In this research, a Gradient-Vector Product (GVP) enhanced Kriging response surface model approach has been developed in which the GVP is defined by the gradient vector of objective function with respect to design variables as well as an arbitral unit directional vector in design variable space. When two sample points are given closely in design variable space, the correlation matrix in the Kriging formulation becomes ill-conditioned, which results in the inaccuracy of the response surface model. In this research, therefore, we try to treat the two functional data as one functional datum with one GVP datum in the Kriging formulation. The conventional Kriging formulation is extended to make use of the GVP information, and then a global/efficient design optimization system is proposed with the developed GVP-enhanced Kriging model approach. The validity of the developed approach is investigated in analytical function fitting problems as well as a 2D airfoil shape optimization problem.

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A customer's emotional responses to products are influenced by cognitive processes, such as their memories of the experience of using the product and their expectations of the product's performance. We propose a cognitive, neural model (the PEAM model) of Expectology, as a framework to provide designers with a novel methodology for designing products that takes into consideration the emotional responses of customers. The model divides the cognitive processes of product use into four phases: a prediction phase, experience phase, appraisal phase, and a memory phase. The present paper examined the spatiotemporal changes of brain activities associated with appraisal and memory of products, using electroencephalogram (EEG). Ten healthy participants with normal or corrected-to-normal vision were measured EEG while viewing images of product followed by a preference rating. Our results revealed significantly more gamma frequency band neural activation in the prefrontal and temporal areas for products which were rated preferable. These findings suggest that the activities in these specific brain areas are a highly reliable predictor for appraisal of products.

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The importance of Emotional Engineering is quickly growing because product development is changing from open loop system to closed loop system to cater to the increasing diversification of customers' requirements. The feedback in this closed loop system is nothing other than customers' emotional responses. Big Data and User Experience are getting wide attention these days. They indicate the importance of this feedback and real time feedback is no more a dream but a reality with online monitoring system. But without appropriate strategy, these data will not be used effectively. It is pointed out that if we divide a product into components that relates to emotions and those that do not, we could achieve mass customization and personalization and provide great emotional satisfaction to customers.

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Personal Fabrication is getting wide attention these days. This paper discussed how it will change product development from the standpoint of emotional engineering. One of the definitions of Human Being is Homo Faber. It is said that humans only can think about the future. Animals live for now. That is why humans cannot be satisfied by using natural things but would like to create something that is not available in nature. Humans would like to make their dreams come true. This is nothing other than engineering. Personal Fabrication changed engineering from just product development to value creation. How expectations can be met is the primary interest in Personal Fabrication. There not only products but more than that processes yields mental satisfaction. It is also pointed out how personal fabrication can work well in the current industry framework.

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In an age of diversification and changes, team decision making is required to solve growing complexity and to respond to growing diversification. As team members come from a wide variety of areas, a decision cannot be made one-time at an early stage as it used to be and it must be reached by trials and errors step by step. Such dynamic decision making has to convince members at each step by providing different perspectives for each member to understand the line of reasoning, and it must admit lazy evaluation, because some members cannot understand what pieces of knowledge and experience are called for until later step, when clearer perspective is available to them. Steps of decision proceed to the next step by satisfying at least one member. If it fails, then it backtracks to the previous step until it satisfies one more member. This process is repeated until all members are satisfied enough. Artificial Intelligence allows such trial and error decision making to make all members feel satisfied enough. The usefulness of this approach is demonstrated by applying it to the development of WPS production support tool.

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In recent years, people have become increasingly aware of the importance of reducing power consumption by setting higher temperature of air conditioners. However, many people feel uncomfortable with higher room temperature. So it is important to analyze thermal comfort for making comfortable environment and energy saving. In this paper, we describe the measurement of brain activity during changing in a room temperature and typing tasks by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). In our experiments, we measured oxyHb in prefrontal cortex by NIRS during adjusting the room temperature. The results show that oxyHb tended to increase during rise the room temperature, and oxyHb tended to decrease during lowering the room temperature. The results also show that oxyHb changed with the result of Predicted Mean Vote (PMV).

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Design of mechanical structures to maximise acoustic performance is one of important factors in mechanical engineering. The design based on the trial and error approach has, however, some difficulties to obtain appropriate acoustic performance. To resolve this issue, this paper presents a level set-based topology optimisation method for three-dimensional exterior acoustic problems using the Boundary Element Method (BEM) and Fast Multiple Method (FMM). It is shown that the obtained optimal configuration by the proposed method is clear and smooth. Through a numerical example, we have confirmed the efficiency of the proposed method.

