A rail alignment has a great effect on travelling performance, speed, and time. We have developed a total system of rail alignment planning powered by a coordinate calculation program of line shapes, CAD, 3D simulation technology, which makes it possible to plan rail tracks by a graphical user interface for the people who posess a certain level of knowledge about a rail alignment. This system has functions of 2D design (plane line shape calculation, layout of turnouts), longitudinal section profile design (vertical line shape calculation), and cross section profile design of rail tracks. It also enables to check the rail track construction gauge and plan a rail track structure in a 3D view. These functions facilitated a simulation with accurate coordinate calculation results and made high-quality rail alignment planning effective.

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 Three dimensional models of civil engineering structures are only partially used in either design or construction but not both. Research on integration of design, cost estimation and construction by 3Dmodels has not been heard in civil engineering domain yet. Using continuously a 3D product model of a structure from design to construction through estimation should improve the efficiency and decrease the occurrence of mistakes, hence enhancing the quality. In this research, we investigated the current practices of flow from design to construction, particularly focusing on cost estimation. Then, we identified advantages and issues on utilization of 3D design models to estimation and construction by applying 3D models to an actual railway construction project.

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 When the cut-and-overlay asphalt work is done for improving road pavement, conventional road surface elevation survey with levels often requires traffic regulation and takes much time and effort. Recently, although new surveying methods using non-prismatic total stations or fixed 3D laser scanners have been proposed in industry, they have not been adopted much due to their high cost. In this research, we propose a new method using Mobile Mapping Systems (MMS) in order to increase the efficiency and to reduce the cost. In this method, small white marks are painted at the intervals of 10m along the road to identify cross sections and to modify the elevations of the white marks with accurate survey data. To verify this proposed method, we executed an experiment and compared this method with the conventional level survey method and the fixed 3D laser scanning method at a road of Osaka University. The result showed that the proposed method had a similar accuracy with other methods and it was more efficient.

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 This research examined the optimization technique which used GA about the regulation technique of large-scale repair work. Specifically, the optimal regulation technique (which regulation technique is good among the short restriction in weekend, large-scale middle or long restriction, and large-scale suspension) of the repair work which makes the minimum (repair cost plus decrease cost plus dangerous cost) was searched for. Thus, the short restriction during weekend, large-scale middle or long restriction, large-scale suspension, etc. can be easily compared now for a certain section in a specific route or a route using built GA program. Moreover, validity verificati on of construction classification selection of the large-scale repair work of the past by built GA program was performed.

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 For better image interpretation and analysis, an algorithm for producing a Multi-Feature Composite moving image (termed "MFC image") inducing visual illusion (i.e., pseudo-rotational and persistent of vision) has been newly developed. The animation-like MFC image is produced by continuously displaying emboss processing-based images (i.e., shade images) according to the eight directions of light sources. In this study, the effectiveness in case of overlaying the different kinds of image texture features (e.g., contrast, entropy, energy, mean, laplacian, variance, etc.) on the shade images has been investigated. Through the quantitative- and qualitative-analysis for MFC images, we have confirmed the proposed algorithm to produce MFC image is useful for simultaneously enhancing image features as well as for maintaining the quality of original image itself.

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 Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism of Japan is going to make maximum use of vehicle detectors installed at national roads around the country and efficiently gather traffic volume data from wide areas by estimating traffic volumes within adjacent road sections based on the constant observation data obtained from the vehicle detectors. Efficient processing of outliers and missing values in constant observation data are needed in this process.
 Focusing on the processing of singular and missing values, the authors have developed a series of algorithms to calculate hourly traffic volumes in which a required accuracy is secured based on measurement data obtained from vehicle detectors. The algorithms have been put to practical uses. The main characteristic of these algorithms is that they use data accumulated in the past as well as data from constant observation devices in adjacent road sections. This paper describes the contents of the developed algorithms and clarifies their accuracy using actual observation data and by making comparis on with other methods.

