The purpose of this article is to propose an integrated theory of personality. First, various personality related thoughts are reviewed, and a process model of personality is proposed. The processes of the model consist of psychological situation, cognition, information processing system (the nervous system), inner response, and overt behavior. The pattern of connections among the processes is called temperament in a broad sense. Then, psychopathological studies are reviewed and examined theoretically, and a new typological model is constructed. The model is based on three basic temperament types: cyclothymic, schizothymic, and collothymic; and each temperament type includes its basic disposition and two personality subtypes. The new "three temperament type-composite structure model" fits well with both traditional psychopathological studies and general personality research. Finally, an attempt is made to combine trait dimensions with the model, by applying the concept of "fractal" to personality.

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It is the purpose of this article to initiate psychologists and behavioral scientists in the use of PsycINFO, the online bibliographic database, which is a very useful and effective research too1. Our emphasis is on the importance of decision rules in search strategy, along with an explanation of the classification system used in the database and the contents of the "thesaurus" published by the American Psycho1ogical Association. We also provide detailed examples of how to gain access to PsycINFO in Japan, and how to make optimal strategic search decisions when looking for articles on a specified topic, such as "history of research in personality.

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This study investigated changes of attitude and feelings which occur after high and low self-monitors (HSMs and LSMs, respectively) have engaged in counterattitudinal behaviour. After completing the self-monitoring scale, subjects performed a task under the forced compliance paradigm, and then their attitude and feelings were measured. The results indicated that the HSMs made little change in their attitude, while the LSMs changed their attitude to make it more compatible to the forced behaviour. 0n the other hand, the LSM changed little in terms of feelings, such as unpleasantness and depression, whereas the HSM showed an increase in them. Three possible implications were discussed: 1) the discrepancy between attitude and behaviour was perhaps injurious to the HSM's mental health; 2) the LSM merely tried to be consistent, and such a mental effort might become stressful for them; 3) the HSMs might have used the feeling scales for self-presentation, probably to make the situation more advantageous for them. Finally, the validity issues of the scale were discussed.

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One hundred thirty-eight (138) Japanese high school students and both of their parents completed the Parents-Child Relations Questionnaire and the YG Personality Inventory. By extension factor analysis, the twelve scale scores of the Personality Inventory were projected into the eight common primary-factor space found for the Relations Questionnaire. Some interesting and meaningful correlations were: 1. The factor of 'child's perception of parental denial of autonomy' correlated with both parents' Cooperativeness and mother's Objectivity. 2. The factor of 'father's perception of father acceptance' correlated with his General Activity. 3. The factor of 'father's perception of father control' correlated with his Cyclic Tendency and Nervousness, and lack of Cooperativeness. 4. The factor of 'mother's perception of mother control' correlated with her Cyclic Tendency, lack of Cooperativeness, and Aggressiveness. 5. The factor of 'child's perception of parental emotional support' correlated with his/her General Activity, lack of Depression, and mother's lack of Depression.

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Most psychologists are highly familiar with various statistical methods. Some researchers, however, have pointed out various problems associated with the use of statistical methodology. Study 1 examined the data analytical techniques employed in the articles that appeared in nine Japanese psychological journals between February 1992 and July 1993. It was found that the most frequently used were analysis of variance and t-test, which together accounted for about half of the articles. Among multivariate analytical methods, factor analysis was the most frequently used. Study 2 examined the responses of thirty-seven psychologists and nine psychology-major seniors to the questions regarding; (1) the kinds of data analytical techniques they have ever used in their everyday work; (2) their merits and demerits; and (3) their misgivings and troubles concerning data analysis. The results revealed that most psychologists use a great variety of statistical methods in their everyday work, and they are also frequently troubled with statistical methodology in psychological research.

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Any behavioral regularity that constitutes a personality construct is the product of an interaction between person and situation. Consequently, one cannot empirically confirm the existence of cross-situational consistency in the behavior associated with such a construct, from observation of behavioral regularity alone, if any. Perceived cross-situational consistency in behavior appears to be mostly resulted from confusing temporal stability for such consistency, reflecting a failure to distinguish different observational viewpoints. Therefore, any causal account of behavior by means of observation-derived personality constructs has no logical basis. Although behavior could still be predicted from personality constructs on the basis of its temporal stability alone, the logic of such prediction is totally different from that of traditional theories of personality. These arguments should clearly show that at least part of the so-called "person-situation debate" is a pseudo-question.

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