A massive downpour due to Typhoon Roke attacked the Tokai region on 20^th September, 2011. Several roads in the northeastern part of Nagoya city and the adjacent areas were closed to traffic, resulting in a serious commuter chaos. In this research, we attempted to explore the effects of departure hours, early or late departure, the significance of acquiring proper traffic information as well as the impacts of road closures on the level of difficulty of home returning trips. Regression models were developed using both questionnaire survey and taxi probe data. Questionnaire survey can gather drivers' information; however, it is difficult to gather the actual changes in travel condition. On the other hand, probe data can demonstrate a real time change in travel condition at every couple of minutes. Therefore, this study presents a combined usage of both data for a clearer explanation on the travel condition and the behavior of drivers during the typhoon. The findings revealed that the difficulty to gather reliable and comprehensive information on the traffic regulations enforced temporarily during the typhoon had led drivers facing the closure sections and the consequent very long travel delay. In fact, these delays can be avoided if the drivers had chosen the right detour route from the beginning. Based on the findings, this paper also suggests some proper counter-measures to reduce the severity of commuter chaos for the future disaster.

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 Recently, the concept of IoT (Internet of Things) has been proposed and technologies based on this concept are expected to be introduced to management of infrastructures. In this paper, a battery-less UHF band wireless inclination and vibration sensor tag is proposed by combining UHF band passive RFID systems and sensing devices. The purpose of this paper is to provide the wireless inclination and vibration sensor for the management of infrastructures. The proposed wireless sensor detects the change of sensor tag antenna characteristics that are caused by changes of sensor statuses by comparing with those of a reference tag antenna that is incorporated with the sensor tag.

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 Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport carry out CIM model business from 2012, and an effect is confirmed in a design and construction. The use of CIM is expected in the maintenance that it will increase with deterioration of the social capital in future.
 "CIM introduced guidelines for leading business" will be established in 2016 fiscal year. Toward that, the authors summarized the CIM model requirements considering the use of in maintenance and published "CIM model creation specification". We organized the work generated by the maintenance stage, and verified the cost.

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 A large amount of information is created and stored for a railway construction project. Especially at the construction work phase, much time is consumed to collect inspection related data in order to conduct quality control tests, and developing an efficient inspection method is desired. In this research, we have created a information cooperation system, and a tool to conduct quality control tests for structures at the construction phase, utilizing automatic recognition technology, and conducted a test at a construction work site. The result shows that the inspection and subsequent data management can be done efficiently. Furthermore, this research showed that the developed tool, of which mechanism is storing information via the on-site structure, can lead to the information cooperation which crosses over from design to construction.

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 It is expected to improve the whole construction process by using the CIM (Construction Information Modeling/Management), and is expected applying the three-dimensional model for the embankment project in the design stage. In this paper, we describe the expected effects by applying the three-dimensional model for the embankment project in the design stage. Based on the results of the trial, we confirm that the risk of the embankment project in the design stages is reduced, and we clarify that it is effective for improvement of the design quality and the work efficiency.

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 The spatial continuity of vegetation distributions is required for the effective performance of the conservation of ecosystem, the reduction of urban heat island phenomenon, etc. It is also expected to make something of value as one of the factors of urban structure. We have developed a spatial analysis method for detecting the continuity of vegetation distributions on a regional scale using remotely data. The method consists of local spatial autocorrelation and hydrological analysis, while NDVI is adopted as the proxy of vegetation abundance. On the other hand, there is a variety of vegetation distributions around urban areas: a completely urbanized area, a suburb area and mountainous area. In this study, we improve the analysis method for detecting the spatial continuity of vegetation distributions by the application of local spatial autocorrelation to every urban area.

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 Owners of ocean shipping cargo and logistics enterprises need the information of location of their cargo internationally. However, grasping global logistics information is not an easy task. In order to solve this issue, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (Japan), the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (Republic of Korea), and the Ministry of Transport (Peoples' Republic of China) agreed in 2010 to establish the Northeast Asea Logistics Information Service Network: NEAL-NET. In 2014, the three countries started to provide the port logistics information such as vessel schedule and container location in port areas.
 In this study, the outline of NEAL-NET and the current status of international collaboration between port logistics information systems are summarized. Also, the electronic interface for the collaboration of NEAL-NET, which is developed by the three countries' experts including authors and the system development conducted by the authors are described. Furthermore, the comparison in terms of international standards and technologies for collaboration are described. Based on the above, the authors discuss the implication for international data interchange among the three governments relating port logistic information systems from the view point of the adopted technologies, design of interface, standardization, and framework for system collaboration.