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 In civil engineering works, concrete structures such as pier or retaining wall are generally build up with cast-in-place concrete that is made with ready-mixed concrete placed into forms. However, since the three dimensional models are made as a finished product in design stage, the forms are not used as an element for making of three dimensional models.
 We focused the cast-in-place concrete structures and performed a fundamental study to develop a method for making three dimensional models with forms. Additionally, we showed an example of cast-in-place concrete structure and described the method of making forms, validation of gaps between forms, validation of polyhedron, generation of concrete model, calculation of amounts and approximate estimates of construction cost.

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 Recently, an electronic delivery for various documents is carried out by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism in construction fields. One of them is image data of construction photography that must be delivered with information of photography management items such as construction name or type of works, etc. However, there is a problem that a lot of cost is needed to treat contents of these items from characters printed and handwritten on blackboard into these image data. In this research, we develop the system which can treat contents of these items by extracting contents of these items from the image data of construction photography taken in various scenes with preprocessing the image, recognizing characters with OCR and correcting error with natural language process. And we confirm the effectiveness of the system, by experimenting in each function of system and in entire system.

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 We proposed the design conference system "TuC : Total design using Computer graphics" that based on the model space. The problem of this model space is how much making the surroundings of the design subject exactly. Moreover, 3-D data have used only the CG for resident explanation, so making these data have few merits for much cost and time. The 2-D drawing data is used for conference and consideration by outputting to paper. The drawing paper can so grasp a design proposal that it becomes an skillful engineer. However, in the case of intermixing several contractors and employers like urban site, it is difficult to have common recognition with all conference person. This paper shows a method to take in the 2-D drawing data on VR and adding some objects. In addition, it shows a proof example and verifying its usefulness.

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 3D point cloud data is used widely and applications of the data are studied actively in many research fields. In our previous paper, we illustrate an analysis method to set data the attribute of the st ructure which is located roadside. However it is very difficult to distinguish to an electric pole and a signal only using positional information of data.
 This paper studies an analysis method of setting data attribution of structures using color informa tion. We describe a method to sort data in a hue(H) and saturation(S), and as an example ,show the result of sorting for attribution of point cloud data which are measured national road. Since each point has a color and position information, positions are automatically identified.

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 This paper evaluates the adjustment process for crossing support system for visually disabled at signalized intersections with the use of pedestrian traffic signals in concert with visible light communication (VLC) technology through outdoor experiments. As for the experiments, we put a blindfold on sighted people by eye mask in order to analyze the behavior of acquired visually disabled. And we used a full-scale crosswalk which is taking into consideration the crossing slope, the bumps at the edge of a crosswalk between the roadway and the sidewalkand crosswalk line.
 From the results of the survey, it is found that repetitive use of the VLC system decreased the number of lost their bearings completely and ended up standing immobile and reduced the crossing time for each person. On the other hand, it is shown that the performance of our VLC system is nearly equal to the existing support system from the view point of crossing time and the number of standing immobile and we clarified the effect factor for guidance accuracy by the regression analyses. Then we broke test subjects down into patterns by cluster analysis, and explained the walking characteristics for each group as they used the VLC system. In addition, we conducted the additional surveys for the quasi-blind subjects who had difficulty walking by using VLC system and visually impaired users. As a result, it is revealed that guidance accuracy was improved by providing the information about their receiving movement at several points on crosswalk and the habit of their walks for each user.

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 We tried a method of grain sizing by image processing which is available to survey and analyze in short time. The high-efficiency method actualizes high spatial resolution information of grain size distribution. Thus, the information has a vailability to express a situation of stream flow better than traditional grain sizing methods. For this reason, we paid attention to 50 m reservoir area upper from the check dam in mountainous region and surveyed the grain distribution at 26 sites and river channel landform. The grain sizing by image processing provided the appropriate result qualitatively. Moreover we estimated the critical diameter of moving from hydraulic information simultaneously. A qualitative appropriate result is showed less than 50 mm error as a result, however, quantitative response is not found between the critical diameter of moving and the grain size distribution surveyed. Meanwhile,the different grain sizing methods that are image processing and traditional sieving are used to cover the bilateral weak point. Thereby, a peak of grain existence probability is found in the threshold diameter between image processing and sieving. This result indicates that it is necessary to change the threshold diameter much larger than the limit of image processing grain sizing.

