The purpose of this study was to develop a scale based on Internal Working Model (IWM; Bolwby, 1969, 1973, 1980), which has two components, "IWM of self" and "IWM of others". To examine the scale's validity, this study investigated the association between attachment relationship in young adulthood and retrospectively-assessed mother-child attachment in preschool period. Main results were as follows: Exploratory factor analysis found two components for the scale, corresponding to 'self' and 'others', and confirmatory factor analysis showed that a two-factor solution was better than a one-factor one. Mostly, mother, romantic partner, or peer was chosen as the person in close relationship, and three groups were formed depending on whom he/she chose. The three groups were different in terms of the 'others'score. The three factors of preschool attachment: secure, avoidant, and ambivalent, had effects on the IWM scores. In the groups of mother-child and romantic relationship, secure attachment had a positive effect on the two scores, and ambivalent attachment had a negative one on the 'self' score. In comparison, different patterns of effects emerged for the group who chose peer relationship.

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The present study examined guilt ('zaiakukan' in Japanese), shame and embarrassment ('haji' or 'shuchishin'), and their relationships to personality traits. Two hundred ninety-two (292) Japanese undergraduates answered Situational Guilt Inventory, Situational Shyness Questionnaire, Self-Consciousness Scale, and the Big Five Scale. Results showed that guilt and shame/embarrassment had high, positive correlations among their subscales. With the effect of shame/embarrassment controlled, guilt had a positive correlation with agreeableness and private self-consciousness. With guilt controlled, shame/embarrassment had a positive correlation with neuroticism and public self-consciousness, and a negative one with extraversion, openness to experience, and agreeableness. These results indicated that guilt had some social adaptive function, and shame/embarrassment had some bearing on maladaptive behaviors. The relationship of guilt, shame/embarrassment, and self-consciousness was different for men and women, and the difference was discussed in terms of sex roles.

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The present paper reports the analyses of performance on Matching Familiar Figures Test(MFFT), scores on a standard test of reflection-impulsivity styles, and introspective reports of elementary school children. In Study 1, the Cairns and Cammock version of MFFT was administered to 66 Japanese fourth graders. Immediately after the test, these children were asked in a questionnaire to answer three questions on their introspection: (1) task difficulty, (2) what they thought was important for good performance, and (3) their persistence during the task. No significant difference was found between the introspection of reflective and impulsive children. In Study 2, 23 reflective and 23 impulsive fifth graders were asked to answer six questions on introspection immediately after they finished a reordered MFFT. Accuracy was emphasized in the first half of the session, while emphasis was on speed in the second. Results indicated that while reflective children on the whole felt more successful during the accuracy-emphasized session, impulsive ones were evenly divided, about a half having felt more successful in the accuracy-emphasized session, and the others in the speed-emphasized.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate a causal model of apathetic tendency, vagueness of motivation to go on to college(VMC), ego-identity, career indecision(CI), and perceived parental attitudes in Korean high school students. A questionnaire was administered to 252 high school students, 124 male and 128 female, in Korea. Results of covariance structure analysis were as follows: Anhedonia, a factor of apathetic tendency, was predicted by VMC in both males and females. Additional predictors of anhedonia for males were ego-identity and CI. In contract, those for females were ego-identity and mother parental attitudes of control and supervision. Therefore, CI had a stronger influence on male apathetic tendency, but female tendency was more influenced by mother attitudes. Negativity-passivity, another factor of apathetic tendency, was predicted by ego-identity in both males and females, and the effect was stronger for males than females. Main findings of the present study suggested that VMC was important as a causal factor of apathetic tendency among Korean high school students, and that clearness of motivations for college education indicates adolescent psychological adjustment.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the repetition effect of Uchida-Kraepelin Psychodiagnostic Test, when administered annually at school. To clarify the repetition effect, performance of junior high school students was compared for three consecutive years. The increase in the amount of work done was 10.1% for the second year, and 18.1% for the third, when compared with the first year trial. To investigate the repetition effect at different test intervals, changes in the amount of work over trials at three intervals, 1 month, 6 months, and 12 months, were examined. The repetition effect was strongest at the interval of 1 month, and was weakest at 12 months. The finding suggested that when interpreting test results, changes in performance could be important, but previous experience and when it had been should also be taken into account.

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Two experiments were conducted to study the influence of attention on generation of random digit sequences. In order to measure randomness of performance results, RNG (Evans, 1978), RIP100 (Itagaki, 1987), and Cluster Ratio(CR) (Ginsburg and Goldstein, 1987) were used. Results were as follows: Statistically significant differences in the measures of random performance were found, depending on two kinds of subject mental set, due to biasing instructions. Also, significant positive correlations were found between the length of the generated sequence and indices of stereotypic responses and repeated digrams. It was conjectured that random digit generation was a complex action, which demanded complete suppression of such rule-governed behaviors as stereotypic sequences, run structures, and so on.

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