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The topology optimisation is considered as one of the most promising design methods because of its high design capability. So far, the topology optimisation has been researched mainly for problems in the field of material mechanics and structural mechanics. Our objective is to enhance further the applicability of the topology optimization to design devices related to wave problems. The topology optimisation for wave problem is difficult to be dealt with a standard FEM-based optimisation method since it cannot deal with an open domain exactly. To resolve this issue, we here use the boundary element method (BEM) as a solver, which has the following advantages; (1) Open domains can be dealt with in a exact manner since the numerical solution with the BEM satisfies automatically the radiation condition. (2) Numerical cost for re-meshing is cheap. In this study, we focus on the two-dimensional electromagnetic problems. We propose a method to design material shape and topology of dielectric materials to maximise the intensity of magnetic fields at preset observation points. Through numerical examples, we have confirmed the efficiency of the proposed method.

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This paper presents topology optimization of structure in IPMSM (Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors). In this paper, we aim to obtain IPMSM with high torque. To achieve this goal, we design the rotor structure and state structure of IPMSM using topology optimization. Rotor structure is composed of permanent magnets, silicon steel, and non-magnetic materials. State structure is composed of steel and copper wire. Torque is given depending on the layout of these materials. We provide numerical examples to demonstrate the usefulness of the presented method.

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A single-stage launch vehicle with hybrid rocket engine has been conceptually designed by using design informatics, which has three points of view as problem definition, optimization, data mining. The primary objective of the present design is that the sufficient down range and also duration time in the lower thermosphere are achieved for the aurora scientific observation whereas the initial gross weight is held down. The multidisciplinary design optimization and data mining were performed by using evolutionary hybrid computation under the conditions that polypropylene as solid fuel and liquid oxygen as liquid oxidizer were adopted and that single-time ignition is implemented in sequence. Consequently, the design information regarding tradeoffs and the design variables was obtained in order to quantitatively differentiate the advantage of hybrid rocket engine.

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It is necessary to trade-off is present in the objective function, to select a compromise solution to multi-objective optimization results. In order to select a compromise solution, the goal is to extract information from the database using the data mining. Check information that is visualized and quantified by selecting a principal component analysis from the data mining, to executed on a single-stage hybrid rocket optimization results are retrieved from the database is valid or not. Results of the principal component analysis, was achieved visualization and quantifying the correlation coefficients between parameters including the design variables and objective function.

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This paper proposes a new level-set based topology optimization method incorporating a boundary tracking mesh generation method and non-linear programming. Since the mesh generation method provides a mesh conforming to the structural boundary at every optimization iteration, grayscale elements are completely eliminated during optimization. On the other hand, non-linear programming is widely used for efficiently updating the design variables in conventional topology optimization techniques such as homogenization and density based topology optimization. By incorporating these methods, we configure a new topology optimization method for virtually realizing completely grayscale-free, efficient topology optimization. In this paper, we first develop the mathematical formulation for obtaining sensitivity information on level-set based topology optimization problems and then implement a boundary tracking type level-set topology optimization method with the sequential linear programming (SLP) for designing compliant mechanisms. Further, we apply it to a numerical example for confirming the advantages of the proposed method and framework. Even with SLP, which is a most simple scheme of non-linear programming, the result demonstrate the relevance and promise of the proposed framework as a new class of grayscale-free topology optimization.

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In this study, we try to design a shock absorbing structure using the compliant mechanism. To design the shock absorbing structure, it is necessary to consider the plastic deformation. We use the elastic-plastic body to design the compliant mechanism. First, we do topology optimization whose object function is to design the shock absorbing structure and the compliant mechanism. In this topology optimization, we use Evolutionary Structual Optimization. And we investigate the shape and the characteristic while the parameters fluctuation. Secondly, the impact test is done to confirm whether it is functioning as a shock absorbing structure. We test two models and compare the behavior of each model.