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 When we examine deterioration of a existing structure, it is applicable to the nondestructive testing that used digital camera or digital video camera matching with the past technique as a watching and a contact sensor. The floodlight is almost used in the examination, it is possible to crack detection lighting a concrete suface. In the present case, we note a shade by the floodlight and devise to crack detection because the binarization method produces the photography of the concrete surface.
 But, it is difficult to sort out the deterioration, and stains in digital image. Because, we need a check by expert engineer. In order to sort easily we try to sort out the deterioration, and stains using color space method.

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 Pavement ride quality testing has traditionally been based on subjective questionnaire ratings. The questionnaire survey has ability to directly measure the sense of road users' ride quality. However, it is difficult to quantify the evaluation results based on the questionnaire due to its lack of objectivity. This study examines pavement health monitoring method using physiological information such as heart rate variability (HRV) for detecting mental stress of road users toward pavement ride quality. First, a results of a driving simulator experiment shows that potential mental stress caused by road roughness can be observed in high-frequency oscillations in 0.15-0.4Hz of HRV processed by continuous wavelet transform. Then, the high-frequency oscillations of HRV is summarized as an index related to the mental stress that makes objective ride quality evaluation possible. Finally, this study indicates that the index contributes to improve the accuracy of pavement health monitoring based on surface ride quality.

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 Detailed road alignment data are now required to realize lane departure/curve speed warning services and other advanced ITS services and to reduce the green house gas emission from autos. However, the provision of detailed road alignment data is slow in Japan partly because of the considerable costs for collecting and updating these data. In this paper, three-dimensional road alignments, especially the lane data were estimated using the CAD drawings and the alignment of a centerline of expressways. The vertical curvelength(VCL) data did not exist and they were determined to meet the specifications of Road Alignment Ordinance. The estimated three-dimensional alignment data were compared with the five-meter-mesh DEM data of the GSI. It was found that the difference is less than 1m in most cases except specific vertical curve sections where the freedom in determining the VCL is greater.

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 This study focuses on the range image sensor as the portable traffic counter. The method of automated counting system for vehicle volume in traffic flow has been developed using the range image sensor. The automated counting system extracts the vehicle detection data from range data measured by the range image sensor, counts the number of passing vehicle using the change in frequency distribution of the range data which contains vehicle shape. As a result of verification experiment, all vehicles could be detected and counted by this system except for the black vehicles and motorcycles.

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 Healthy people, the realization of a service route guidance for pedestrians, including elderly and people with disabilities, needs to develop pedestrian space network data. But we need to measure a step in the pedestrian corridor. Therefore, if we are to develop the data, it takes enormous effort. On the other hand, with the advances in measurement technology, by using a 3D laser scanner, you can get wide area high-precision point cloud data. If you can generate a pedestrian space network by using point cloud data, which contribute to efficient data development. In this study devised a method for generating by combines a digital map and point cloud data, aimed at outdoor pedestrian space network data development.

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 This research is aimed at the heavy machine noise problem in engineering works and construction work. Sound other than heavy machine noise are included in the measured sound because most of noise investigation were carried out outdoors. This research is related with direction of arrival estimation of a sound source for evaluating the correct influence of heavy machine noise from a measurement result including sound other than heavy machine noise. Because the main components of heavy machine noise have periodic sound caused by rotation of an engine, they has strong power in a specific frequency component, which is so-called excellence frequency. The direction of arrival estimation technique utilizing the feature of this heavy machine noise was proposed, and the effectiveness was confirmed by simulations.

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 This study considers an information platform for people flow analysis in urban area. The platform, which can keep a certain quality of location data of many people even in the buisuiness operation scene, aims at an acceleration of person traffic investigation or real-time monitoring, by the reduction of data processing loads which have been done in various urban managers.
 Concretely we design WebAPI for web service supporting various kinds of analysis such as map matching or spatio-temporal interpolation etc. for people flow, after arrangement of the needs of location data of people in a public and private field, and the seeds such as existing technologies and problems. Actually we implement the platform which can process the data effectively, and measure the performance of each WebAPI function, and analyse application status of registered users.

