In the past years there has been an extensive effort to develop an automated crack detection method by image processing to improve inspection and evaluation process of concrete structures. Though lots of crack detection methods have been proposed, these methods are seldom used at a practical inspection and visual examination is conducted to find the crack at present. Authors consider that further detection methods and knowledge should be accumulated to make the automated crack detection methods useful. As a part of the attempt of the methods and knowledge accumulation, this paper proposes crack detection methods based on statistical and geometrical approach. The accuracy of developed method is validated by the photos of concrete structures with lots of adverse conditions including shadow and dirts.

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 The formulas of spreading velocity of fire are generally used in the simulation of the earthquake induced urban spreading fire. The formulas are constructed based on the physical base and the field investigate in the past urban fires. Therefore, the uncertainty of the formulas is inevitable. In this study, an effective method is presented to evaluate the reliability of estimated arrival time of fire which is calculated by Petri-net using such the formulas of spreading fire with uncertainty.

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 Augmented Reality (AR) which extends an environment with virtual objects has been studied extensively and has gained popularity in landscape assessment. However, existing AR approaches cannot correctly simulate views after the demolition and removal of outdoor buildings. To resolve this problem, Diminished Reality (DR) has been paid attention. DR is a technique which can remove the image of an existing object and paste the background image on the area of the diminished object in real time. It is well known that accurate registration of video camera's position and direction is quite difficult in AR or DR if it is used outdoors. On the other hand, a measurement technology of point cloud data by using 3D laser scanner has also been focused. Point cloud data can be measured in a wide-range scale such as a city or a country by using Mobile Mapping System (MMS) which is a laser scanner on a moving vehicle. Considering rapid progress of information technology in recent years, it is expected that we can get point cloud data of any place freely in near future. The registration methods using point cloud data for AR have been studied. Therefore, in this research, a Diminished Reality simulation system using point cloud data was proposed. This system facilitates landscape simulation and assessment of demolition and removal of outdoor buildings beforehand.

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 In order to discover useful knowledge from a large amount of data observed by many sensors installed in buildings and houses, the knowledge model of energy saving in buildings was developed, and sensor data model and the knowledge model were integrated. Next, a production system, which uses the integrated data model, was developed, and knowledge data of energy saving in buildings was made. Then, sensor monitoring was performed at an office of Osaka University. The observed data and the knowledge data were stored in accordance with the integrated data model, and the data was processed by the developed system. The result showed that intelligent processing of data was realized and appropriate knowledge was discovered.

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 Crime prevention is an important issue because the fear of crime significantly influences on our Quality of Life (QOL). Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED), which is one of the crime prevention methods, is considered to be an effective method for preventing opportunity crime occurring especially in urban areas. We considered that the wireless sensor network system, which is a rapidly evolving technology, would be effective for CPTED. This study aims to propose and verify a wireless sensor network system in outdoor for CPTED at low cost by using Arduino and communication modules as sensor nodes. To verify the proposed system, we executed experiments in outdoor and showed the feasibility of the system.

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 As many bridges in Japan were constructed in the period of high economic growth, demands on maintaining and operating aging bridges are growing. Although 2D drawing is the main method to maintain bridges today, 3D product models should be used for maintenance in order to increase the efficiency. Conventional product models are highly detailed, yet they are not indispensable for maintenance works. The purpose of this research is to determine optimum level of development (LOD) to represent existing bridges with 3D product models. In this paper, we have estimated cost for modeling and proposing LOD, and considered the method for estimating benefit of modeling.

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 This paper describes the development of the system about Augmented Reality (AR) effectively to prevent human errors in plant operations and maintenance. In this research, we developed the AR system using a image feature points method for plant operation support. By cutting the selected spaces from template pictures, this system tracks the positions of plant operation inside the images captured by a camera. By using this method, operating procedures could be visually displayed on tablet by the images and videos. By performing a demonstration in the actual water purification site, we have been evolved this system. The result shows that the performance of proposed method is useful to prevent human errors in plant operation.