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Historically, fluidic devices such as switches, amplifiers, and oscillators, have an advantage, compared with electronic devices, in terms of maintenance-free operation and operating life. Therefore, prior to the great progress in electronic technologies that has occurred during the past several decades, the structure and function of fluidic devices were the subject of extensive research. Recently, fluidic devices are again attracting significant attention, stimulated by progress in the development of MEMS technologies. In this study, to develop an energy-efficient structure for a MEMS-scale fluidic device, we apply a topology optimization method to an optimal design problem for a steady-state incompressible viscous flow field. We use a level set-based topology optimization method incorporating the concept of the phase field method for the topology optimization so that clear boundaries between the solid and fluid domains are expressed in the optimal configurations. To generalize the topology optimization problem for a fluid regime, generalized expressions of the primary and adjoint problems were formulated concretely, to minimize viscous energy dissipation under an outflow rate inequality constraint. Two numerical examples, for pipe bend flow and three-terminal flow, are provided to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed level set-based topology optimization method.

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This paper presents a topology optimization method based on the level set method for design problem of flow channel using the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). In the presented method, the optimization problems and their adjoint equations are formulated based on the original Boltzmann equation, and the design sensitivities are precisely obtained without the time-consuming numerical operations dealing with a large-scale asymmetric matrix, while the previous researches using the LBM use the lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE) for the formulations of optimization problems and the derivation of their adjoint equation. In addition, the Lattice kinetic scheme that has attract attention as a new type of the LBM, enables the reduction of memory usage in computing flow field is employed to reduce the computational cost in the computation of the state field. Based on the above formulations, we construct a level set-based topology optimization method incorporating fictitious interface energy for the design of fluid channel that minimizes pressure drop. Furthermore, two-and three-dimensional numerical examples are provided to confirm the validity and utility of the presented method.

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This paper describes a parameter-free free-form optimization method for vibrating shell structures to reduce radiated noise. Squared pressure is selected as objective function, and the pressure is calculated by solving fully coupled shell-acoustic interaction system. The optimum design problem is formulated as a distributed-parameter shape optimization problem under the assumptions that shell structures are varied in the out-of-plane direction to the surface and the thickness is constant. The shape gradient function and the optimality conditions derived using the material derivative method are applied to the free-form optimization method for shell. With this method, the smooth optimal free-form of a shell structure is obtained without any shape design parameterization, while minimizing the objective function. The validity of this method is verified through an example model.

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An attractive product successfully attracts people not only when it is first introduced, but also throughout its lifetime. A product's ability to maintain attractiveness is an important factor in the design of a long-life product. People perceive product quality by the use of different sensory modalities such as vision and touch. The dominance of a particular sensory modality to perceive product qualities may change over time during product use. Two aspects are involved in this type of time-series change: physical changes in the product and users' psychological changes during their experiences with a product. In this paper, we propose an experimental methodology that analyzes changes in effects with respect to design parameters in relation to certain sensory modalities and two aspects of change. We applied the methodology to the design of a face lotion container. We asked 30 female participants to use a sample daily for one month. Participants were required to record their opinions about the samples (online assessment). On the first day, one week, and one month later, we invited the participants to visit the laboratory and asked them to assess 24 samples that contained different visual designs, surface finishes, amounts of lotion, and surface conditions (offline assessment). Based on these results, we demonstrated that the significance of design factors that participants perceived by different sensory modalities qualitatively and quantitatively changed over time. In this case study of lotion container design, we discovered that the potentially significant effect of a delicate surface finish that provided comfortable tactile sensations regardless of surface conditions on quality perception during long-term product use.

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The circumstances of artifacts have changed in recent years. Artifacts must be designed to reduce the environmental impact due to the deteriorating environment. Additionally, due to globalization and the uniformity of culture, artifacts must meet diverse definitions of value which change as time goes by. Therefore, the way of design needs to adopt the viewpoint of time. Value Growth Design enables artifacts to increase its value over time, and is based on a new design paradigm, Timeaxis Design. Timeaxis Design incorporates the viewpoint of time into the theory and methodology of design. However, only a few works have considered the application of Value Growth Design to actual artifacts. Herein, we investigate existing Value Growth Design cases, and employ cluster analysis to extract the features of Value Growth Design. The case studies revealed that there exist several patterns throughout an artifact's lifetime, suggesting that a detailed investigation may lead to the application of Value Growth Design.

