range fractions, would be devided into five sub-fractions to make T_b range reasonable.
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石原 篤, 伊藤 晃寛, 那須 弘行, 橋本 忠範
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If dehydrocyclization of n-paraffins to form aromatics, one of reactions occurring in the catalytic reforming, will proceed selectively, straight-run naphtha, which mainly consists of n-paraffins, can be regarded as a good hydrogen carrier. Although a Pt/Al_2O_3 catalyst with Cl ion is usually used for the reforming reaction, Pt is expensive noble metal and further it is difficult for this catalyst to make the selective dehydrocyclization of n-paraffins. Therefore the alternatives to Pt are strongly required. In this study we investigated the preparation of zeolite-alumina composite-supported Ni-Mo catalysts and their reactivity for the selective dehydrocyclization of n-heptane, a model compound of naphtha. It was found that ZSM-5-alumina composite-supported NiMo catalysts were very active for the selective dehydrocyclization of n-heptane to form hydrogen and aromatics.
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永井 裕樹, 加藤 貴宏, 大川 浩一, 菅原 勝康
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To develop a mild chemical desulfurization method without residual chemicals in the treated coals, desulfurization behavior was investigated by immersing five types of coals into hydrogen peroxide at room temperature. Most of pyritic and sulfate sulfur can be removed from all of coals by the treatment. Removal extent of organic sulfur changes from 83% to 9% with the increase of carbon content of raw coals.
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海保 守, 小寺 洋一
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We estimated h_f (the enthalpy of formation) of coal by a classical thermodynamic method. The heating value of coal evaluated from h_f was well agreed with measured one. A mean molecular formula of coal was determined by employing some parameters and number of inter-atomic bonds in coal applied for estimation of h_f. A relationship between the number of oxygen atoms and that of aromatic rings in the coal molecule was investigated to elucidate the effect of oxygen atom on the chemical structure.
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斉間 等, 朝見 賢二, 茂木 康弘
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Glycerol decomposition over iron ore was studied. Main products were carbon monoxide, hydrogen and methane although equilibrium calculation showed methane concentration should be less than 1%. Low heat value of product gas was 16MJ/m^3. Iron ore after decomposition reaction was reduced from hematite to magnetite. Iron ore with larger iron content had higher gas yield. On the other hand, surface area of iron ore before reaction might have no relationship with catalytic activity. Residence time study revealed that all products were produced from glycerol directly. Thus, it was suggested that major reaction was C_3H_8O_3→>2CO+CH_4+H_2+H_2O.
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梅垣 哲士, 小嶋 芳行, 小俣 光司
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Hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to methanol is one of attractive processes to recycle carbon dioxide for chemical use. In this process, water by-product is generated accompanying with methanol and influences on catalytic activity of conventional copper-zinc oxide based catalyst such as loss of its durability. The present study investigated the effect of oxide coating on catalytic activity of the commercial copper-zinc oxide based catalyst to suppress the influence of water by-product.
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朝見 賢二, 吉田 航平, 込山 和樹
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Lower olefin synthesis was performed through Fischer-Tropsch synthesis over manganese promoted iron catalyst supported on carbon. Addition of manganese to the catalyst resulted in higher selectivity to olefins. It was found that added manganese supressed the secondary hydrogenation of olefins.
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村岡 道弘, 須々木 尚子, 山本 佳孝, 山口 寛子, 辻 智也
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Thermal property of 4-component artificial hydrate sediment sample consisted with sediment-water-methane-water was measured by means of transient plane source technique. To avoid difficulties with heat of melting of hydrate due to output of power from transient plane source, measurement was conducted under super-cooling state during methane hydrate formation in sediment pores. The results showed that both thermal diffusivity and conductivity slightly increased with saturation of hydrate, S_h, increased within the range of 0 < S_h < 0.3. Calculations of thermal conductivity with some mixing models were also carried out to examine the applicability of those models to estimate the thermal conductivity of artificial hydrate sediment sample. The distribution model shows a relatively good agreement with the experimental data; however, it underestimates the thermal conductivity of the four-component sample.
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竹谷 敏, 室町 実大, 後藤 義人, 兵藤 一行, 米山 明男, 武田 徹
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Phase-contrast X-ray imaging technique is suitable for visualizing light-element materials. In this study, Diffraction-enhanced imaging (DEI) technique equipped with an originally designed cryogenic cell was used for measurements of clathrate hydrates within aluminum tube. It was shown that the DEI technique open up a way for in-situ observations of growth or dissociation processes of clathrate hydrate under high-pressure conditions.
