Switched reluctance (SR) motor is recently attracting more attention because it is sustainable, low-cost, and highly reliable. However it has characteristic that torque variance is big which cause noise and vibration to aggravate control performance. To design SR motor control system, detailed motor model which behave similar to actual motor is necessary. Therefore motor control system is designed using accurate SR motor model with detailed motor properties to minimize torque ripple.

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A study on heat treatment process of quenching in order to improve the surface hardness and strength has been carried out for high quality gear of transmission for a vehicle and construction machinery in general. The thermal distortion and quenching crack in the quenched gear occurs, because the gear is suddenly cooled down from high temperature during quenching process. In this study, the thermal distortion and transformation in carburized quenching gear were made clear using a heat treatment and thermal fluid simulations. Also, the reduction method of the thermal distortion was examined.

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Aluminum cans are one of the major beverage containers, and the can body has a production issue called "Earing", which is caused by the material anisotropy of rolled blank sheet during the deep drawing process. In this study, we have implemented the drawing process simulation of aluminum can bodies by using the LS-DYNA and have tried design optimization to reduce the "Earing" by the adjustment of the segmented Blank Holder Force (BHF). Using the design of experiments (DOE) the response surface by the second polynomial approximation has been constructed and the design parameters have been optimized.

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Optical characteristics of design specifications required for organic light emitting diode are emitted light intensity, spectrum, color rendering and so on. The multi-objective design of the OLED thin film structure is studied for simultaneously satisfying these specifications using a weighted sum method and a satisficing trade-off method. It is hardly to balance between objectives with trade-off relationship in the weight sum method. On the other hand, it is possible to easily perform OLED thin-film structure design considering multiple emission properties by appropriately setting the aspiration level in the satisficing trade-off method.

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Solar panels are installed at roof, wall, ground surface, slope and so on. Panels are placed statically because of easy construction at various capabilities of installation locations. The amount of light received at fixed panels is affected by the shade of surrounding buildings, seasonal variation of solar orbit, the latitude and the clear sky rate of the installation location, reflection from the panel surface and the regional area. In this study to increase the amount of light received at fixed solar panels, optimization method is applied to determine the optimization parameters relating the installation configuration and the inclined angle of the panel. The formulation of the amount of solar light received at solar panels considered shade of obstacles by using ray tracing techniques and hidden surface removal algorithms. Several examples to demonstrate the effect of anti-reflection films are shown in this paper.

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The present paper describes an approach for solving a shape optimization problem of maximizing a target eigen furequency of elastic continuum in equilibrium condition after large deformation while maintaining the mass of elastic continuum. The main problem is defined as the eiven value problem for natural vibration in equilibrium condition after large deformation. The negative value of the eigen value for the target natural vibration is chosen as an objective function for minimizing. Mass is used for a constraint function. The Frechet derivative of the objective function with respect to the domain variation, which we call the shape derivative of the objective function, is evaluated using the solutions of the main problem and the adjoint problem. A scheme to solve the shape optimization problem is presented as an iterative algorithm that uses the H^1 gradient method (the traction method) for reshaping in order to keep the smoothness of original boundary. The validity of proposed method is verified with a numerical example.

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This paper presents a shape optimization method for the natural vibration problem of stiffened thin-walled or shell structures. The boundary shapes of stiffeners are determined under the condition where the boundary is movable in the inplane direction to the surface. The design problems deal with eigenvalue maximization problem and volume minimization problem, which are subject to a volume constraint and an eigenvalue constraint respectively. The both optimization problems are formulated as distributed-parameter shape optimization problems, and the shape gradient functions are derived using the material derivative method and the adjoint variable method. The optimal free-boundary shapes are obtained by applying the derived shape gradient functions to the H^1 gradient method for shells, which is a parameterfree shape optimization method proposed by one of the authors. Several design examples are presented to validate the proposed method and demonstrate its practical utility.

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This paper presents a non-parametric, or a node-based, shape optimization method for designing the optimal geometry of a 3-D frame structure composed of arbitrarily curved linear elastic members. A design problem dealt with maximizing the natural frequency of a specified mode is formulated as a distributed-parameter shape optimization problem. Under the assumption of that each member varies in the normal direction to its centroidal axis, the shape gradient function and the optimality conditions are theoretically derived by the Lagrange multiplier method and the material derivative method. The optimal free-form geometry is determined by applying the derived shape gradient function as the factious external forces to the members to minimize the objective functional, which is called the free-form optimization method for frame structures, a gradient method in a Hilbert space, proposed by one of the authors. The effectiveness and validity of the proposed method is verified through several design problems.