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Beginning in the 19th century, Engineering Design (E.D) and Industrial Design (I.D) have started its division of labor. In the 20th century, each field continued to develop and began its specialization. Due to the division and specialization of each field, artifacts have become large and complex in recent years, causing countless environmental issues and man made disasters. In addition, it has become difficult to solve these problems with a single field. One way to solve these problems are the unification of both E.D and I.D. Though, there are only few research comparing and analyzing both fields from an integrated point of view. Thus, in this research, a comparative analysis of E.D and I.D is done from an integrated point of view using the M model. Based on the M model, weather each research paper deals with the objects value space, meaning space, state space, circumstance, and attribute space are analyzed. As a result of the analysis, E.D showed a high ratio in the attribute space, state space, and circumstance, and a low ratio in value and meaning. On the other hand, the ratio of dealing with attribute and meaning space is high in the field of I.D, and the ratio of dealing with value, state, and circumstance is low. Furthermore, by comparing both fields of research, it showed a complementary relation in the point of meaning, state, and circumstance.

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Due to the specialization and professionalization of design work, sharing product information between members of a product development team is a crucial aspect of the design process. One method to effectively share information between members is Quality Function Deployment (QFD), which uses quality charts to describe the relationships between design elements. This paper proposes new type of QFD on the basis of the multispace design model, Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM), and Design Structure Matrix (DSM). The proposed QFD (called multispace QFD ) allows designers to extract design elements with respect to diverse requirements and give design information (designer's idea) to other designers and enables them to easily construct a process of redesign or design change without an inadequate designing order causing the design reconsideration. Additionally, a design example is presented to demonstrate the proposed M-QFD.

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Recently, considerable environments are varying due to the increase of individual user needs and globalization of markets. Therefore, robust design is attended as a method to acknowledge various environments and to maintain the subjects function. In the early process of design, it is required to determine effective control factors and error factors to ensure robust performance. In order to precede robust design, a design theory, which fundamentally explains the process of design, needs to be focused on. As one of those design theories, the Multispace Design Model (M model) is acquainted. The M model introduces a State Space as a space connoting various environments. Since robust design requires determining elements of a presumptive environment as error factors, the M method, which can clarify the presumptive environment, is applied to robust design. With this intention, the purpose of this study is to propose a robust design method incorporating a method to determine factors, based on the M model. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed through application.

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Most conventional industrial product's value is at its maximum at the time of purchase, and starts decreasing until its disposal. Therefore, the lifecycle of products tend to be short, which leads to mass production and mass consumption harming the environment. In order to face this issue, a methodology, which aims to increase products value, is proposed as the Value Growth Design. In a previous study, we proposed the concept of Value Growth Mobility that has two basic systems: a Core Module System and a Service System. This paper describes the development of a Service System supporting mobility's value growth. To develop the Service System, a system development method integrating the Multispace Design Method and System Modeling Language (SysML) is used. The Multispace Design Method is a design method based on a Multispace Design Model that can describe various behaviors of design from the common perspective. SysML is a modeling language that supports a development of the large-scale and complicated system by diagram description. By applying the method integrating the Multispace Design Method and SysML, a new Service System that considers psychological elements including sense of attachment and intimacy that the user gains toward the vehicle is proposed. Additionally, the design of subsystems to realize this Service System is discussed.

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For the cooperative design activities by a design team, a designer needs design object information not only about geometrical data and these attributes but also the design rationale such as the reason of decision making to understand ideas of the design proposes by other designers. To cope with such situation, we focused on influential relations between parts of design object, and previously proposed description supporting method for influential relations between parts. In this paper, grouping method for mutually related multiple influential relations is proposed. Then method of grasping plural relations between parts which should be simultaneously taken into consideration by showing the group is proposed. Finally, case studies were done using the system. The results showed that the system has possibility to grasp and manage mutually related multiple influential relations between parts.

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We have developed a standardized CAE analysis procedure to improve the analysis efficiency of designers. The standardized procedure consists of seven items, namely, extraction of analysis object parts from assembly, unit setup, material setup, model simplification, boundary condition setup, calculation execution, and visualization of results. Evaluation of persons experienced in analysis and inexperienced in analysis showed that the procedures of model simplification and boundary condition setup are important, and that analytic work time could be reduced.

