Japanese Journal of Behavior Analysis
Online ISSN : 2424-2500
Print ISSN : 0913-8013
ISSN-L : 0913-8013
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Volume 11, Issue 1-2
Displaying 1-15 of 15 articles from this issue
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  • [title in Japanese]
    Article type: Cover
    1997 Volume 11 Issue 1-2 Pages Cover1-
    Published: June 30, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24456/jjba.11.1-2_Cover1
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  • [title in Japanese]
    Article type: Index
    1997 Volume 11 Issue 1-2 Pages Toc1-
    Published: June 30, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24456/jjba.11.1-2_Toc1
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  • [title in Japanese]
    Article type: Index
    1997 Volume 11 Issue 1-2 Pages Toc2-
    Published: June 30, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24456/jjba.11.1-2_Toc2
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  • The Present and the Future of Choice Studies with Animals and Humans(<Special Issue>THE PRESENT STATUS OF CHOICE STUDIES)
    MASATO ITO
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 11 Issue 1-2 Pages 2-8
    Published: June 30, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24456/jjba.11.1-2_2
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    The study of choice has established a research area of decision making with animals and humans. This research has been carried out with concurrent-choice procedures and has provided a quantitative account of choice behavior, the matching law. This account has been applied to behavioral data obtained in situations ranging from the laboratory to everyday life. Future developments in choice will emerge from such research areas as behavior modification, choice theory, an integration of studies of choice and cognitive decision making, and social choice and decision making under uncertainty.
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  • Recent Developments in the Study of Choice Behavior : Towards a comparative Study of Decision Making(<Special Issue>THE PRESENT STATUS OF CHOICE STUDIES)
    MASAHARU TAKAHASHI
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 11 Issue 1-2 Pages 9-28
    Published: June 30, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24456/jjba.11.1-2_9
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    The present paper reviews recent developments in the study of choice behavior in operant psychology. A special emphasis is placed on studies related to the matching law, the delay-reduction theory, self-control, and risky choice. Although some models of choice seem powerful in describing the data obtained with infrahuman subjects (pigeons in most cases), they sometimes fail to account for the data obtained with human subjects. It is suggested that future quantification of choice behavior should attempt to explain the differences between humans and nonhumans.
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  • Impulsiveness and Self-Control in Developmentally Handicapped Children(<Special Issue>THE PRESENT STATUS OF CHOICE STUDIES)
    MAYUMI SHIMAZAKI
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 11 Issue 1-2 Pages 29-40
    Published: June 30, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24456/jjba.11.1-2_29
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    In recent years, a number of basic research on choice behavior of animals and humans have utilized the self-control paradigm. However, surprisingly few experimental studies have investigated self-control in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity and autistic disorders, even though hyperactivity and impulsiveness characterizes many of these children. The present article reviews these experimental studies, which can be divided into : (1) studies concerned with the measurement/appraisal of impulsiveness and (2) studies about training procedures used in self-control studies. Issues concerning the application of the self-control paradigm to developmentally handicapped children are discussed, with major emphasis on issues related to verbal instruction, assessment of reinforcers, and the relation between the delay-of-gratification and self-control paradigms.
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  • Scaling of Preference Based on the Generalized Matchinig Law and Tests of Transitivity in Human Choice Behavior(<Special Issue>THE PRESENT STATUS OF CHOICE STUDIES)
    MASASHI IDA
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 11 Issue 1-2 Pages 41-55
    Published: June 30, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24456/jjba.11.1-2_41
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    Transitivity in human choice behavior was examined by presenting concurrently to subjects two out of three kinds of TV commercials and having them view the one they preferred. Time allocated to viewing each commercial when presented in pairs was measured, and the ratio of time allocated was used as index of choice proportion. Experiment I examined transitivity in response-bias parameters of the generalized matching law and in time allocation data and found that transitivity occurred only in ten out of seventeen subjects for the response-bias parameter, whereas it occurred in all but one subject for the time allocation data. Experiment 2 showed that transitivity in choice proportion based on time allocation occurred in all fifteen subjects. These findings demonstrate that behavioral data such as choice proportion based on time allocation satisfy transitivity in human choice behavior.