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竹谷 敏, 室町 実大, 山本 佳孝, 松尾 誠治
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A comprehensive understanding of the preservation of gas hydrates is important not only from a physicochemical point of view, but also for practical applications such as the storage and transport of CO_2 gas in the form of solid hydrate. In this study, dissociation rates of CO_2 hydrate under different type of gas atmosphere, such as CO_2 and N_2, were measured using powder X-ray diffraction method. The pressure effects of atmospheric gases on the dissociation rate were also examined. It is shown that CO_2 hydrates show self-preservation phenomena even under N_2 gas atmosphere or vacuumed conditions.
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清水 勇希, 八久保 晶弘, 大野 浩, 竹谷 敏, 青木 輝夫
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Specific surface area (SSA) of gas hydrate is an important factor to control its formation / dissociation speed. We report SSA of methane and ethane hydrates formed from ice powder or small ice particles using a gas-adsorption method. Methane is used as an adsorbent on the surface of ice and gas hydrate at the temperature of liquid nitrogen. First, we measured SSA of ice particles, and then formed gas hydrate by pressurizing guest gas and melting ice. Residual methane and ethane were vacuumed under the temperature of liquid nitrogen and the melting temperature of pentane, respectively, and we measured SSA of their gas hydrates. Although some previous works reported high SSA and sub-micron order of porous microstructure on the surface of gas hydrate, we did not detect significant increase in SSA from ice to methane and ethane hydrates.
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太田 有香, 八久保 晶弘, 竹谷 敏
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セッションID: 2-3-1
発行日: 2015/07/27
公開日: 2017/03/22
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Methane and ethane mixed-gas hydrate composed of the cubic structure I and II has been discovered in a same sediment core retrieved from the mud volcanoes at Lake Baikal. We investigated the formation process of double structure gas hydrate in a laboratory experiment. The mixed-gas hydrates dissociated in a calorimeter showed two peaks in their thermograph, suggesting that a secondary formation of ethane-rich gas hydrate formed in their dissociation process. Isotopic fractionation of hydrogen isotope of hydrate-bound ethane was detected in the hydrate-bound gases between the first and second peaks, corresponded to the field data of the double structure observed at the Kukuy K-2 mud volcano (central Baikal Basin). These results supported an idea that the ethane-rich (structure II) gas hydrate formed after dissociation of methane-rich (structure I) gas hydrate.
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木田 真人, 坂上 寛敏, 高橋 信夫, 渡邊 瑞穂, 神 裕介, 長尾 二郎
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セッションID: 2-3-2
発行日: 2015/07/27
公開日: 2017/03/22
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In this study, the crystal structure of gas hydrates formed from methane-butane mixtures was characterized in order to clarify the relationship between its guest composition and hydrate crystal structure. ^<13>C NMR spectroscopic analyses revealed that the guest butane molecules preferentially occupy the large cages of structure II hydrate framework. The small cage occupancies of methane in the structure II hydrate lattice decreased with increasing butane concentration. The hydrate lattice parameters were determined by a powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) technique. The PXRD patterns showed that the hydrate lattice tends to expand with increasing butane composition.
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八久保 晶弘, 淀川 貴雅, 堀 彰, 竹谷 敏
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セッションID: 2-3-3
発行日: 2015/07/27
公開日: 2017/03/22
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Natural gas hydrate contains not only methane, but also other higher hydrocarbons. We report Raman spectra of hydrate-bound hydrocarbons: methane, ethane, propane, iso-butane (2-methylpropane), n-butane, and neo-pentane (2,2-dimethylpropane). Because n-butane and neo-pentane need help gas to be encaged into large cages of the crystallographic structure II, we added krypton to be filled in small cages. We obtained their Raman spectra and revealed that the Raman peaks of hydrate-bound hydrocarbons shifted from those of solid or liquid phases. Raman intensities of C-C stretching mode were relatively larger; however, gauche and trans forms of n-butane complicated peak determination. The information of specific Raman peaks of hydrocarbons in the hydrate cages is useful to identify hydrate-bound hydrocarbons in natural gas hydrate.
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内田 誠吾
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セッションID: 2-4-1
発行日: 2015/07/27
公開日: 2017/03/22
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The time has come to reconsider the LNG price of Japan. Most of LNG price formation mechanisms in the long term gas contract have been linked to JCC(Japan Crude Cocktail) index, making a distinction between economic and market fundamentals. LNG buyers in Japan also have suffered from the price discrimination in the spot market. Gas prices in the spot market change widely over the world due to the difference between the market structures of each country. In this papers we investigate the possibility of the competitive LNG market in Japan.
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河村 朗
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セッションID: 2-4-2
発行日: 2015/07/27
公開日: 2017/03/22
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Kuwait, which is one of the Persian Gulf countries, has been an Arab OPEC country with a lot of proven crude oil reserves. On the other hand, the country has held relatively less proven natural gas reserves with majority of it in associated gas, which has led to much constraint regarding gas supply because of oil policies by OPEC. This country has imported LNG since 2009 due to shortages of natural gas for power generation. This paper aims to analyze demand and supply trends of the gas industry economically with focusing on trends from 2010 on, giving prospects of the hydrocarbon with relation to trends of nuclear and renewable energy.