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 This paper presents a strategy for estimating latent hazardous areas affected by slope failures with SEM (Structural equation modeling)-based quantitative model with "normative types of training data sets." The quantitative model for producing susceptibility maps of slope failures elucidates the relationship between past occurrences of slope failures (i.e. P_type: past occurrence type of training data sets) and causal factors. The following knowledge-based training data sets (i.e. N_type: normative type) are introduced to the model; i)convex ridge topography, ii)convex plateau-formed topography, iii)concave single hillformed topography, iv)concave many hills-formed topography and v) concave gentle slope topography. As a final outcome, the differences between susceptibility maps produced by using P_type and N_types of training data sets, respectively, are delineated on difference maps which are effective in estimating latent hazardous areas affected by land characteristics unlike those of past occurrences of slope failures.

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 We especially analyze the behavior of vehicle stops under the countdowntype traffic signals with the display of remaining green time. We accomplished it by analyzing the data surveyed in China, which include eight different intersections in both winter and summer. By using a logistic model, this paper established a driver decision model at the signalized intersections with the countdown display. According to the results, it is possible to enhance the tendency of vehicles stopping by the count display and surveillance camera in both winter and summer, however, the influence of count display on the behavior of vehicle stop is higher than that of surveillance camera in winter. Therefore, it can be indicated that the countdown-type traffic signals have the characteristics of vehicles stopping under the intersection conditions that drivers can recognize the countdown display from 90-meters upstream at intersections, several severe regulation of red light running with video camera and without all-red interval.

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 In Japan a new reguration scheme on oversize/overmass vehicles using probe data collected by the ETC2.0 onboard units and corresponding road-side-units (RSUs) are studied. In this analysis the locations of additional RSUs for the monitoring are considered and the driving route monitoring level of regurated heavy vehicles are estimated with the permission route information data issued by road authorities. Results indicate that route monitoring level with the existing RSUs along the expressways is 54.0%. And additional installation of 1,259 RSUs along the National Highways can increase the monitoring level to 86.4% though 95% of the increase is achieved by installations of the first 900 RSUs.

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 It is important to efficiently create 3D models of target facilities in order to apply CIM which is promoted by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism to maintain river related facilities. The 3D model of a river related facility which was created at its construction stage is supposed to have an adequate accuracy for the maintenance. However, it is considered to be unrealistic to let 3D models of existing river facilities have the same Level of Development (LOD) as on the construction stage, because it will cost significantly. There have been no insights related to LOD for 3D models in the area of civil engineering so far. Thus, this paper focuses on LOD for 3D models used for maintaining river related facilities, and considers which level of elaborated 3D models should be created so that they can be practically applied without any excess or deficiency for maintaining river related facilities.

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 With the objective of supporting the elaboration of maintenance planning at the site office, the present study attempts to link geometrical information (CAD, SXF) and attribute information (SAF, XML) to the data base. By linking inspection information such as IRI included in SAF to SXF, inspection information in the database can be updated, for example, it was considered that the color of a certain pavement (repair level) can be linked and changed. The method of using attribute, used the attribute addition mechanism of SXF Ver. 3.1 and applied the attribute addition mechanism for attribute file (ATRF). Using the data base thus built, uploading and down loading the road information (intermediate file: EXCEL) through the web, displaying IRI for each laneaned linking CAD design plan to attribute information will be possible.

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 In considering kansei performance, the consensus building has to be carried out from both agreement performance with the design concept and consideration performance to design elements point of views. Thus, in the present study, a system that can confirm immediately the evaluation of the attribute of the different subject plotted in the performance matrix during the consensus building was built. In case the evaluation of a subject attribute is in the not allowable range, design elements with high partial correlation coefficient are selected and their category change andit was confirmed that performance evaluation of the alternative can be displayed with one click. It is possible to make trial and error to all the attributes so that they are placed above the standard line. Moreover, questionnairewas carried out on the system among people who have experienced this consensus building, its effectiveness was confirmed through applications in workshops.