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Damping material is usually applied on the steel panel of a vehicle to reduce vibration level. On the other hand, the weight reduction is also required to improve fuel consumption. Therefore, the modal loss factor induced by damping material on the steel panel of a vehicle body sturucture needs to be maximized with a given volume. In this paper we propose a practical design method to maximize the modal loss factor by optimizing the material distribution of damping material under a volume constraint. The modal loss factor of an eigen mode can be written as the ratio of the strain energy stored in the damping material over the total strain energy in the system under consideration. In the proposed method, we assume the eigenvectors are almost the same as the eigenvectors when the damping material is removed. The modal loss factor can then be represented by using a corresponding eigenvalue where the mass density of the damping material is ignored whereas the stiffness is taken into account. Several numerical examples are provided to show the optimal distribution of the damping material by using a flat panel. Damping material is basically distributed in the domain where the strain energy is stored, which agress well with our experiences.

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This paper presents a shape optimization method for a linear buckling load maximization problem of plate and shell structures. The structures are assumed to be movable in the tangent and/or normal direction to the surface. The buckling load factor is set as the objective function, and is maximized under a volume and side constraints conditions, and also multiple root limitation condition. The shape gradient function for this problem is derived using the Lagrange multiplier method and the formula of the material derivative. The shape gradient function is then applied to a velocity analysis. The free-form optimization method, a H^1 gradient method for shells is used to determine the optimal surface variation. This method is applied to an open cylindrical roof and a two dimensional column. The results show the validity of this method to determine the optimal free-forms of plate and shell structures in linear buckling design problems.

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Inlaid structures consisting of different materials have excellent designability and mechanical properties, while not obtained from the structure consisting of a material. This paper describes an optimization method for designing the interface shape of inlaid structures. The interface boundary is assumed to be movable in the tangential directions to the plate surface. As an application of this solution, the compliance minimization problem subject to area or perimeter constraint is formulated as a distributed-parameter shape optimization problem, and the shape gradient function is derived using the material derivative method. The optimal shape and position is determined by the H^1 gradient method for shell. Design example shows that the effectiveness of this approach for designing the interface shape of inlaid structures.

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In this study, we investigate the efficiency of gradual design optimization that uses the degree elevation property of Bezier curves. Thanks to the degree elevation property, airfoil shapes can be defined by any numbers of control points (design variables). By using this property, the number of design variables can be increased during the design optimization process. A gradual design optimization approach is developed with a downhill simplex method It was confirmed that the developed approach increased not only the efficiency but also the stability of design optimization.

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Grammatical Evolution (GE), which is one of the evolutionary computations, aims to find function, program or program segment satisfying the design objective. This paper describes the improvement of the Grammatical Evolution according to Stochastic Schemata Exploiter (GE-SSE) and its application to symbolic regression problem Firstly, GESSE is compared with original GE in symbolic regression problem. The results show that GE-SSE has faster convergence property than original GE Secondly, GE-SSE is applied for the stock price prediction as the actual application of the GE-SSE.

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In this paper, we propose a conceptual layout design technique for robotic assembly systems using a multi-phase optimization method. The paper is composed as below. First, the design criteria for robotic assembly systems are clarified, and evaluation functions are formulated. Next, layout design candidates are represented using a sequence-pair scheme to prevent interferences between assembly system components. A multi-objective genetic algorithm is then used to obtain non-dominated solutions for the multi-objective optimization problem. To enhance the accuracy of the solutions and also to provide more pareto solutions, a second-phase optimization is conducted, which containing several optimization methods including the method of multi-objective SLP and the method using parts of objective functions as constrained condition. Finally, the proposed method is applied to an example design problem of robotic assembly system, and the effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated.

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On machine design, various knowledge and processes for design solution are needed. One of author has developed design support system to make it easy for design task. But developed design support system is restricted to support for certain design object and task In this research, we developed the design support system having two functions, named YU-PrOReS. One of function is proposing design object corresponding to designer purpose. Another function is reforming the design solution. YU-PrOReS is realized more widely support on mechanical design.