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 Maintenance strategy for road facilities on the road network which is an essential lifeline supporting our life is becoming a major social concern in safety and securer civil societies for not only Yamaguchi prefecture but also other prefectures in recently. This paper describes a road facilities maintenance man-agement support system combined with the latest information and communication technologies, such as the information function at the position of the GPS cellular phone with web GIS, etc. By using the system, because information can be shared by using location information function, photograph function, e-mail functionality, and web GIS of the GPS cellular phone to its maximum, an efficient, effective maintenance management can be done. From the comparison of the results of applying the system to an actual road network in Yamaguchi prefecture area, the road administrator can in real time confirm the position and the situation of the facilities damage of the road from the Internet, and a quick mending can be done.

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 In the simulation of earthquake induced urban spreading fire, the produce of the analytical model of the target area is required as well as the analysis of spreading fire and the presentati on of the results. In order to promote the use of the simulation, it is important that the simulation system is non-intrusive and the analysis results can be demonstrated by the realistic presentation.
 In this study, the simulation system is developed based on the Petri-net algorithm, in which the easy operation can be realized in the modeling of the target area of the simulation through the presentation of analytical results by realistic 3-D animation.

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 Recently, ITS services for next-generation, such as deviation prevention system at lane-level or autonomous driving, are making progress.
 In this study, we develop an effective generation method for lane marking data by model-based approach using existing CAD drawings and road gauge type. Moreover we verify our generated data comparing with aerial survey product in three areas all over Japan. As for standardized artificial structure such as express-way, our approach, generating data with consistency by model-base approach and verifying, modifying generated data by fragmentary survey data, become very important in the sense of cost reduction and prompt generation/modification, though much survey data are required for high accuracy data until now.

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 The Quasi-Zenith Satellite (QZS) transmits GPS reinforcement signals from the zenith direction. Therefore, improvement of satellite positioning availability is expected in the urban and mountainous areas by QZS. In particular, since LEX signal is delivered, including reinforcement information generated from observation data by the multiple permanent GPS monument, RTK positioning by LEX signal is expected to have the capability of real-time centimeter level positioning in Japan. The authors conducted the comparison experiments of conventional RTK positioning and positioning by LEX in order to examine the effectiveness of the reinforcing effects of LEX. The observation by LEX and RTK have done in various surrounding conditions at the same time to compare the availability and accuracy. As a result, the availability of LEX and RTK positioning showed differences according to the observation condition. In addition, the variation around the mean value of the solution was shown the same trend.

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 In the construction field of Japan, it is an important subject to build the environment where 3D-CAD data is used for CALS/EC, information construction, and an improvement in productivity. However, in the construction field, 3D-CAD software does not exist under the present circumstances. Then, in order to support development of domestic 3D-CAD software, it is required to develop a 3D-CAD engine.
 In this research, in order to familiarize the 3D-CAD software at low cost and quickly and build the environment where the 3D-CAD software is utilizable, investigation for designing a 3D-CAD engine is proposed. The target for investigation are the use scene of 3D-CAD, the seeds which accompany 3D-CAD, a standardization trend, existing products, IT component engineering. Based on results of the investigation, the functional requirements for the 3D-CAD engine for the construction field were concluded.

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 Ashio Basin was once lushly green until 1800's. However, the forest had been almost lost by copper mine de velopment and forest fire by 1956. From that time on, afforestation has been carried out for over 50 years, and the vegetation is being recovered. Therefore, it is very important to estimate the past afforestation activities, and to propose future directions. There exists an earlier research on vegetation monitoring in Ashio area, but it was performed more than 15 years ago, and used expensive commercial GIS and LANDSAT data. The present study examined a sustainable and inexpensive system with using preferably free data and software. It is shown that, by comparison with aerial photographs and digital national land information, vegetation index (NDVI) by MODIS data, available to download free, are easy to obtain and manipulate, and applicable for vegetation monitoring in Ashio area.

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