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In the present competitive situation, it seems insufficient for designers/engineers to just solve or meet obvious and known problems or needs by evolution of existing approaches. The purpose of this research is to propose a method and a computational tool to support designer/engineers' idea generation so that they can find or discern potential but essential problems and needs of people or society and devise creative and innovative design solutions to solve or meet them. As the first step of study on Design Idea Generation Support (DIGS) software tool which actively DIGS up ideas from designer/engineers' mind by stimulating their conscious/subconscious memory with word association suggestion, the experiments of word association by students working on design project (1) by heart, (2) by referring concept relationship type information, and (3) using software with computational concept dictionary. Word association by referring concept relationship type information turned out to be effective to increase variety of association link types when the computational dictionary does not always contain ideally rich vocabulary and association links. Word association using software with computational concept dictionary turned out to be effective to obtain associated word which user cannot think of by heart.

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This paper presents a method to make a charging plan of Electric Vehicles (EV) considering charging traffic at charging point and mileage. This method uses past records of charging stations to estimate when and which charging point is busy and waiting time at the point. Additionally, mileage of EV in this method was calculated by actual data and it contributes to make decision how much users have to charge at a charging point. By using this method, users can drive faster and more appropriate route to a destination. Finally, in simulation, this method made faster charging plan for typical Okinawa sightseeing route.

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A students group Hokkaido Space Union had been to space development for nine years. HSU made data handling unit named Sprit-nexus. It has been mounted on the CAMUI hybrid rocket. The objective obtain a telemetry data of the Sprit-nexus for the CAMUI hybrid rocket recovery. Telemetry data is composed of position coordinates and altitude and acceleration and attitude. CAMUI hybrid rocket is being developed by professor Harunori Nagata in Hokkaido University. CAMUI hybrid rocket was launched in Taiki Aerospace Research Field on July 28 2012. It was to go recovery by the ships from the sea after launch but, Sprit-nexus could not obtained a telemetry data. I will tried to find the cause of failure. As a result, the visual observation proved simple faulty electrical wiring.

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This paper proposes a Sequential Approximate Optimization (SAO) for the discrete design variable problems using Radial Basis Function (RBF) Network. We consider that there are two important keys for SAO: One is the parameter adjustment for good approximation, and the other is to explore the sparse region for global approximation. The authors have proposed the simple estimate of the width in the Gaussian Kernel for good approximation. In addition, in order to explore the sparse region, we have developed the density function. The density function with the simple estimate of the width works well in the case of the continuous design variables. However, a simple application of the density function to the discrete design variable problems will cause some difficulties. In order to overcome these difficulties and find the sparse region of the discrete design variables with the density function, the new variables for the discrete design variables are introduced. By using the new variables, it is possible to find the sparse region of the discrete design variables. A simple sampling algorithm is shown, in which the Discrete Differential Evolution (DDE) for the discrete design variables is employed. Through typical numerical examples, the validity of proposed approach is examined.

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[in Japanese]

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In this paper, we will propose optimal control algorithm that using Radial Basis Function Networks (RBFN) as a type of the Neural Network. Approximation of using RBFN, which is good at nonlinear system, multimodal problem, and optimize locally-detail and globally-rough at once. But, when we use the RBFN at optimal control, the response speed will be important point. Then, we propose Experimental Learning Algorithm that set the basis optimal number and its point to be learning quickly. The basic rule of this algorithm was shown in this paper.

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Recently, it is demanded reduction technique of an airframe noise emanating from a high-lift device at a landing with an engine noise decrease. However, there are several problems in the noise reduction device to put it on an actual machine. In this study, the low noise of the leading edge slat which was one of the major noise sources for the purpose of becoming it performed an aerodynamics design and performance validation. This paper focuses on a simplified high-lift configuration model (OTOMO). Several different geometries are designed as a purpose to reduce a denuded area in causative cove in OTOMO. About two of the Slat cove filler shape that puffed out slat inferior surface and the Thin slat shape that thinned are tested. As for Slat cove filler shape and the Thin slat shape, the aerodynamics performance did not change very much together in comparison with OTOMO. In addition, these devices compared the change of the denuded area of the part which caused the noise from each flow field with OTOMO. There is some difference in size in both shapes, but shows a thing becoming smaller than OTOMO.

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PARmetric SECtion (PARSEC ) airfoil can be used for efficient aerodynamic optimization and data mining, because each parameter is determined based on the aerodynamics regarding with the transonic wing. However it has problem that it is difficult to apply this method to a condition except transonic. A modified PARSEC method which solved that problem was suggested. In this study, this suggested method is applied to the design of SST multi-objective optimization is performed for airfoil representation in combination with Multi-Objective genetic algorithm (MOGA). The objective function was set as pressure drag and boom intensity minimization. The applicability of this method is verified from this result.