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 The ministry of land, infrastructure, transportation and tourism proposed the road tunnel periodic inspection in the year 2014. The manual indicates that the frequency of the periodic inspection is once every five years. The inspection are mainly conducted by visual inspection. Therefore, there is a need for the automation in order to improve the efficiency of the inspection procedure. The authors have developed an inspection vehicle for tunnel lining concrete. The vehicle takes continuously scanned images of tunnel wall by using digital video cameras and lighting devices. In previous studies, the authors developed an automatic image stitching method by image processing techniques in order to generate panoramic images of tunnel wall from the scanned images. However, the accuracy of the stitching method was insufficient. The study proposes the improved image stitching method based on a local search algorithm. Furthermore, application to an existing tunnel is presented so as to demonstrate the accuracy and processing time of the proposed method.

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 Inspection method of cable-stayed bridge cables is largely divided into two ways. The first way is the visual inspection using aerial work platforms. The second way is the inspection using climbing techniques. In the case of the aerial work platforms, the height from the bridge surface is limited to about 30m. In addition, traffic regulations is required. Visual inspection using a climbing technique is difficult to ensure the safety of inspector. To overcome the above problems, the authors have developed an automatic inspection robot for the cables of cable-stayed bridges. In the study, the authors developed an inspection record system for the robot. The system enables the record of the cable surface. Concretely, the system takes continuously scanned images of cable surface by using USB cameras, mini PC, and lighting devices. Then, the system generates panoramic images of cable surface. Furthermore, application to the tube which imitated the cable is presented so as to demonstrate the accuracy of panoramic image.

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 In the previous studies, the authors proposed a semiautomatic method for concrete surface cracks extraction from digital images. In the method, the interactive genetic algorithm (iGA) was applied to optimize image processing parameters for each image without knowledge of image processing techniques. Then, the crack detection software in which the proposed method was embedded was developed. However, the user expected further reduction of optimization processing time.
 This study proposes the novel method that enables users to adjust efficiently the image processing parameters. In the method, the user gives the software an information of a crack location by pointing a portion of crack on image. After the instruction, the software optimizes parameters to extract crack which includes the pointed part. Furthermore, application to some concrete surface images is presented in order to verify the capability of the software which implements the method proposed in this study.

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 This paper presents a study on monitoring method of crack width on concrete structures using digital photogrammetry. In this measurement procedure, the reflective targets are installed at measurement points around the crack as the gauges, and the deformation of crack width is calculated from one image taken from arbitrary camera positions. In this paper, we verify the relation between the accuracy/precision and the distance/angle of photographic positions from the targets in experiments, and the results showed that it was possible to measure the displacement of crack about 0.1mm at 100m and 30 degree photographic angle. Moreover, application of this method to measuring crack changes on actual concrete structures showed that it was possible to monitoring of the structures easily by using this method.

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 In this study, the fatigue damage degree due to wind vibration for corroded lighting poles is focused on. A first-order natural frequency and damping ratio are required in the calculation of the fatigue damage degree. Therefore, an acceleration sensor and an excitation method by which they can be obtained accurately, are considered. Next, the fatigue test for a corroded lighting pole in service is carried out, and the fatigue strength grade is clarified. We verify that the fatigue strength of the lighting pole due to corrosion progress is significantly reduced, and the collapse risk due to fatigue damage is increased in other than strong wind region. Finally, the data collection and analysis platform is built, which can effectively collect and analyze the sensing data required in the calculation of the fatigue damage degree.

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 The Port-EDI is an Information Technology system for processing the port administrative procedures. In recent years, the International Maritime Organization has been accelerating the digitization of the port administrative procedures in the countries, which have not developed the Port-EDI yet. Also, some ASEAN member countries are interested in the development of the Port-EDI. In order to support the development, this paper describes the analysis of the related research works, world trends of the Port-EDI, and development of the Port-EDI in Myanmar, which was Japan's first successful international business promotion of this system. Finally, the authors discuss the implications of future international business promotion of the Port-EDI.

