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Article type: Cover
2004 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Index
2004 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Index
2004 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
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C. RICHARD SPATES, ELLEN I. KOCH
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
62-76
Published: June 30, 2004
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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a condition that affects people in all cultures and throughout the lifespan. Since the introduction of posttraumatic stress disorder into diagnostic practice, a great deal of research has addressed its epidemiology, pathophysiology, and psychological and physiological mechanisms, as well as its treatment. A behavioral formulation of the disorder has prevailed among leading researchers in the field, and has proved heuristic in leading to efficacious treatments, e.g., exposure therapy. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMD/R), a recently developed intervention that claims to be a departure from this formulation, has received empirical support for its efficacy. The present article reviews the evidence supporting a behavioral formulation of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, and suggests that it shares common mechanisms of action with exposure therapy. Greater research attention should be given to examining ways of rendering exposure-based therapies for posttraumatic stress disorder more tolerant and acceptable to clients and practitioners.
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HIROFUMI SHIMIZU
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
77-82
Published: June 30, 2004
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The present article is a summary in Japanese of Spates & Koch's (2003) article about Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), published in the Japanese Journal of Behavior Analysis. In his article, he attempts to identify shared mechanisms between exposure therapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMD/ R). The summary in Japanese is intended to assist Japanese readers of Spates' article.
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KAZUHIKO SATO, SATORI SHIMAMUNE, TOSHIAKI HASHIMOTO
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
83-98
Published: June 30, 2004
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(1) Study objectives: We used a delayed-prompt procedure to teach children with severe intellectual disabilities an alternative mand for assistance, employing a card, and examined generalization to other settings. (2) Design: Multiple-baseline across settings. (3) Settings: In a regional public school for children with disabilities: changing clothes in the morning and in the afternoon, lunch, free-play, and individual study periods.(4) Participants: 2 male students (ages: 8 years 2 months, 11 years) with no vocal repertoire and a limited mandrepertoire. (5) Intervention: A delayed-prompt procedure, in which the participant's mand was ignored, and an alternative mand, using a card, was differentially reinforced by giving the requested assistance. The trainerwaited for 5 sec before presenting the prompt. (6) Measures: Frequency of the pre-training mand and the alternative mand in each setting. (7) Results: The delayed prompt was effective in teaching the alternative mand.However, the newly acquired mand generalized to another setting only when the settings were similar (changing clothes). Within a setting, the target behavior was emitted spontaneously, participants asking for assistancethat had not been reinforced before. (8) Conclusions: The results suggest that the probability of generalizationof an alternative mand could be increased by providing training in several different settings and by making certain that differential reinforcement was given.
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SACHIKO HIRAYOSHI, SADAHIKO NAKAJIMA
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
99-107
Published: June 30, 2004
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Study objective: The present study was conducted to reconfirm the finding that differential-reinforcement-of-response-duration (DRRD) schedules can be used to train rats to continue pressing a lever for required durations, and to observe pressing behavior. Design: A changing-criterion design was used. Subjects: 7 experimentally naive male Wistar rats were maintained at 80 to 90% of their free-feeding weight. One rat was excluded during training. Independent variable: The criterion for reinforcement was changed gradually from 0 to 3.2 s. Measures: Duration of each lever-press was recorded mechanically in each stage of training, and the rats' behavior was monitored by video in the final stage. Results: The mode of distributions of response durations in each stage of training was slightly higher than the required duration. Analysis of the videos showed that the rats frequently moved their paws back and forth on the lever. Conclusion: The present study reconfirmed the effectiveness of DRRD schedules for training rats to press levers for required durations. All but 1 of the rats kept the lever down by continuously moving their paws, rather than by pressing firmly.
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NORIKO HIRASAWA, YOSHIHIRO FUJIWARA, JUN'ICHI YAMAMOTO, AKIRA SAI ...
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
108-119
Published: June 30, 2004
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When resolving behavior problems through the use of applied behavior analysis, a recent trend in, for example, positive behavior support (PBS), has been not only to reduce behavior problems but also to enhance the quality of life (QOL) for people with developmental disabilities. In the natural environment, behavior analysts who plan positive behavior support need to collaborate with direct service providers. It has been shown that the outcomes of such collaborations depend on an array of variables related to the individuals involved and their environment. The present article examines how positive behavior support is implemented, in order to identify and replicate effective methods for reducing behavior problems and increasing adaptive behavior. The present paper focuses on the fields of education and welfare, through an examination of 2 standards of positive behavioral support and 2 practical studies, and describes problems to be solved in these fields.
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HISAMI KOITA, SHIGEKI SONOYAMA, KOJI TAKEUCHI
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
120-130
Published: June 30, 2004
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The Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) was developed by Frost and Bondy as a means toteach children with autistic disorder and related developmental disabilities a self-initiating, functional communication system that could be rapidly acquired. Its theoretical roots combine principles from applied behavior analysis and guidelines established within the field of augmentative and alternative communication.The PECS training manual was first published in 1994, and revised in 2002. In the PECS training protocol, children are taught to exchange a picture for a desired item and eventually learn to construct picture-based sentences and use a variety of attributes in their requests. The system emphasizes developing the request functionprior to developing responding to simple questions and commenting. In the present article, we described thePECS procedure, summarize effects of communication training by PECS, and comment on the future of PECS.
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TAKAYUKI SAKAGAMI
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
131-137
Published: June 30, 2004
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An attractive, if bulky, textbook by Kubota et al. (2003) presents various standpoints for speculating about diverse psychological phenomena from sensation and perception to human development. Because of its breadth of coverage, this book is strongly recommended for undergraduates in clinical and medical areas, graduate students in psychology, and especially for behavior analysts seeking to compare the philosophical foundations of radical behaviorism with these authors' viewpoint. The concept of contingency and the issues of the well-known false-belief task (the Sally-Ann task) are discussed in detail, based on the author's usage.
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
138-140
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
141-148
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Article type: Bibliography
2004 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
149-
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Article type: Bibliography
2004 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
149-150
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
151-159
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
160-161
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
164-167
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Cover
2004 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
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Published: June 30, 2004
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