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The aim of this study is a verification of an estimation method that material plasticity parameters are identified by the inverse analysis using indentation test and FEM analysis. The experimental tests are carried out by dynamic instrumentation using the Rockwell testing machine with load cell and displacement sensor. The load-displacement (P-h) curves of the indentation are obtained by experimental tests. FEM analysis of the indentation test assuming plastic hardening behavior in the n power-law hardening material is specified by the stress-strain curve. The material parameters can be identified based on the curve fit using the quadratic polynomial function consisting of coefficients β and variables x. The best solution is determined by using the response surface methodology (RSM). Variables x are Young's modulus, spring constant of testing machine, strain hardening component and exponent. Combinations for the D-optimal design are generated by random numbers. Identified parameters almost coincide with practical values. The optimization results for a single-objective optimization problem are matched to the experimental P-h curves depending on evaluation function. In order to minimize the error in the several objective functions, this problem can be considered as a multi-objective optimization problems.

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Generally, design for shapes is defined by the expression of the combination of design parameters such as length and angle, and the optimal shape is investigated following some optimization method. By using general parameterization method, the expressible possibility of design is constrained by how design parameters are selected, and then the optimal design may be difficult to be found out. In this paper, a new shape parameterization method using principal component analysis is proposed so as to express the shape with more degree of freedom. And the example of shape optimization for film cooling holes of turbine blades is introduced, using proposed parameterization method and TDM.

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In this paper, variable blank holder force (VBHF) trajectory and tools motion are optimized simultaneous by a sequential approximate optimization (SAO) with radial basis function (RBF) network. In deep drawing, wrinkling and tearing are major defects that are strongly avoided in sheet forming. These defects are then taken as the objectives directly. The Forming Limit Diagram (FLD) is employed to evaluate the risk of wrinkling and tearing quantitatively. The design variables are taken so as to optimize the VBHF trajectory and the tools motion simultaneously. In numerical examples, a square cup deep drawing is handled. The optimum result shows that simultaneous optimization of the VBHF trajectory and the tools motion result in the successful deep drawing. In particular, the forming energy can be drastically reduced, in comparison with only the optimization of VBHF trajectory. This result implies that the simultaneous optimization of both VBHF trajectory and tools motion will be effective approach to reduce the forming energy.

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In this paper, we verify archive of analysis results and building block effects in Genetic Algorithms. In GA, individuals with a similar gene increase as it passes through generations. Therefore, it have a high possibility that re-analysis will be conducted. In order to solve this problem, the archives of analysis results are used. When we used archiving, a problem to take time in searching became clear in the last research when the number of the population and the generations was big. We suggest new method as the solution this research. Furthermore, there is a method of using a building block as a time crunch. Although this method is seldom thought as important now, we consider that it is effective. We aim at reduction of analysis time using these two methods.

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As societies and economies developed, value sense of customers gets variety. Designing products and services to fulfill such customers' requirements is critical issue in development of them. Customer involvement is exploited in order to design a specification of products and services that matches each customer's requirement. Furthermore, considering the value of services, the value in use is important as argued in service-dominant logic. Thus, designing a specification is not enough but learning toward use is required in design phase. In this paper, we propose a support for participatory design that facilitates learning on the case of tourism service. In the future, these supports will be implemented on the support system and verification experiments be carried out.

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"Servitization" of non-service industry is attracted much attention as a business model to enhance the value of products. In general, various stakeholders are involved in a service offering structure. To realize a sustainable business, therefore, it is important to make a business situation where each stakeholder involved receives high values through the service provision. Namely, the designers have to have a holistic view and consider value for each stakeholder. This paper proposes a method to design a service that has high value for each stakeholder with an approach of "collaborative design," where multiple designers who have different backgrounds participate together. In this paper, a "service modeling method" to represent a service structure as a system composed of multiple stakeholders and a "service simulation method" to observe temporal changes of the each stakeholder's values are proposed. Further, a collaborative service design process to design a service that has high value for various stakeholders is proposed.