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 This paper presents an experience-based aircraft noise evaluation system using virtual reality technology. The computation of noise level is performed by the geometric acoustic theory and the effect of the directivity of sound is considered to improve the numerical accuracy. The system is developed for the useful tool to evaluate the soundproof measurements in the indoor and outdoor around the airport. The present system is applied to several examples in order to investigate the validity and efficiency of the method. The computed results are compared with the measurement data in both real space and virtual reality space.

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 This paper presents a visualization system for environmental flow problem based on markerless augmented reality using smart device. The extended tracking method is employed to improve tracking performance for a markerless augmented reality. In order to investigate the validity and efficiency of the present system, the present method is applied to the air flow problem around the building in urban area and water environmental problem in marine construction site. From the results, the present system is shown to be a useful tool for AR visualization of environmental flow simulation.

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 This research proposes a method of polygonization by using point cloud of rail of monorail. It is not easy to polygonization of monorail due to its long and large structure. Especially, rails are difficult to scan by laser scanner because they are placed in very high. Therefore, it is not expected to efficiently polygonize of rail for maintenance. In our proposed method, a center line which is robust in defects of point cloud is extracted based on geometric symmetry. When the center line is calclurated, polygon is created in easy by sweeping a cross section of input data along the center line. The proposed method enables not only to create well-formed polygons for maintance but also to cover defects of input point cloud. In this paper, we also show results for point cloud data of monorail scanned by mobile mapping system to validate the proposed method.

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 A 3D urban model is important in urban planning. However, creating these 3D models are labor-intensive. In order to automate laborious steps, a GIS and CG integrated system is proposed for automatically generating 3D building models, based on building polygons on a digital map. These polygons are usually orthogonal. A complicated orthogonal polygon can be partitioned into a set of rectangles. The proposed integrated system partitions orthogonal building polygons into a set of rectangles and places rectangular roofs and box-shaped building bodies on these rectangles. Since technicians are drawing these polygons manually with digitizers, depending on aerial photos, not all building polygons are precisely orthogonal. But, when placing a set of boxes as building bodies for creating the buildings, there may be gaps or overlaps between these boxes if building polygons are not precisely orthogonal. In this paper, the new methodology is proposed for partitioning and rectifying building polygons.

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 Utilization of three-dimensional (3D) point group data collected for mobile mapping systems (MMS) has received widespread attention recently. Particularly in road spaces, people use such data from road planning and maintenance as basic information after obtaining point group data of roads, road structures, and nearby trees and vegetation, which often have a complex configuration. However, Japan's super-aging society needs advanced facilities for smooth travel over sidewalk spaces, which must be flat and even to allow the continuous travel of pedestrians. Moreover, evaluating sidewalk space circumstances properly is a necessary aspect of barrier-free construction. Nevertheless, because of obstruction by roadside trees, fences, and other features, 3D point group data that are commonly collected by in-car MMS have not shown sidewalk space conditions. For this study, the authors collected 3D point group data of sidewalk spaces using a hand-driven MMS while walking in the area. We evaluated sidewalk surface irregularities to assess the usefulness of data provided by the system.

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 Traffic phenomena including accidents occur daily on the Japanese road network. Surveillance cameras and traffic counters are used to monitor them; however, since it is fixed-point monitoring, there is a limit to the extent of monitoring. Thus, a method has been proposed for analyzing microblogs, a kind of SNS (social networking service), to complement acquisition of information concerning traffic phenomena. However, as preset keywords are used to make searches, the number of acquirable tweets fluctuates.
 Therefore, this research proposes a method for selecting useful keywords for acquiring information on traffic phenomena using the characteristics of the concerned keywords to burst when a traffic phenomenon occurs, and evaluates its validity.

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 This paper presents a visualization system based on Augmented Reality technology for water environmental flow problem. The marker-less method using a landscape image is employed for the positioning method for the virtual and real images. The present system is applied to the several water flow simulation for river and sea. In order to investigate the setting method for the marker image, the present system is applied to several water environmental problems such as river and coastal flows. From the application examples, it is important to exclude the water surface region from the marker image to improve the stability and accuracy of the superposition of CG image.