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清水 努, 山本 佳孝, 成田 英夫
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セッションID: 2-5-1
発行日: 2015/07/27
公開日: 2017/03/22
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Detail mechnisms of methane hydrate (MH) crystal formation in methane-water pipe flows are of great concern for the development of natural gas recovery well systems from MH bearing sedment undersea. In this study, generation mechanims and dynamic behavir of MH crystal particles in bubbly pipe flows is investigated experimentally using a 10.4 m vertical flow loop, which is composed of 5 cm and 2.1 cm I.D. pipelines. Nucleation of MH crystals is initiated through isothermal and isochoric process at 277.2 K and the void fraciton of 0.016. In-situ particle size analysis is performed under both saturated and unsaturated condtions of hydrate former in solution for various flow rates. The particle generation mechanism is described via an ad-hoc population balance model.
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大山 裕之, 吉田 毅郎, 安部 俊吾, 佐藤 徹
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セッションID: 2-5-2
発行日: 2015/07/27
公開日: 2017/03/22
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Mud exfoliation/erosion phenomenon in the sand/mud alternate layer is a concern for production of methane gas from methane hydrate reservoir, because long time stable production of gas is required. Mud exfoliation/erosion affects well stability and permeability of reservoir. Therefore, we carried out to clarify this phenomenon by experimental and computational approaches. As experiments, we prepared an artificial core of sand/mud layer. From experimental results, we obtained parameters of mud exfoliation/erosion phenomenon, which are critical Darcy velocity and proportional constant. The simulation part with regard to water flow in pore space is based on LBM (Lattice Boltzmann Method). The sand particles are generated in a three-dimensional calculation area. The shear stress can be calculated by the velocity of the water flow and the distance between the mud layer and the calculation point. We constructed basic model of mud exfoliation/erosion phenomenon.
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池川 洋二郎, 末永 弘, 窪田 健二, 野原 慎太郎
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セッションID: 2-5-3
発行日: 2015/07/27
公開日: 2017/03/22
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Methane hydrate is expected as our domestic energy resources in Japan; our national project conducted by Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry for developing a commercial production method in near future. At the same time, enhanced recovering methods are also studying for higher economic efficiency. This paper is described about using exothermic heat of CO2 hydrate formation for enhanced recovery, especially considered the function when the seawater is used instead of pure water. The experimental result shows that seawater is can be used for this CO2 method.
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内田 努, 山崎 憲慈, 郷原 一寿
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セッションID: 2-6-1
発行日: 2015/07/27
公開日: 2017/03/22
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Gas hydrate crystals have the structure in which one molecule is enclathrated in a cage constructed by water molecules. When this crystal is dissociated in water, it is considered that the gas molecules are released one by one into water to be dissolved. However, since the guest molecule is hydrophobic, a part of released molecules from the gas hydrate could form bubbles. We tried to observe these fine bubbles directly by forming the freeze-fracture replica and using a transmission electronic microscope (TEM). TEM images showed the existence of sub-micron-order fine bubbles in the dissociated solution. Then we discussed the role of the nanobubbles playing as the main reason of the memory effect of the gas-hydrate reformation.
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橋本 秀紀, 小堀 貴之, 室町 実大, 前川 竜男, 竹谷 敏, 山本 佳孝
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セッションID: 2-6-2
発行日: 2015/07/27
公開日: 2017/03/22
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This paper reports an experimental study of a CO_2 and N_2 mixed gas separation by tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide (TBAB) semiclathrate hydrates. We used a mixed gas having 〜15 mol% of CO_2 and 〜85 mol% of N_2 which is close to flue gases. We measured formation and dissociation condition of the TBAB hydrates formed with the gas. We also performed gas separation tests at three formation pressures: 1, 2 and 3 MPa. The highest CO_2 concentration in the hydrate phase was obtained when the formation pressure was 3 MPa. The results showed a possibility that the higher pressure condition, the denser CO_2 in the TBAB hydrate phase. X-ray diffraction measurements were performed for the TBAB + N_2 hydrates to investigate guest gas occupancies based on the crystal structures.