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"Sensitization" of non-service industry is attracted much attention as a business model to enhance the value of products. In general, various stakeholders are involved in a service offering structure. To realize a sustainable business, therefore, it is important to make a business situation where each stakeholder involved receives high values through the service provision. Authors have proposed a method to design a service that has high value for each stakeholder with an approach of "collaborative design," where multiple designers who have different backgrounds participate together. In this paper, the proposed design method is applied to the design of a service to enhance a value of agricultural product for realizing the local revitalization of a town in Japan. On the basis of the application results, effectiveness and remaining issue of the proposed method is discussed.

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This paper proposes a framework to design service offering strategy in Product-Service Systems. In this paper, service offering strategy is defined as "improvement plans of service offerings in order to enhance entire value of the business system by transforming as-is into to-be." A service is produced by co-creations among multiple relevant stakeholders e.g. customers, employees, managers and partners; and they have various requirements. To enhance the entire value of the system, therefore, it is important to understand relations among requirements and then discuss improvement plans for the service offerings. The proposed framework consists of (1) common and collision requirement visualizer and (2) service offering strategy roadmap. The effectiveness of the framework is demonstrated and discussed based on the application to a taxi business for vulnerable road users.

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To strengthen the tourism industry in Japan, creating packaged tours that meets the request of each customer seems appropriate. Previous researches aimed to support the creation of packaged tours. However, most researches focused more on the feasibility of the created packaged tour, and less on the evaluation of the new tour and the consideration for time differences. Therefore, this research aims to evaluate the created packaged tour from the prospective of the stakeholders engaged in the designing of the packaged tour. The stakeholders are the tourist (the customer of the packaged tour, who wants to enjoy the tour), the designer (the provider of the packaged tour, such as the tourism companies, who wants to implement the tour in the easiest way), and the provider (the supplier of the each tourism activity, who wants the customers to come off the peak of the day). This research proposes a new criteria for each stakeholder and proposed an evaluation method for the created packaged tour from perspectives from each stakeholder that changes dynamically with the change of time. A prototype system was created to verify the efficiency of the proposed method.

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Physical modeling and simulation software is aimed at the support of model-based design of complex engineered systems. Device ontology, which has been employed as the product modeling scheme of the software and allows product modeling with component connection, restricts designers to perform system architecting, a fundamental task at the early stage of product development that determines the topology of system components based on reasoning about physical phenomena. In complementing the drawback of device ontology, this paper proposes another aspect model for model-based design with physical modeling and simulation. The aspect model enables designers to analyze the parameter network of a product model, which is derived from physical phenomena that jointly construct an equation system for numerical simulation representing the model behavior. The model is described with the Modelica language, a physical and system modeling language based on device ontology used in the software for model-based design. The analysis includes classification of simulation variables in the parameter network based on its network structure and the results of numerical simulation processed with a machine learning technique. Such an analysis potentially supports system-level reasoning about the behavior of a product model in system architecting. The proposed method is demonstrated using a simple DC model.

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Recently, development of mechatronics product is more and more complicated. Hence, complexity is necessary to consider in a new product development. V-shape process is an idea which iteratively applies the verification and validation in the development process. Verification means detailing to the lower design state from upper design stage. The validation confirms whether lower design stage meets the requirements of upper class or not. This is why the V-shape process is effective to use in development of mechatronics product. Although, verifying and validating at each development stage is difficult, because of lack of specific definition. In this study, the authors will develop and propose a hybrid system which has various domains such as driving system, steering system, braking system, air-conditioning system, lubricating system, air-intaking and exhausting system, and cooling system. The authors also developed a system design of component design of driving system and show the result that the validation of driving system by using Modelica and the effectiveness of our proposal.

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This paper proposes the methodology of optimizing organization structure by using genetic algorithm and process simulator. It is important for designing organization structure to consider not only normal process but also troubleshooting by coordination between each member. Behavior of each member in organization structure are modeled in developed process simulator. Each organization structure is evaluated by using developed process simulator repeatedly in genetic algorithm. Genotype is designed to describe organization structure from the list of members. F or deciding good organization structure, genetic algorithm search for minimizing total cost and the one for minimizing time required are done respectively. Pareto optimal organization structures considering total cost and time required are extracted from the records on these searches. Organization design can be supported by visualizing these structures to designer. Proposed methodology was applied to ship design project. Results show that proposed methodology can propose good organization structures on the basis of total cost and time required. In addition to this, the difference between the organization structure considering total cost and the one considering time required can be analyzed by proposed methodology.

