The tumulus is an ancient civil engineering structure. The rationality of the tumulus construction and few changes are paid attention in this paper. Present at first the excavation survey result of Bounozuka-kofun Tumulus and Kitayama-kofun Tumulus, and then, these archeological survey results are analyzed from the viewpoint of civil engineering.
 As a result, it was found that the Bounozuka-kofun Tumulus had been constructed by using the surrounding natural topography. Ancient people dug around the tumulus in order to get the embankment material for the tumulus. The volume of embankment material for the tumulus was confirmed by the calculation analysis from the shape of tumulus as well as the shape of the surrounding excavation. Kitayama-kofun Tumulus was built to conform to the natural slopes. From these two tumuluses, it was revealed the difference between the early period and the late period of the Burial Mound age.

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 This paper focused on the project of electric tramway and hydroelectricity which symbolize the modernization, and clarify the process and the way of the to get public benefit in Wakayama of modern times. In Wakayama in the 1900s, the Nankai Railway Co., Ltd. and the Wakayama hydroelectricity Co., Ltd. had applied to the governor of Wakayama prefecture for permission to generate electricity by waterpower at Hidakagawa river. At that time, feud was happened due to the place where applied by two companies was same. The governor of Wakayama prefecture who had the authority to grant approval for the project and the mayor of Wakayama city, tried to arbitrate this dispute. As a result, the Wakayama hydroelectricity Co., Ltd. was granted permission to generate electricity by hydropower and build an electric tramway. Subsequently, cheap electricity was supplied by the Wakayama hydroelectricity Co., Ltd. and the electric tramway, which connected the centre of Wakayama city with the surrounding parts of the city, was built. Therefore, as a result of the creation of this infrastructure, Wakayama city was given the chance to carry out industrialization and develop as a tourist resort. In the background of these matters, the governor of Wakayama prefecture and the mayor of Wakayama city were striving to keep the management and control of this project in the hands of influential local people for the public benefit, by giving the right to develop the infrastructure to Wakayama hydroelectricity Co., Ltd.

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 The positions, the heights, and the surrounding lengths of twelve mountains are described in “Records of the culture and geography of Izumo Province” edited in the 8th century. These survey data on the mountains in a county named Aika were checked with the actual geography. Unsolved matters such as the location of the county office, the mountain entrances, and the routes between the two places, etc., were estimated. Then, it was revealed that most of descriptions of the Records were consistent with the sites.

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 From the dawn of railway age, European engineers constructed huge beautiful train sheds covering all tracks at the gate of big city, while Japanese engineers began to choose small gable butterfly shed protection only over the platforms after 40 years of delay from European countries. We examined the pictures of railway stations, the specialized journals, the thesis of railway and the history of iron architecture in Japan, we clarified two important facts. 1) At the latter half of 19^th century, many Japanese engineers were surprised at various tremendous train sheds in European big cities at their inspections and they well recognized, with the sense of inferiority, the economical and technical difference between Japan and European countries. But the engineers became doubtful of the enormous dispense to build the railway stations, as for the train shed, the affirmative evaluation for its function to protect passengers and wagons turned into the negative judgement for its difficulty to discharge the smoke of the steam locomotive and for its large cost of the construction and its maintenance. 2) At the background of this fact, in Japan the iron structure were adopted with priority in factories and in bridges and the design, the fabrication and the construction of steel were started only from the first half of 20^th century. Add to this history, the beauty of truss structure never became the center of expression in architecture and the cultural reason that the large Buddhist halls in Japan were developed as enveloping space prevented the train shed from becoming city entrance and exhibition hall of technology like cathedral in Europe which played important social role.

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 The traffic ways between the two county offices are described in Izumo Fudoki. Two sections near the government office ~ Shimane county office ~ Aika county office, where the distances did not match the actual sites, were examined. It was inferred that there were partially unwritten water ways in the Fudoki.

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