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 In this study, a new automated construction method of road network data is developed. Road network data is often utilized in studies of numerical simulation models for traffic, rainfall-runoff and flood inundation analysis. In the developed method, firstly crossroads are demarcated from road sections of uninterrupted flow in order to simplify a polygon of road. Secondly road centerlines of road sections and crossroads are generated separately. The developed method was applied for Kanda catchment and the shapes of road network data were validated. It was demonstrated that road network data can be created by using the method of this study without a correction.

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 This paper presents a method that automatically extracts boundaries of buildings even in dense urban areas using aerial images and airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data. First, the proposed method segments initial regions using aerial images. Next, point clouds of airborne LiDAR data are filtered into ground data and non-ground data.Then, normal of non-ground point is calculated by fitting a planar equation to the data including neighboring points. The normals are aggregated within a region, and then pairs of regions are searched by examining the normals. Finally, two-dimensional boundaries of buildings are delineated. The validation results show that the proposed method effectively extracted boundary data of buildings even in the dense urban areas.

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 In the construction business, actual performance of the information construction has increased. In particular the use of 3D information of the work progress control using TS (Total Station) is being established. However, 3D data are created based on the original two-dimensional drawings by builder. The entire business become more efficient if create a 3D data at the design stage and distribute and use to post-process. In this study, we have extended LandXML for the purpose of fitting to Japan road design, and created a standard model intended to exchange 3D data and information required in the design and construction.

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 Having been of the first importance in many research fields, the use of three-dimensional point cloud data is predominantly emphasized in the current study. In order to improve the process of construction production in particular, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transportation and Tourism (MLIT) has implemented Construction Information Modelling/Management (CIM) in each phase of life cycle of construction. In their previous research studies, the authors endeavored to improve point cloud data deployment by editing point cloud data and analyzing its attributes. In this study, the authors have proposed the utilization of attributed point cloud data and described its significance using numerous construction projects as case studies. Through applications of the attributed point cloud data in design, construction, and maintenance phases of life cycle of construction, distinct possibilities of point cloud data usage are recognized.

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 In this study, we proposes the complex tool for local disaster prevention education by combining the tsunami numerical simulation and high quality visualization. we conducted the numerical simulation and its visualization about tsunami caused by the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake in a partial area of Kesennuma-city, Miyagi. For our numerical models, we adopted planer 2D tsunami propagation model based on shallow water theory and 3D tsunami inundation model by directory solving Navier-Stokes equation. We converted the numerical results into the evacuator's view by using the texture mapping of the aerial photo and adding CG effect of the water surface, we realized the photographic visualization through which the residents can intuitively comprehend the disaster. It turns out to be useful to the education and training of tsunami evacuation.

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 The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism has been promoting CIM (Construction Information Modeling) in recent years for the purposes of quality assurance and business improvement of public works projects. It is regarded important in CIM to utilize the three-dimensional data that are suitable for representing terrains or civil engineering structures, such as TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network) models, in a unified way. In this context, studies are being made on generation of TIN models from point cloud data obtained using cameras or lasers. However, though some methods can be found in existing researches that involve referring to design drawings or limiting the object, no universal method has been established yet. Moreover, since the accuracy of TIN models varies according to the various methods, they are often verified or manually modified, causing a problem of requiring a lot of time and effort. This research aims to improve the accuracy of TIN models by proposing a method of using depth data to verify a TIN model and restructure only the part different from the actual geometry.

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 This paper presents a method for computing simplified VR models from BIM models for urban planning. Given a polygonal mesh extracted from BIM data, our method computes a simplified shape by extrusion of the outermost contours of the cross-sections of the mesh. This enables us to remove unnecessary faces in the BIM model and the number of faces can be reduced. Detail textures are computed from the original data. In this paper, we applied the method to several BIM data and confirmed over 50% of polygons were reduced by using our method.

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 This paper introduces an information management system for roadside trees using NFC (Near Field Communication) compliant IC tags. Given roadside trees identified by the IC tags, our system enables to retrieve and to edit tree information by touching the IC tags with NFC compliant tablet devices. Since the devices are connected to the internet, our system can make a diagnosis efficiently. In this research, we developed two prototypes: tree diagnosis system for arborists and tree information retrieval system for citizens. In addition, we also discuss a method for installing IC tags. This paper also evaluates the systems by experiments by arborists and citizens.