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In recent years, renewable energy has attracted attention especially in Japan where the argument on the nuclear power plant is active For effective use of renewable energy, storage system is required because the amount of electricity generated by renewable energy generation has volatility. This study suggested the specification design method that can decide the appropriate amount of renewable energy and storage batteries. With CSSD (Computational Social System Dynamics), electricity transaction was simulated dynamically using the meteorological data and electricity demand data of objective community. That simulation was repeated with changing the amount of introducing renewables then the appropriate specification for achieving the aim was decided considering the fade of battery performance. This method was applied to the practical case and its utility was validated.

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In this paper, authors discuss how we can design method to support shoveling, and furthermore, how we should design way to support heavy load work done by human. To do so, we first focused on cycling, as shoveling and cycling both requires gross movement and heavy load work. From the perspective that we gain from the investigation, we designed and built two support-equipments for shoveling based on distributed motion type, which supports shoveling by utilizing another part of body, and based on motor assist type, which support shoveling by embedding actuator in the device. Finally, we proposed design approach from 5 perspectives to support high-load work. 1) using motor to reduce work load, in other word, mechanizing tool, 2) tool-izing machine by removing motor and substituting work done by motor to manpower, 3) specializing machines or tools into specific use to improve efficiency, 4) miniaturizing tool so that it is easy to carry or to use, 5) improving functionality of tool, for example increasing mechanical efficiency of power transmission, by use of machine element.

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This paper describes an Eulerian formulation for solid-fluid interaction dynamics. The present approach establishes one governing equation for both solid and fluid models using mixture theory assuming incompressibility in the full Eulerian framework. Hyperelasticity for solid and Newtonian fluid are employed in the constitutive equations. A discretization of the proposed formulation for solid-fluid interaction dynamics is based on an explicit finite element method. The explicit finite element method reduces computational cost, except that the finite different method instead of the finite element method is used to solve Poisson and advective equations. In this study, we focus on solid-fluid interaction analysis for automotive rubber bush. In the analyses, the strain velocity affects the stiffness. It is one of a characteristic of rubber bush so-called the velocity dependence. Our final goal is to simulate the rubber bush considering the mechanical characteristic.

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The purpose of this research is to develop an automatic door system, which can provide intelligent opening and closing operations. The automatic door is not opened when a pedestrian just passes by the door. In order to judge the intention of the pedestrian whether he wants to pass through the door, we detect the pedestrian's skeleton data, joint orientation, and 3D coordinates by using Kinect sensor. In this paper, we analyze the behavior of pedestrians from the extracted features, and propose a method what can calculate width of pedestrian and the appropriate timing of opening operation for only whom determining to pass through the door.

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This paper proposes an educational project on new product-service development and an application result. The educational project is designed to educate both of management skill and design engineering skill to make a success of the product-service development. In order to provide the integrated education between management and engineering, Yamaguchi university and UNIVERSI TITEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA (UTM) are collaborated each other and provided both of lecture and exercise. Content of educational project includes: 1) identifying needs, 2) concept generation, 3) scenario-based design, 4) functional design, 5) prototyping using actual mechatronics product, 6) business planning, and 7) contest by presentation and demonstration. A design result showed in this paper prototyping of automatic tracking luggage carrier in Asia Creative Design Project. A bag carrier, that sensed and follow user's walkpath by power assisted electric motor and sensor is designed. Several scenarios and concept sketches are showed. Using detailed layout and geometry design result, strength is validated by FEM analysis. An actual effectiveness is evaluated based on prototyping physical whole model.

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In this study, we developed the intuitive remote controlled manipulator system using touch panel display and mouse, and we examined the possibility of the application to the extraction work of the shoot apical meristem of the plant. The shoot apical meristem does not have the infection of the virus in the plant body. Therefore we can get a Virus-free seedling having high production efficiency by culturing this part. This technique is called "mericlone" and is known widely in the agriculture world, but this is hard labor because of precision work with microscope. This system we have developed not only reduce the burden on worker but also provide high precision controlling and space saving. In this study, with LAMP method (loop-mediated isothermal amplification method), we have confirmed that there was no PVX (Potato virus X) in the potato meristem with primordia using our developed manipulator system The newly designed primer set can discriminate the result.

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The non-destructive inspection is important to manage large structures for a long term. But accuracy of damage detection depends on skill of an inspection engineer. So, damage detection method independent of skill of engineers is required. In order to detect damage of structures without omission, pattern recognition is proposed as a method for automatically detecting damage. However it is not realistic because this method needs enormous scales database each target structure. As other method, in contrast, it is proposed that is based on dynamical model and analytically numerical calculation. Method of damage detection in this research use vibration characteristic of damage structure acquired by inspection, and derive structure that accord with characteristic of damage structure by topology optimization.