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  • An Integration of Cognitive and Behavioral Studies of Decision and Choice under Uncertainty(<Special Issue>THE PRESENT STATUS OF CHOICE STUDIES)
    DAISUKE SAEKI, MASATO ITO
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 11 Issue 1-2 Pages 56-70
    Published: June 30, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24456/jjba.11.1-2_56
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    Two research areas on decision making and choice behavior have developed separately in psychology. While cognitive studies of decision making have focused on situations in which probabilities are presented to subjects as numerical data, behavioral studies of choice have focused on situations in which subjects learn about probabilities through experience. The present paper demonstrates a new approach to the study of decision making under uncertainty based on a behavioral viewpoint to complement the aspect to which the cognitive studies have not attended. Three topics are examined : prospect theory, Bayesian reasoning, and probability judgments of compound events. Recent findings show that the generalized matching law provides the same prediction as prospect theory, and, moreover, subjects' experience in applying Bayesian reasoning and probability judgment of compound events can reduce the "base-rate error" and the "conjunction fallacy." These findings demonstrate that cognitive and behavioral studies are complementary and that the present approach can provide an important bridge between studies on decision making and choice under uncertainty.
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  • Laboratory Simulation of Foraging Behavior : An Interdisciplinary Approach(<Special Issue>THE PRESENT STATUS OF CHOICE STUDIES)
    YOSHIHISA UCHIDA, MASATO ITO
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 11 Issue 1-2 Pages 71-87
    Published: June 30, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24456/jjba.11.1-2_71
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    The present paper reviews a recent development in the interdisciplinary approach to foraging behavior. Laboratory simulation of foraging behavior based on operant conditioning has been applied to such topics as optimal patch use and optimal diet. These topics are derived from behavioral ecology which assumes that animals forage in the most efficient manner. Laboratory simulation has been successfully applied to testing predictions from optimality models and in evaluating the effects of various determinants of foraging behavior, such as travel time, prey distribution, depleting/repleting patch, prey profitability, and prey density. Recent studies show that frequency-dependent predation, defined as over-selection of a relatively abundant prey type, can also be examined by using the method of laboratory simulation. These studies reveal that conspicuousness of prey was critical for the occurrence of frequency-dependent predation. It is suggested that the method of laboratory simulation is well suited for testing predictions from optimality models and in investigating various factors of foraging behavior.
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  • Behavioral Economics and Choice Theory(<Special Issue>THE PRESENT STATUS OF CHOICE STUDIES)
    TAKAYUKI SAKAGAMI
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 11 Issue 1-2 Pages 88-108
    Published: June 30, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24456/jjba.11.1-2_88
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    The purpose of this paper is to describe the unique experimental procedures and theoretical issues in behavioral economics, its short history and representative experiments, and to evaluate the contributions of this approach to the experimental analysis of behavior. Behavioral economics, just as economic psychology, started as a collaboration between economics and psychology. It has developed, however, differently from traditional economic psychology because theoretical considerations and predictions from micro-economics were applied directly to the results of animal choice experiments and because several concepts in micro-economics were used as new indices describing behavioral variables. Predictions and concepts deduced from analyses using indifference and supply-demand curves have provided important and new perspectives on various phenomena of choice behavior, the matching law, response deprivation theory, economic properties of experimental environment, and so on. It is suggested that the principles of equilibrium and optimization should be examined from the framework of behavior analysis through an integration with behavioral ecology, behavior pharmacology, and experimental economics.
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  • Molar and Molecular Theories of Choice Behavior(<Special Issue>THE PRESENT STATUS OF CHOICE STUDIES)
    KYOICHI HIRAOKA
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 11 Issue 1-2 Pages 109-129
    Published: June 30, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24456/jjba.11.1-2_109
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    Many theories have been proposed to account for choice behavior. These theories can be classified as either molar or molecular theories, depending on the level of analysis they refer to. In this paper, studies on choice behavior are reviewed and the present status and problems are summarized for the molar theories (i.e., matching and economic maximization theories) and the molecular theories (i.e., momentary maximizing and melioration theories), It has been argued that molar-level behavior such as matching is a byproduct accounted for by some molecular processes such as momentary maximizing, but much of early as well as recent data do not seem to support this notion, In this respect, it is noted that new perspectives have recently appeared which indicate that both levels of behavior processes may have independent or separate roles in determining choices.
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  • [title in Japanese]
    Article type: Appendix
    1997 Volume 11 Issue 1-2 Pages 130-132
    Published: June 30, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24456/jjba.11.1-2_130
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  • [title in Japanese]
    Article type: Appendix
    1997 Volume 11 Issue 1-2 Pages 133-134
    Published: June 30, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24456/jjba.11.1-2_133
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  • [title in Japanese]
    Article type: Appendix
    1997 Volume 11 Issue 1-2 Pages App1-
    Published: June 30, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24456/jjba.11.1-2_App1
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  • [title in Japanese]
    Article type: Cover
    1997 Volume 11 Issue 1-2 Pages Cover2-
    Published: June 30, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24456/jjba.11.1-2_Cover2
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