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 Recently, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) has been using Construction Information Modelling/ Management (CIM) in its construction projects. CIM has the notion of using a 3D model in the life cycle of construction phases such as planning, design, construction, and maintenance. By sharing the models in each phase, the ideal of CIM can be anticipated. With this idea in mind, the use of 3D data in the design phase has substantially improved the construction process. Thus, in order to apply the use of 3D data in road maintenance, road surface point cloud data is acquired using mobile mapping system (MMS). In previous research, the authors have applied the use of point cloud data in the design and construction phases by analysing their attributes. In this study, the authors have defined the importance of assigning attributes to point cloud data and proposed the way to assign the attributes. As an example, the authors have applied this proposal in Town A, which is a vast amount of point cloud data derived from MMS in order to accomplish the road surface data management.

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 In this study, as one solution to the problem of the condition assessment of existing short- and mediumspan reinforced/prestressed concrete bridges, a new monitoring method using an in-service fixed-route bus as part of a public transit system (bus monitoring system) is proposed, along with safety index, namely, the characteristic deflection, which is relatively free from the influence of dynamic disturbances due to such factors as the roughness of the road surface, and a structural anomaly parameter such as unsteady vibration compornents, etc. A basic study was conducted by using the results of technical verification experiments and numerical analysis simulation. This paper describes the details of not only how to assess the bridge condition by public bus vibration measured in operating on the Ube City bus network as a specific example to verify the system but also what kind of considerations we need to apply the system to existing bridges in overseas country.

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 As a new way of investigating the change in Noh stage style, this study examined the relation between “Johakyu, ” which constitutes Noh performance, and Noh stage Hashigakari. We extracted “Johakyu” from audio date of the musical accompaniment, created 3DCG images of the Noh stage and the movement of performers, and calculated the moving distance, moving angle, and stay time from the position information. Results from a study that examined the relation between the obtained date and Hashigalkari (jo part, ha part, and kyu part) using a statistical technique revealed “Johakyu” as one factor by which Hashigakari style changed.

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 In the inspection of defect in billet using ultrasonic CT method, real diameter of defect and width of defect in visualized image are difference, and that is the problem because the size of defect can't be estimated accurately. Then, we simulate by numerical calculation in order to lead relationships between parameters (center frequency of transmitted signal, diameter of defect and width of defect image … etc.). As the calculation method, we use Finite-Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method that is faster in calculation than Transmission-Line Matrix (TLM) method. As the simulation result, we found that there is a linear relationship between diameter of defect and amount of decrease in velocity of visualization image, and that there is a relationship between wavelength of signal and width of defect image. On the other hand, there is no correlation between diameter of defect and width of defect image. Therefore, we should apply the relashionship equation that is led by the linear relationship to the estimation of the size of defect.

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 Even in recent years we are suffering from a series of flooding not only by large-scale flood damage, such as tsunamis and typhoons, but also local urban flood damages such as internal water flooding and basement flooding due to short time of heavy rain. It is important to spur the self-reliant efforts to cope with the inevitable disaster by preparing individual acting plans in emergency situations, instead of only relying and focusing on strengthening hardware for disaster prevention. Hazard map is also prevailed lately, but 2D mapped estimated flooding distribution does not really give a clear image what is going to happen in individual vicinities. This paper proposes a novel method for creating a flooded imagery, using augmented reality (AR) technique. Overlaying estimated flooding situation onto actual videotaped surroundings encourages to associate the disaster information with the action you have to take. Without any additional devices and knowledges such as 3D CG rendering and 3D modeling, just a simple video input will help to set up a 3D coordinate to draw the flooding water surface onto the video itself. Geometrical consistency in the AR images is supported so that the actual physical objects seem to be exposed to water. Based on the proposed method, we assure that the realtime process and authoring utility work effectively for both helping creation of the AR movies and easy to understand the flooded situation.