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Nowadays, manufacturers use computer-aided design for simulations. The reason is that the cost of performance test using actual products is expensive, so the cost of performance simulation using CAD models is lower than it. In this paper, we think about hexahedral meshes for finite element analysis, because simulations with hexahedral mesh are more accurate than those with tetrahedral meshes. In the structural analysis between two objects, the stress peaks around the contact regions. This is often at a "sharp feature". Thus, to obtain accurate simulation results, the surface mesh must represent sharp features. Our purpose is automatic hexahedral mesh generation with sharp features to precisely represent the corresponding features of a target shape. To represent sharp feature of target shape, we use normal vector in our fitting of hexahedral mesh In our research, we search appropriate values of parameters that are used in our fitting being considered multi-normal vector through experiments.

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This paper presents a novel method for modifying the shapes of existing uniform bi-cubic B-spline surfaces by interactively editing the curvatures along isoparametric curves. The method allows us to edit the curvatures of the two intersecting isoparametric curves at each knot with specified positions, unit tangents, and unit normals by adjusting the radii of circles, representing the radii of curvature in the u and v isoparametric directions directly via a GUI. Such shape specifications are converted into iterative repositionings of the control points on the basis of geometrical rules. Using these point-based curvature-editing techniques, we successfully embedded log-aesthetic curves into existing surfaces along their isoparametric curves. We applied our technique to the design of automobile hood surfaces to demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithms.

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Finite element analysis (FEA) and NURBS-based computer-aided design (CAD) had been developed independently until isogeometric analysis, was introduced by Hughes et al in 2005. Unlike FEA, in isogeometric analysis the CAD geometry represented by NURBS surfaces/solids are converted to NURBS elements exactly without any approximations In this paper we investigate methods to generate NURBS solids used for isogeometric analysis NURBS solids include swung solids, lofted solids, and swept solids. Examples with various solids are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.

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It is known that the crease patterns of origami tessellations based on twist folds are generated by applying a simple geometrical operation, shrink and rotate, to the tiling patterns with polygons which have a geometric property of Maxwell's reciprocal figure. We propose an interactive system for designing the origami tessellations with symmetry by using voronoi diagrams. The system provide an interface for assigning valid and symmetrical mountain and valley flags to foldings.

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Designing wire harnesses is computationally complex. We use a generative approach to design the conceptual models of generic wire harnesses. Our approach is more compact and efficient compared to the conventional methods.

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According to progress of information society, the importance of personal authentication is growing by leaps and bounds. Because it dose not require a specific act or behavior, facial recognition is the focus of attention than other biometric identifications. The purpose of this reserch is method of extracting feature values of a human face by using Kinect sensor that is relatively inexpensive compared to the other depth cameras. And examine Kinect sensor whether the effective device for facial recognition system. In this paper,compared Neural Network, Support Vector Machine, Bayesian Network as a decision algorithm of the individual. From experimental results using still images of 10 subjects, relevance ratio of Neural Network showed the highest rate 95.6%,and considered the this method and the results.

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Various kinds of remote communication systems ranging from the high quality commercial system to free systems are getting popular these days. As a result, these systems make it possible for many people to enjoy audio/video communication over the network. However, remote communication using these systems is still not identical to face-to-face meeting due to several reasons. This study proposes an idea of connecting reemote individuals through augmented tele-presence systems called ARM-COMS: ARm-supported eMbodied COmmunication Monitor System. ARM-COMS is composed of a desktop robotic arm and a tablet PC which is attached to it. The tablet PC presents audio/video images of a remote person just as typical video conference. However, ARM-COMS controls the physical movement of the tablet PC during the video conference as if the remote person were inside of the tablet and behaved in a face-to-face conversation. ARM-COMS also considers the meaningful physical position in space to show the connection with other person or topics. This paper shows the idea of ARM-COMS and presents the preliminary experiments using one of the functions of ARM-COMS, or AEM to show the feasibility of the idea.