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Surachai KARNJANAKOM, 官 国清, Asep BAYU, 阿布里 提
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セッションID: 3-1-1
発行日: 2015/07/27
公開日: 2017/03/22
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In this study, ethylene glycol (EG) assisted impregnation of nickel catalyst on MCM-41 (Ni/MCM-41-EG) was performed and applied for the steam reforming of tar derived from biomass. The catalyst was characterized by SEM-EDX, BET, XRD and TPR. It is found that smaller nickel particles were well dispersed on MCM-41 and better catalytic activity was shown for the Ni/MCM-41-EG when compared with the catalyst of Ni/MCM-41 prepared by using the conventional impregnation method. H_2 yield increased approximately 8 % when using 20 wt.% Ni/MCM-41-EG instead of 20 wt.% Ni/MCM-41 for the steam reforming of tar derived from sunflower stalk. The catalyst reusability was also tested up to five cycles, and no obvious activity reduction was observed.
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原 聖人, 波岡 知昭, 伊藤 響, 二宮 善彦
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セッションID: 3-1-2
発行日: 2015/07/27
公開日: 2017/03/22
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Tolerance level of carbon deposition from model wood gas on the Ni-CeO_2 composites was evaluated in this study. In the range studied, no carbon was detected on the Ni-CeO_2 composite pellets. CeO_2 presumably act as oxidant of tar and precursors of carbon deposition under these operating conditions. In addition, the Ni-CeO_2 composite was applied as an anode electrode catalyst for solid oxide fuel cell. It was found that the power generation performance was strongly influenced by the Ni/Ce ratio, and the overpotentials of the anodes with Ni/Ce ratio 9:1 and 8:2 anode catalyst were lower than that of the anode with pure Ni anode catalyst. Reduced CeO_2 : Ce_2O_3 may act as reductant of trace NiO in the anode catalyst and the number of the active Ni sites in the anode increased.
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波岡 知昭, 原 聖人, 後藤 麻里, 前田 佑樹, 二宮 善彦
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セッションID: 3-1-3
発行日: 2015/07/27
公開日: 2017/03/22
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Feasibility of atmospheric auto-hydrocracking reaction on trace tar reforming for gas purification process in biomass gasification system was investigated. Trace toluene as a model tar was converted into methane with Ni catalyst when its fixed bed temperature was more than 350C, and its coexistence hydrogen concentration was more than 30 vol.%. In the case of pure steam gasification of biomass can realize high hydrogen concentration, between 30 vol.% and 55 vol.%, in syn-gas. Therefore, tar elimination by atmospheric auto-hydrocracking can be realized only pure steam gasification process. Hydrogen concentration was one of the most crucial operating parameters for this gas cleaning reaction.
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山田 淳司, 義家 亮, 植木 保昭, 成瀬 一郎
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セッションID: 3-1-4
発行日: 2015/07/27
公開日: 2017/03/22
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The purpose of this study is the gasification behavior of biomass in the packed-bed, carrying out gasification experiment (updraft and downdraft gasification). In this study, pellets of black pine (φ6.5 mm × 8.5 mm) were fed intermittently and using air as the gasification agent. In the gasification tests, the temperature distribution and the gas compositions in the gasifier were measured during gasification, and the amount of tar in the gasified gas was measured. In addition, the steam was injected in the gasifier in order to reduce the amount of tar.
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奥村 幸彦, 中川 尭, 花岡 寿明
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セッションID: 3-2-1
発行日: 2015/07/27
公開日: 2017/03/22
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The present study examined the mechanism underlying the enhancement of the gasification rate of biomass char when potassium (K) or iron (Fe) was supported on the char. The alkali metal catalysts were directly supported on the char with support ratios of 0, 2, 6, 10, and 20 wt%. When K was supported on the char, the gasification rate increased as the support ratio increased up to 10 wt%. Although the amount of the char-supported K catalyst slightly decreased due to heating during gasification (evaporation and scattering), the catalyst did not completely disappear, but remained on the surface of and inside the char and the remaining catalyst exerted its effect. The gasification rate was significantly lower when Fe was supported on char. This is due to a large decrease in the amount of char-supported Fe catalyst on the char surface because of evaporation and scattering.
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森田 直之, 川端 康正, 足立 真理子, 和嶋 隆昌, 中込 秀樹, 中安 雅美, 高橋 和大, 米山 悠斗
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セッションID: 3-2-2
発行日: 2015/07/27
公開日: 2017/03/22
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Woody biomass in order to solve the global warming problem, it is expected as a future energy source. Currently, construction waste and thinning material, even as the use of unused wood resources such as forest residue materials, power generation by combustion, gasification, and biochemical conversion typified by a thermochemical conversion and ethanol fermentation, such as liquefied It has been made. In particular the product gas obtained by thermochemical conversion, because it can be used as a fuel gas, an attractive energy source. We aim the action of the catalyst and the adsorption to promote the gasification at a high efficiency, subjected to thermal decomposition of the wood using general dissemination type zeolite. The zeolite was investigated what impact in the thermal decomposition of wood. Moreover, it was aimed to reveal whether is given what effect performs qualitative analysis of the resulting gas. In addition, we expect that the effective utilization of unused wood resources be examined by the present study.
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