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 Public facilities management can confirm daily changes by using patrol vehicles which observe the situation and by performing regular measurement. With installation of monitoring cameras to roads and rivers, the photos and videos taken therefrom made it possible to determine the status of changes in water level as a result of heavy rain and traffic conditions. Presently, an initiative for public facilities management with loads of monitoring cameras has been made. However, public facilities management in local authority contains enormous management extension which makes it financially difficult. Therefore, it can be said that the number of installations are still insufficient. Even though monitoring cameras have been used effectively in disaster prevention, they are rarely used as a mean of management. The authors hence thought of a simple technique to use in public facilities management. In this research, the authors studied the use of monitoring cameras with surveying functions. Through the lens of river channel management, their research convincingly demonstrated its use in a damremoval project.

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 This paper presents a simulation based experience system for tsunami considering the auditory information based on the VR technology in order to improve the reality. The tsunami sound level is evaluated by the geometric acoustic theory in order to realize the real time computing. The stereoscopic sound field is created in VR space by the method of ambisonics. The present system is shown to be a useful tool to investigate the disaster prevention and mitigation for tsunami waves.

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 Many developed countries are facing problems resulting from decades-old infrastructures which had been built in a period of rapid economic growth ever. Especially under the prevailing severe fiscal circumstances in aging societies, it is not realistic to deal with every deteriorated infrastructure facility all over the country. Therefore, a systematic solution is desired for finding critically deteriorated points with limited cost, in order to list up and prioritize the facilities to be treated. This paper focuses on pipelines for agricultural water use. Many of these pipelines are buried under ground and thus investigating their distortion and deterioration is not easy without excavation. The authors propose an investigation system with an RGB-D camera, or a depth imaging device to examine the inside of the pipelines. Taking advantage of the compact size of the RGB-D camera, our concept is to construct a self-propelling system to scan the pipeline so that the large scales of excavations are not necessary and leads to low cost and fast investigation. This paper focuses on localization of the RGB-D camera even in a circumstances that there are no feature points in images and shapes of the inner surface of the pipelines, while the RGB-D camera never miss any crucially damaged parts if they exist. Using multiple colors of light emission alternately, visual markers can be added on the target surface. The light markers are recorded in the colord 3D shape mesh data catured by the RGB-D camera. Employing sub-mesh order of alignment of the 3D data based on the marker positions, 5mm precition was achieved for the data registration, which is equivalent to the positioning accuracy of the RGB-D camera itself.

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 Periodic inspection of the tunnel requires too much labor. Because of this, traveling type image measurement vehicle has been attracting attention. It is possible to obtain images of tunnel wall surface in a short time using this equipment. In addition, the crack on the wall can be investigated from deployment image of the tunnel wall with this equipment. However, the work for extracting the crack from the image requires tracing by technicians. In this study, the auhours proposed a method for calculating a level difference height of the concrete wall from the image by irradiation angle of floodlight and width of shade. As a result, it was able to calculate the level difference height of 80-120% of the real height with proposed method. In addition, it could be calculated most accurately with illumination angle of 45°.

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 A 3D scanner or LiDAR is capable of capturing the surface shapes of objects as a set of a "point cloud" for examining, re-designing and preserving existing constructions as well as providing onsite information for construction information modeling (CIM). One of the difficulties of collecting complete scans of outdoor constructions is avoiding self and mutual occlusions. Covering the entire surface of a construction usually requires scanning from multiple viewpoints. Such scanning produces hundreds of millions of 3D point data to be processed for further computations, and these multiple measurements are time and labor intensive. Therefore, it is very important to establish an effective scanning plan a priori to avoid redundancy of both labor and computational costs. In this research, we propose a method for 3D-scan planning of outdoor constructions based on photogrammetry-based modeling and mathematical optimization methods. In our proposed method, we take videos or photographs of the target site by a hand-held camera. By using the structure from motion (SfM) technique, we find corresponding characteristic points in the photographs and estimate the camera positions and orientations as well as the 3D point cloud of the target object. Next, we triangulate the corresponding points by using meshing software to obtain the rough 3D mesh model, including the target construction, other constructions, and differences in height of the ground and vegetation. Finally, we make the optimal scan plan based on the 3D mesh model by using mathematical methods. We examine the visibility and self/mutual occlusion property of each polygon of the 3D mesh and calculate the minimum number of measurement points and their layout to scan all the surfaces of the targets. Our proposed method can calculate the optimal layout of the designated number of measurement points to maximize the obtainable data.