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We have developed a speech-driven embodied entrainment characters with eyeball movement model, which consists of an eyeball delay movement model and a gaze withdrawal model. This characters can support the embodied interaction and communication in avatar mediated communication and demonstrate that the line-of-sight plays an important role in enhancing the embodied interaction and communication. In this paper, we propose a concept of eye-contact measurement method and develop an eye-contact measurement system using a dichroic mirror m face-to-face communication for enhancing the embodied interaction and communication. In this system, a dichroic mirror which has a function that transmits visible rays, and reflects infrared rays is arranged between two talkers as a virtual display, and the gaze points on the virtual display are estimated. When the estimated gaze points are present m the eye area of opposite talker, an eye-contact is established in face-to-face communication.

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In this paper, we develop a cartesian-coordinate handing-over robot system based on analyses of hand trajectory and voice utterance. The handing-over robot system hands over an object to a human accompanied by a voice greeting. In this handing-over robot system, a hand-over motion is generated based on analyses of human hand-over motions. In particular, the timing between voice utterances and release motions of humans is analyzed. Then, the robot system generates the release motion in response to a voice utterance from a human. Furthermore, using the handing-over robot system, the timing between the voice utterances and the release motions and a number of axes in order to generate a handing-over motion which is preferred by humans are analyzed by sensory evaluation.

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The operational feelings of manual control levers are important to maneuver devices that need manual operations according to user's intentions. In this research, we built and tested a prototype of a manual control input lever of single degree of freedom using a magnetic particle brake in a rotational joint in place of the servo motors. And a one-way clutch is mounted on the rotating shaft so that the resisting torque of the magnetic particle brake is transferred to the lever in a one way. The drag torque was displayed haptically by appropriate actuation of the magnetic particle brake to support the manipulation. In order to assist in deciding the control input, the lever displays the resisting torque against user operations. The purpose of the presented system is to reduce the burden on the operation with respect to the intention of a user. We examine the influence of the resistance torque by psychophysical methods. The results of this research enable control input devices to adapt the ability of movement and preference of the user.

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In this paper we propose a navigation system for motorcycle, using head-up display technology. By using a laser projector technology, we constructed a head-up display system provided by high contrast and brightness. The contrast and brightness provides high visibility to the driver capable to look and understand while driving during day or night. The usage of this system was confirmed by an experiment conducted using the prototype of head-up display system in the immersive CAVE environment, operated from a full-scale scooter type motorcycle simulator. The subject drove the motorcycle simulator in a virtual test course made based on a real town in Japan. We used an eye mark recorder to measure the subject's viewpoint. From the experiment, we conclude the head-up display navigation system is capable to provide navigation information without distracting the driver's viewpoint.t Experiment results indicated that showing information on the lower right or lower left positions are effective compared to other positions.

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This paper proposes a new color universal design method without restricting usage of colors and their combinations using dithering technique. A key idea is that a solid color and a dithering of darker and lighter colors which approximate the solid color may look almost similar for people with normal color vision, while they could be distinguishable for people with color vision deficiencies since one is solid and the other is a pattern of dark and light colors. Efficacy of this method has been confirmed through some experiments.

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The purpose of this study is the planning of walking for 2 legs robot in the operating field with obstacles. It is expected that 2 legged robot can avoid obstacle more smoothly in the same way that human adjust stride naturally to step over obstacle. In this study stepping sequence is automatically determined under the condition of minimizing energy and differences between the reference ZMP and the analyzed ZMP for walking. The generation problem of stepping points is reduced to a combinatorial optimization problem solved by using genetic algorithm. Trajectoriy parameters of toes and the hip between each point are optimized by using conjugate gradient method.

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New product designs are sometimes inspired by nature. Examples include loop fasteners and honeycomb structures. In this study, the authors attempt to develop new design methods based on knowledge obtained from the natural world. In particular, the authors investigate the possibility of applying design principles from nature to weight reduction and rigidity enhancement. As a construction method, the authors found that the design method by using the method shown in the previous report. In this paper, the authors attempt to apply the design principles into the basic form Among the basic form, plate is targeted. One of the structures that plate is used a lot, there is a hull structure. As the target concrete it, the authors will consider whether it can accept the wisdom of nature in this structure. As a result, the classification system of were made new, and it was suggested that the improvement of the basic form is possible. Further, by making the targeting basic form, potential to contribute in the initial design stage spread.

