The standard design is suitable for making infrastructures in a short period, but it makes them uniform. To avoid making uniform infrastructures, choose some important facilities and give more resources than others. Before WWII, the national railways in Japan had a system that classified stations into some grades. As a result of the investigation, it is found that the stations classified into 5 grades. Stations classified the 1st and 2nd grade were designed individually but there were some restrictions on the budget or the lot size for the 2nd grade stations.

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 Infrastructure projects implemented in Japan in the Edo shogunate are said to have built the foundation for the country's present. However, there has not been an exhaustive study based on primary historical sources to clarify how these projects were implemented under the Edo Shogunate.
 The present research focuses on the road administration system implemented during the early and middle Edo Shogunate by referring to Tokugawa Jikki, official records compiled by the Edo Shogunate. The study revealed 149 items related to roads. Categorization of these items found that the highest number of 120 items touched on the formulation of rules to determine policies on distribution and transport, as well as maintenance and management of roads. Meanwhile, only 25 items discussed the topic of road construction, namely, the building and repairing of roads.
 During the early and middle Edo Shogunate that was studied, roads were maintained and managed but not actively constructed under the direct control of the Shogunate. This indicates that the Edo Shogunate refrained from implementing civil engineering projects for improving transportation systems, ostensibly due to the need to prevent attacks upon the Edo Area and maintain the Bakuhan system.

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 In February 1888, Yozo Yamao was appointed as President of the Architectural Bureau. Then, in September of the same year, he made changes to the Ende & Böckmann construction plan for the central government district in Tokyo, which had already been approved by the Cabinet, and established his own new plan for the district. Yamao's plan is known in the field as the plan that provided the framework for the present-day central government district. However, very little research has been conducted on the plan, and much remains unknown about its content and the process by which Yamao established it. Seeking to redress this situation, the study derived the following new facts from several new historical materials such as a copy of Yamao's plan map: (1) Yamao sent a letter to Ende & Böckmann informing them that he intended to make changes to the construction plan to remain within the budget approved by the Cabinet. (2) In the new plan, Yamao focused closely on reducing costs—for example by positioning as many ministry buildings as possible on firm land that was government-owned; however, at the same time, he endeavored to incorporate elements of Baroque city planning in various locations to decorate the capital.

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 The objective of this thesis is to clarify works of Japanese civil engineers in Korea from 1910 to 1945 by study about the project of constructing bridges in Kyeong Sang Nam-do based on literature and field survey in Korea. This thesis makes clear back grounds, engineers, and organization of the project of constructing six bridges in Kyeong Sang Nam-do and points out similar feature of multi span bridges between bridges in Kyeong Sang Nam-do and Aioibashi bridge of the Tokyo Reconstruction Work in Taisho era. In addition, we showed the careers of five civil engineers who worked for this project and discussed the design philosophy of the lecturers of Kogyokusya where four civil engineers studied civil engineering.

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 This study aims to show the characteristic of urban construction and development of electric tramway analyzing by each management strategy, business content, and urban structure. In particular, this study has focused on the case of 16 local cities in 1900-1920. The results are as follows. At first, selection of route has turned out that there are three certain tendencies, the types of completed line in the city, connecting to suburban tourist resort and connecting to the suburban-rural area. At second, the scale of conveyance is strongly related to the population of each city. Specifically, the population of the city more than 90,000 has only city line. On the other hand, thepopulation of the city less than 80,000 has city line and suburbs line. At third, in the background of the business strategy by private capital, the first planned route of each city was selected to efficiently connect to transportation bases such as railways and ports, government facilities, central urban area, and entertainment facilities with one or more. Thus, this study shows that the development of electric tramway formed the urban frame of the local city in 1900-1920.

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 Major roads are described on the ancient records of Izumo province in the 8^th century. There are some sections where distances do not match the actual sites. Such section of the west road (a part of San-in-do) was examined. It was inferred that the section belonged to another previous route.

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