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The product design project includes many uncertainties. It causes risk that a project target cannot be accompolished within lead time. In order to flexibly handle the uncertainty and avoid the risk, adaptive planning that can switch easily to another plan by preparing options for a task is needed. When a challenging design alternative is difficult to be accompolished, a project manager should decide either to continue the design taking a risk or to switch to a conservative alternative disliking a risk. This paper proposes a new optimization-based project planning method that aims at a Paretoptimal of the potential technical performane of designed product and a project failure risk. A task option model is employed for risk assesment of option-based project management. As its planning includes a number of various design variables and various evaluation indices, in order to solve such a complicated problem with a reasonable computation cost, this research separates the optimization problem into two phases, i.e., (i) defining of process architecture and organization structure and (ii) scheduling of resource allocation into activities. This paper demonstrates its application to a student formula design project. A proposed optimization method facilitates a project manager to explore various process plans with assessing their risks.

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It is very important for designers to achieve safety and usability of products. In this paper, first a gap model between designers and users is proposed as a framework to detect problems in safety and usability and to analyze the causes. Then methods to describe operations to a product, simulate its behavior as state transitions, and detect unsafety gaps and invalidity gaps based on temporal intervals and their qualitative relationships are proposed. The proposed methods are implemented as Gap Analysis Program (GAP) and applied to analyzing operations of a farm tractor by 8 general participants and 4 tractor-manufacturer participants. As the result, potential unsafety gaps and invalidity gaps are appropriately detected

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In the early phase of structural design, uncertainties arise from many sources of variations. Therefore, the manner in which the uncertainties in the design phase are handled is of great importance. Designers need to figure out an outline of the topological structure and have to compare the evaluation results of diverse design ideas from multiple aspects under some uncertain design information at the design phase. We have proposed a preference set-based design (PSD) method that generates a ranged set of design solutions that satisfy sets of performance requirements under various sources of uncertainties, while capturing a designer's preference. This study proposes a design method for the early phase of structural design that is possible to obtain the multi-objective satisfactory solution with topological and geometrical uncertainty and variability by applying the PSD method to the finite element method. This study discusses the suitability of our proposed approach for obtaining the multi-objective satisfactory solution sets by applying to the design problems of a cantilever with uncertainties of design parameters which define the topology of the structure.

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Recent designers have been requested to perform designing large-scale and complicated products in a short term. This requires development of sophisticated computer aided design systems for the upper design processes-requirements definition and conceptual design, in order to minimize feedbacks from the lower design processes. In addition, recent globalization in industry has driven the importance of designing products considering regionally specific usage and environment. Therefore, these upper design processes have recently needed to be performed considering also influences by inputs from outside of the product. From this point of view, some methods for systematically detecting latent undesirable troubles in advance were proposed. To achieve the detection, it is required to model functions, behavior and physical phenomena caused by the external inputs, and then integrate them for analyzing the influence of the inputs to the behavior and functions. In those conventional researches, integration of the models of the behavior and the physical phenomena was mainly discussed. In this paper, a method for integrated modeling of the behavior and the functions is proposed, and computer-support based on the integrated model is discussed.

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Today, developing various types of products in a short design lead-time is needed to satisfy consumers' needs. In this study, a method to support expansion of design requirements using product cases is proposed. In our previous reports, framework for expansion of design requirements was proposed and a supporting system was developed based on the framework. In this paper, we focused on the requirements cope with the influences of usage environment. First, descriptions of relations between a product and usage environment of it is defined based on product cases analysis. Then, a method to extract the design requirement cope with usage environment on the analogy of similar product cases is proposed. Finally, case studies were done using the system. The results showed that the system can extract the design requirements arise from usage environment.

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As increasing the computational power, large scale 3D analysis become more routine to estimate the performance in thermal and earthquake resistant design on control console system. We also developed a ID CAE tools using simple formula to realize First Order Analysis in early design stages. However, it takes a lot more than conventional optimization design method to meet a recent product development lead-time. So it is necessary to develop a new mechanical design method suited for innovative product development. Therefore, we propose a new design process concept in reference to knowledge development process "SECI model". SECI model is composed of Socialization, Externalization, Combination, and Internalization. So we apply the SECI model framework to our real development process using ID-CAE and 3D-CAE. As a result, our first attempt was validated reasonably and developed a new control console structure was build with decreasing by half in setting area.

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