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 The investigating point survey is performed in the soil contamination survey. The investigating point survey divides an investigation area into a mesh, and determines a point. An investigating point sometimes exceeds 100 points. The investigating point survey requires time and a labor. Therefore, cost reduction is required. We developed the investigating point survey system. The system has the navigation technique that can be used easily by oneself. And the system has the RTK method that is high precision satellite positioning. So, the cost of the system was cut down.

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 The purpose of this study is accuracy improvement of damage extraction results for a practical road pavement condition assessment system that the authors have developed . The evaluation signal of a practical road pavement condition assessment system is the standard deviation of Z-axis acceleration. Therefore, there is a problem that Z-axis vibration does not occur when the vehicle though a section that rut as train rail-like wider than the width of the tire .In order to solve this problem, it was analyzed for association with the road surface damage such as cracking, rut and acceleration, angular velocity, angular acceleration data in the three axial directions.

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 Rivers have been bringing us benefits since ancient times, while occasionally raging. Living spaces and rivers are closely related with each other, and the social responsibility of river management is extremely important in ensuring secure, safe, and comfortable life. Among river management duties, periodic cross-sectional survey in river, which actually measures the open space along river to create cross sections, is performed over class-A rivers nationwide since it can be used for embankment improvement plans or grasping discharge capacity etc. Actual comprehensive measurement of all the class-A rivers nationwide incurs a huge cost. Therefore, efforts have been made on generation of cross sections using point cloud data obtained by the airborne laser. However, there still remain measurement errors or problems such as the noise of vegetation having an influence on the result. Thus this paper proposes a method of solving the remaining problems and creating a cross section with high precision from point cloud data.

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 With current advance of motorization, traffic congestion interferes with the ontime operation of buses. The most common complaint among riders is that “the bus does not come on time.” They must wait for the bus while worrying about not knowing when the bus will arrive or if the bus has already come and gone. This problem is thought to be a reason for reduced ridership because riders cannot solve it on their own. In order to solve this problem, the authors developed “Miebus”, which can accurately ascertain the location of buses in real time. If riders know the location of the bus, they can adjust accordingly and reach their own solution. This research adopted the concept, “Access the desired information in the TOP screen,” and tested whether or not a user interface can remove worry when using buses, even for riders unaccustomed to using buses. Demonstration experiments were carried out in a regional city that was selected for field trials.

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 This research developed an incident detection model by the Bayesian Network approach using traffic detector data measured on Tokyo Metropolitan expressways. Traffic state information including traffic volume, velocity, occupancy and occurance of incidents is used to make conditional probability table that is the output from the Bayesian Network model. In this paper, the model performance is verified by not only detection rates but also detection delays and false rates focusing on five routes on the metropolitan expressways to consider the possibility of installing the proposed model in traffic control center of the expressway. As the results of verification, the detection rate by the proposed model was about 70% in the case of the most accurate route, and the false detection rate was 4%, better results than the existing study that investigates the incident detection model by another method on the same route of the expressway.

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 It is important to know the human behavior exactly for instituting urban planning and disaster prevention planning. GPS sensor of smartphone can be acquiring position information attached with human behavior. However, smartphone application systems often don't operate as system developers had expected, becauce the different type of GPS sensors are installed in smartphones. System developers have to develop the application systems understanding the sensor features in smartphone.
 The objective of this research is to elucidate the features of GPS sensor and activity recognition API. The preexperiments were conducted for understanding temporal and distance intervals, location accuracy, and proposed correction method using six smartphone devices. The primary experiments were designed and conducted for elucidating the accuracy of position information using only GPS sensor and GPS sensor and activity recognition API. The means of transportation and the location of activity were grasped on stable temporal and distance intervals developing and validating the application system of GPS sensor and activity recognition API.