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 GPS and GLONASS has been used mainly by Satellite based positioning system, then QZSS and Galileo has come to be used in recent years. By the increase of the number of satellite, satellite signals are possibility to obtain the necessary number of satellites for positioning of under the shielding surroundings. And, with the increase of satellites accurate positioning may be realized without multipath by removing the reflected wave and diffracted wave from under the shielding surroundings. Therefore, it is required to method of remove the satellites which escape multipath by checking the status of satellite signal beforehand. In this study, in order to verify the method that corresponds to the moving positioning, investigated the detection method of multipath satellite using the signal strength and the difference of phase change. As the result, the effect of satellite remove was verified by the percentage of fix solution in the positioning solution.

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 The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism is examining application of aerial photogrammetry by UAV and ground-based laser scanners primarily to earthwork and concrete work. Although the laser scanner allows higher precision than UAV, it leaves invisible region with one-time measurement; therefore, it is necessary to make measurements more than once. Since superimposition of point cloud data acquired from laser scanners at multiple spots causes mixture of points with different degrees of precision at the same spot, it is required to devise a method for selecting highly precise points when creating three-dimensional models. This study intends to develop a technique for selecting point cloud data with highly precise in multipoint measurement using laser scanners, and evaluates the effectiveness of the proposed method through demonstration experiments.

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 It is expected that the point cloud data measured by the ground-based laser scanners and so on will be applied to result management of construction work. However, the point cloud data acquired during construction are mixed with points unnecessary for result management, including those of construction equipment and trees. Therefore, it is necessary to remove these points and extract ground surfaces. Moreover, there are cases where the ground surfaces are not measured due to occlusion with construction machines and so on. Such cases require some processing such as making complements with point cloud data measured at different timing. The existing methods for extracting the ground surfaces from point cloud data are approaches designed for airborne or ground-based laser scanners, and are suitable for measurement results of urban and forest areas. However, application of these methods to earthwork for roads or rivers may cause problems that they do not allow correct extraction of slopes as well as unlevelled ground surfaces, and that they are not capable of complementing the loss of the ground surfaces. In this work, we develop a technique for generating ground surfaces from the point cloud data acquired by measurement at the same spot, and evaluate its effectiveness.

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 In recent years, the probe data acquired from mobile phones travelling in various transportation modes such as motor vehicles, bicycles and pedestrians, has been used for travel behavior analysis. In the near future, probe data with high-precision positioning coordinates will be expected to flow in large quantities. Focusing on this , if we can combine the probe data of various transportation modes, and provide a digital road mapping analysis platform for processing efficiently and effectively, it will lead to the contribution of the efficiency and sophistication of road travel behavior analysis for motor vehicles, bicycles, and pedestrians. However, such a digital road map is still under development. In this study, we propose the specifications and generating method for a digital road map based on the requirement that was extracted from the use cases of road traffic analysis. We have experimentally produced a digital road map with the proposed generation method and we have validated the usefulness of the generation method.

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 The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) of Japan has been promoting “i-Construction”, an initiative to implement the comprehensive use of information and communication technology (ICT) in construction projects. As a part of this effort, MLIT's National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management has developed a system-independent 3D design data model based on LandXML, a standard 3D model compatible with various types of CAD and software, both domestic and overseas. Guidelines for the operation of this new model have also been prepared.

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 Himawari-8 is the next-generation geostationary meteorological satellite having been loaded a highly improved sensor AHI(Advanced Himawari Imager). It observes whole of the Earth at every 10 minutes and whole area of Japan at every 2.5 minutes. Therefore, it becomes possible to examine diurnal temperature variation of the urban. On the other hand, sensor ASTER, loaded on the earth observation satellite TERRA launched in December 1999, has established an algorithm to estimate the land surface temperature through the verification experiments.
 The earth surface temperature observed by Himawari-8 is affected by the atmosphere. Various correction method to estimate the earth surface temperature have been developed for the former Himawari satellites. This study deals with the verification of split window method, one of the simple method to estimate the earth surface temperature, with reference to the land surface temperature estimated by ASTER.

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 In the dam construction, carry out the compaction by using a dedicated machine (backhoe mounted several dams for the vibrator to the machine. The following viback) to the concrete compaction. Traditionally, compaction degree and scope of concrete, viback operator, it is determined by visual inspection, it has been confirmed pouring management technician. On the other hand we performed the application of the 3D scanner as a method to obtain the objective compaction complete indicators, there is no individual differences by skill level, etc. of the operator. This report has developed a system to record the compaction work in real time.