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Precision agriculture has been being implemented in order environmentally friendly and efficiently to product and manage crops. The remote sensing by satellite and aircraft is employed in order to obtain the information regarding the growth of crops. Although the data from satellites can include wide-range image each time, it is insufficient due to the fixed orbital path of satellites. Therefore, fixed-point observations cannot be sufficiently performed. Moreover, the observations on fixed orbital path cannot be always carried out because of cloud. Although aircrafts are used for the interpolation of the insufficient data by satellites, manned aircrafts need high personnel expenses and maintenance costs. Therefore, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is recently employed. The objective of the present study is the development of the system to generate the interpolated image data by normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) map taken by small-type UAV (sUAV), which is low-priced and simple system to implement precision agriculture. The following three assignments have been concretely performed in the present study; 1) light-weight four-band multispectral camera carried in sUAV will be developed, 2) sUAV is managed and the image data will be taken, and 3) NDVI map will be generated from the image data by sUAV and interpolated image data will also be developed to contribute precision agriculture. Consequently, the lightest four-band multispectral camera in the world has been developed, and also sUAV has been able to be successfully managed and acquired image data could also generates NDVI maps.

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Aerial photography taken by using unmanned aerial vehicle can interpolate the image data obtained with satellite or manned aircraft. In past studies, we have succeeded in mounting a lightweight four-band multispectral camera with small-type unmanned aerial vehicle. However, this small-type unmanned aerial vehicle for photographing is conducted management of flight information only visually. Therefore, it is not sure where the photo was taken, and operates only in the visible range. In this study, as the next step, for correction of images taken, and flight information management of the aircraft, we have built a real-time operational environment with support for data management and small-type unmanned aerial vehicle with GPS. We confirmed the developed system can manage the small-type unmanned aerial vehicle real-time flight information on a PC by the flight experiment.

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In order to correspond flexibly to specification changes and light weighting and downsizing of the vehicle body, it is required to clarify and optimize the interface characteristics of the boundary portion and the functions of the module and components involved in the overall performance, in the early design stage. To solve the problems described above, we add the self-contact function within parts and the contact function with parts outside to the three-dimensional nonlinear finite element program consisting of non-linear spring elements and beam elements which has been developed intended for use in conceptual design stage, and carry out the verification analysis.

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FOA, which is short for First Order Analysis, developed as an early design analysis method, enables to make Nonlinear Analysis such as large deformation and contact calculated rather faster for constant section elements, and enhances efficiency of mechanical design for spring, cable layout and the like, which are able to be transformed to beam elements. We introduce the mode of operation that we made a surrounding which is enabled instinctive using GUI of FOA is added on 3D CAD system, which is expanded and spread for designers as the tool of mechanical element design, and which is able to reduce the cost and period of design and so on.

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In the stage of a conceptual design, designers often stimulate and influence each other, and they must conceive a completely new idea and the outstanding idea. However, as a design problem, it is dependent on a designer's experience and intuition. Furthermore, the suggestion of an idea is sometimes plentifully performed by two or more persons, sharing of mutual knowledge or information for a smooth communication. Therefore, it is necessary to establish the reasonable design method to derive excellent idea, in this study, the new design approach which combined two design methods of an axiomatic design theory and TRIZ is proposed, the validity of a design method is confirmed. The axiomatic design theory clarifies the process in a design TRIZ offers the solution of a design which a designer didn't know. By combining these advantages, we will proposed a new method. The experiment using the proposed methods, technique nothing, TRIZ, the axiomatic design theory, and the TRIZ+ axiomatic design theory. And, it is verified what kind of difference the number of ideas or quality. As a result, TRIZ was able to conceive many ideas, but quality is inferior to other design methods. The axiomatic design theory could conceive the high quality idea, but a number of ideas are inferior to other design methods. Although the TRIZ+ axiomatic design theory had few ideas, the highest quality idea was able to be conceived.

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Scaled dummy used in the experiment on the estimation of passenger's behavior under a train collision is designed considering a similarity rule. Several tests are applied to evaluate dummy biofidelity according to ISO technicalreport ISO/TR9790. Overall biofidelity of the dummy is 4.62 points out of 10. And it is the third-highest rating "Fair Biofidelity" out of 5 ratings indicating the degree of biofidelity. Next, Finite element is applied conducted to improve thoraxbiofidelity dummy using optimization method, suchas breadth of rib, thickness of soft tissue and Elastic Modulus of soft tissue because response on thoraximpact test is particularly bad. Optimized dummy is developed and thoraximpact test is conducted again. The maximum value of impactor force of optimized dummy is 28.1% better than that of unoptimized one.

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