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 Maintenance of elevated highway bridges built during the high economic growth period is performed based on their design drawings and as-built drawings. For these elevated highway bridges, however, drawings were produced on paper media at the times of design and completion; therefore, in many cases they have already been disposed, it is difficult to make it for performing maintenance. In such a case, regenerating the detail design of the current status is required, but it takes huge cost. For this problem, a large number of studies have been made on automatic generation of three-dimensional models for maintenance of highway bridges from point cloud data obtained through MMS (Mobile Mapping System). However, it is hard to use the models generated in these studies because they do not consider the original geometric information of highways. Thus in this study, we aim to regenerate the SXF drawings of the superstructure of an elevated highway bridge, and propose a method for extracting alignment information of the superstructure from point cloud data of MMS. We verify the usability of our method and system by comparing the experimental data with current drawings in our experiments.

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 It is expected to improve the whole construction process by using the CIM(Construction Information Modeling). Therefore, MLIT(Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism) has studied the introduction of the CIM, and has been attempted the CIM in several projects. In this paper, we reports the results of the trial for applying the CIM in the embankment project that is in the design stage. Based on the results of the trial and the risk in the embankment project, we propose a method of application of the CIM for the embankment project in the design stage, and describe the expected effects in the embankment project.

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 In recent years, serious disaster have occurred because of abnormal climate. For this reason, it is important to observe a wide are using optical sensor data. However, in order that optical sensor data may tend to be subject to the influence of atmospheric, synthetic opening data attracts attention. And, this research examined presuming the land cover change area by coherence data among the information generated from the Synthetic Aperture Radar data.

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 As for the satellite based positioning system GPS and GLONASS has been used mainly, but QZSS and Galileo has come to be used in recent years. Also, GPS has increased the satellite to send a new positioning signal L2C. Therefore, the satellite positioning can be expected to obtain a good observation data than ever, while it is necessary to remove the satellite signal including the multipath. The authors have verified a method for determining of satellite signal of multipath using the L1C/A and L2P signal strength and the difference of phase change between satellite signal L1C/A and L2P by GPS and GLONASS in previous studies. In this study, newly added L2C signal of GPS and L1P signal of GLONASS, then verified whether detectable satellite signal including a multipath from the actual observed data. As a result, satellite signal affected by multipath can be detected similarly to the conventional positioning signal. In addition, the effect of the increase of multipath detection indicators was confirmed by the percentage of fix solution and positioning accuracy.

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 Three-dimensional landform data are generated by mobile mapping system, laser profiler, laser scanner, UAV and so on. However, three-dimensional landform data are not utilized through the lifecycle of civil infrastructure. Three-dimensional landform data are the basis of Construction Information Modeling (CIM). There are no standards for representing and drawing three-dimensional landform data.
 This paper considered the three-dimensional drawing standard intended for landform with a goal of establishment of three-dimensional drawing and three-dimensional CAD drawing standards. In this paper, the eight existing specifications were investigated for extracting common specifications with three-dimensional landform data and were mapped with the relation. The use cases of three-dimensional landform data were investigated reviewing the experts and the existing papers. If three-dimensional drawing standard for landform is standardized, high accuracy three-dimensional landform data is produced. By using high accuracy three-dimensional landform data, high accuracy map data will be produced. And, the data are utilized for supporting plan, design, construction, and maintenance in civil infrastructure.
 And, the three-dimensional drawing standard for landform was defined. We targeted the landform and standardized a common specification of landform in civil infrastructure domain. The landform is composed of the existing landform such as road, bridge, river, and so on and newly developed land. The three-dimensional drawing standard is standardized the notation of drawing and the view.
 The table of contents for three-dimensional drawing standard was proposed. There are two chapters; general rule and three-dimensional drawing standard for landform. In general rule chapter, it is necessary to represent definition, application range, method of thinking and words and terms. three-dimensional drawing standard for landform proposed to define the contents of conformance class, level of detail, management information, annotation, used point, line, surface and solid, and features.

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