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 This study proposes the application of video images recorded by MMS (Mobile Mapping System) to DIG (Disaster Imagination Game). The all-around view camera, angle meter and GPS antenna are mounted on the moving object such as the car in MMS, and serial images are recored in association with GIS (Geographic Information System).
 DIG has been conducted nationwide as a method of risk communication. Generally in the practice of DIG, such information as the hazard and the evacuation space is written down on the map to shared the disaster information and to extract the problem.
 However, DIG, which is conducted indoor, has room for improvement from the point of view of the oversight and the impressive presentation of disaster information. In this study, the system and tool are proposed by using MMS to improve the problem. Finally, the effectiveness and new challenge of implementation of the system are discussed.

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 As a result of the heat island phenomenon, it has been reported that there are significant increases in the number of tropical days and the sultry nights in Tokyo. Moreover, the mean temperature has risen by 3°C in the past 100 years. High resolution satellite remote sensing has not been used to analyze the relation between land cover and temperature rise in the city. The relation between detailed land cover and temperature gradient in the center of city was effectively displayed by overlapping the LANDSAT satellite imagery that had conventionally observed the temperature gradient with high resolution satellite Worldview-3 imagery. The temperature gradient by the LANDSAT satellite observation was verified by a ground survey. From these results, the relation between detailed land cover information by the high resolutionsatellite image and the temperature gradient distribution was established.

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 Accuracy of position by Mobile Mapping System depends on the positioning accuracy by Global Navigation Satellite System. When positioning by GNSS is impossible, it is necessary to adjust by Ground Control Point. However, benefit of low cost and efficient measurement is impaired by installation of many Ground Control Point. Prior research has been already studied installation method of GCP, but it didn't consider the driving speed. The experiment was executed to examine the relation between driving speed and intervals of GCP. It was inspected the relation between the cumulative error and elapsed time. As a result, driving speed is faster the better accuracy of position. The Increase tendency of error value against time is constant regardless of driving speed. When target accuracy is set the 0.10m in horizontal direction and driving speed 60km/h, the positioning accuracy satisfied the target range up to 166m after adjustment.

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 This paper proposes an augmented reality (AR) system for investigation of the pipelines for agricultural water use. While an industrial endoscope with a wide angle-view of video camera is one of the major tools for inspection of the pipelines instead of excavation, even if a severe damage is found and repair work is required, the above and underground situation around the damaged part of pipeline is not easily verified. In our scenario, in addition to the live camera images of the inner surface of the pipes, overlaying the images onto the inspector's view is effective to check the situation between above ground and inner pipe. However, the quality of mapped image of the wide-angle view image into development view or cylindrical surface is easily distorted due to the camera position and orientation. This paper proposes to introduce a depth camera to compasate the camera posuture changes. A depth camera can capture point cloud with normal vectors of the pipe. We estimate the direction from pipe relative to the camera coordinate, using the normal vectors of the point cloud. Correcting the camera posture based on the estimated relative pipe direction, mapping the endoscopic image onto a cylindrical 3D model of nominal pipeline size of the pipe visualizes the inside situation of the pipe without distortion. In our experiments by the proto-type system, as the endoscopy moves forward, the live texture-mapped 3D pipe model is properly overlaid onto the realtime video image of the exterior appearance of the scenery.

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 By multi-GNSS techniques, use of high accuracy satellite positioning is increasing. When we use satellite positioning, in most cases, obstacles are existing around rover station. For example, trees and structures might be obstacles for satellite positioning. The obstacle can reflect the wave from satellite and that occurs problems to satellite positioning. It causes bad accuracy of satellite positioning, and sometimes it is impossible to get positioning solution. These problems are often solved by changing positioning settings.
 In this paper, authors summarized about settings that can improve positioning performance, and consider the effect of changing settings. In addition, authors mentioned about improvement of positioning performance by multi-analyze on different settings.

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 In order to exchange a drawing data through the lifecycle in public works, a data interconversion system between Digital Mapping (DM) data and Scadec Exchange Format (SXF) data has been published in Geospatial Information Authority of Japan. With a revision of specifications for public surveying, the specification for exchanging from DM data to SXF data has been revised. However, a data interconversion system between DM data and SXF data in accordance with the current interconversion specification does not exist. It is necessary to implement the conversion from DM data used in plan phase to SXF data used in design phase, and the conversion from SXF data used in design phase to DM data used in maintenance phase. In this paper, a data interconversion specification was specified and its system was implemented. It's functions were verified using actual DM and SXF data. And, the implemented system is open to public on public survey viewer and converter of Geospatial Information Authority of Japan.

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 In construction site, it is important to show process that is proceeding steadily to get understanding and cooperation of the local inhabitants. Recently, “visualization of construction” is being required. We know dam tour, dam cards, and so on.
 In this study, we develop guidance system that is composed of Smartphone and Beacon for visitors. This system uses pictures and voice to explain the construction for visitors. Every visitor can watch overview of construction without complex operation by using Smartphone. We use this system in the construction site of a dam body and confirm the effectiveness. In addition, we investigated the Beacon of the ranging performance.

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 Use of UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) during disasters and normal times has become widespread. They are utilized in diverse cases, for example, to grasp the situations of sediment disasters or for bridge inspection. In i-Construction, active application of UAVs to construction management is expected using aerial photo-grammetry by UAV. Regulations on i-Construction prescribe the required degree of precision for the results acquired by aerial photogrammetry made by UAVs based on the existing trial results. However, since the measurement conditions vary from site to site, it is necessary to achieve the similar degree of precision under different conditions. In this paper, we investigate the influence degrees of error factors and their occurrence conditions in aerial photogrammetry, and propose a measurement method for the purpose of construction man-agement. Then we verify the measurement precision attained with this method at the actual sites.

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 In the fields of maintenance of social infrastructure, safety and disaster prevention, there are various studies about space measurement methods using a various equipments to grasp the situation of ground surface and structures. Considering this trend and i-Construction proposed from Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport in 2016, methods is demanded to measurement three dimensional space might quickly be high preciseness. The authors focused on the measurement method by UAV-Based Laser Scanner. The principal aim of this study was to find out the development subject of UAV-Based Laser Scanner by surveying existing researches, techniques and patents of space measurement methods.

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 In the present, Japan is facing issues of decreasing birthrate, increasing in elderly population and stagnation in labor productivity inside construction industry. Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transportation and Tourism (MLIT) has introduced CIM and i-Construction on 2012 and 2015 respectively as solutions for the current issues.
 The goal of CIM is to broaden the productivity in various fields through life cycle of construction. i-Construction also shares similar goal with focus on earthwork construction. While MLIT is proceeding with various trial projects; inspections on data construction of 3D models and level of detail of the model form in transferring to the next top have not been implemented.
 In this study, by using steel superstructure with many parts with CIM concept serves as the case study, the authors propose efficient method in constructing 3D model of the structure. Furthermore, at the time of building 3D model, accuracy of 3D model can be ensured, and effects on project efficiency in consideration to conventional 2D design are verified.

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 For recording of the disaster site and cultural asserts, laser sanning and/or SFM (Structure from Motion) with UAV are often utilized, since a laser scanner is capable of capturing “as is” situation by sampling the surface shapes of objects as “point cloud” sets and SFM is a powerful image-based modeling technique whici can utilize the mobility of unmanned areal vehicles (UAVs) equipped with high-resolution camera, recently. However, laser scanning may has limitations in both visibility from fixed viewpoint and footholds for installation of the tripod on the ground, while SFM is not capable of obtaining real dimension in nature. Therefore, we propose a method to integrate to utilized both measurement in complimentary way. A laser sanner is usually equipped and calibrated with a color digital camera in order to obtain color information corresponding to scanned points. This feature allows the scanner viewpoint to be integrated into the 3D geometory reconstructed by SFM. More specifically, the 3D geometry produced by the SFM and the laser-scanned data from scanner position viewpoints are overlaid upon each other. Then, selecting the proper mumber of points from the scanner view enables to pick up the proper corresponding point pairs to find the 3D transformation to fit them together without incremental optimization. In this study, we conducted an experiment using a UAV (DJI phantom II) and Laser scanner (Riegl LMS-Z420i) equipped with a hi-resolution camera, and found that the resultant 3D data set consisting of complementarily scanner point cloud data and SFM process data covered the entire surface shape of the scene.

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