This paper discusses requirements for manufacturing industry from now on and countermeasures that utilize digitalization for solving the requirements. The requirements include sustainability, human centric, and resilience following to the report “Industry 5.0.” Countermeasures include utilization of human ability, product life cycle, and architecture.

The Japanese manufacturing industry has evolved and innovated consistently in times of crises and drastic environmental changes. During the current COVID-19 crisis, greater changes have been required. The following strategies have been considered during the present uncertainties: strengthening corporate transformation power (dynamic capabilities), promoting digital transformation, and strengthening design power. Japan is aging at an unprecedented speed among the major developed countries and is transforming into a super-aged society. Hence, there is an urgent need to address to this situation, while the demand for a safer, more secure, and better lifestyle increases. We introduce methods to build advanced manufacturing and healthcare products using these technologies through industry–academia–government collaborations. We explore development of DX/IoT/AI/VR-based human-centric manufacturing and healthcare systems to provide technological support to experience various realities and enhance the quality of life. Such activities are expected to improve innovation, which will benefit local communities.

In VUCA era such as COVID-19 pandemic, Japanese manufacturing industry should be transformed to the new paradigm of smart manufacturing based on Cyber Physical System with Digital Twins including uncertainty and complexity of human / society and systems / services. Digital twins for design process, production process, global SCM process and service delivery process are introduced and discussed in view of realizing human centered Society5.0.

V&V for quality management in engineering simulation is useful to enhance the credibility of human activities to construct and operate the digital twins in Society 5.0. Particularly, validation of processes is required.

Nowadays, composite materials are widely used in aircraft structures, and adhesive bonding is expected to be a further lightening technology. Although fastener-less structures are ultimate configuration, adhesively-bonded joints in aircraft structures are currently used in conjunction with fasteners. Commercial aircrafts shall be issued airworthiness certificate, and its safety requirements for adhesively-bonded joints are strict and hard to realize the fastener-less structures in the current technology. For realizing the fastener-less structures, there are several technical challenges: crack stoppers in bondlines not using fasteners to prevent catastrophic failure, non-destructive techniques for evaluating the strength of adhesively-bonded joints after curing and during operation, and cost reduction of the bonding process of aircraft structures, in particular, a surface treatment process.

Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) was carried out to make a dissimilar materials joint between A1100 and Zn-plated steel with inserting a PET film at the interface. A joint was successfully obtained with inserting a PET film at the same welding condition for a joint without PET film. Molten Zn and PET were pushed out from the center to the edge in welded region during FSSW process, and A1100 and steel were directly jointed at the center region. Moreover, PET was bonded with both A1100 and steel. According to immersion test inside salt water, corrosion was suppressed in a joint inserting a thin PET film. A joint with inserting a PET film shows higher strength compared to a joint without PET film both in static tensile-shear test and fatigue test. Improving of corrosion resistance could be expected in A1100 / Zn-plated steel FSSW joint by inserting a PET film with appropriate thickness.

The "Workshop of Advancement of Steam Flow Measurement" group has been working in the Power and Energy Systems Division of the JSME since April 2017 for a period of five years, and this year is the final year of its activities. With regard to the measurement method of steam flow rate, which is in high demand in industry, the workshop investigates technical knowledge from papers, technical documents and members' own works to prepare guidelines and standards useful for actual measurement. The number of committee members is 30, and there is a good balance of members from industry, government, and academia, including universities, companies, and research institutes. The predecessor of this workshop was the "Workshop of Wet Steam Flow Measurement" which was active from April 2012 to March 2017. In December 2016, a report summarizing all the activities was published. The "Workshop of Advanced Studies for Steam Flow Measurement" has been held meetings once or twice a year to compile research and technologies from the basic to the applied aspects of steam flow measurement, and to create measurement guidelines, based on the opinions and requests from the committee members. So far, we have mainly dealt with the technical investigation on the clamp-on-type flowmeter, the flow pattern of wet steam, and the examples of wetness measurement and field application. At the end of the workshop, we plan to publish a report summarizing the entire activity.

To manage thermal energy from the viewpoint of energy saving and CO2 reduction in industrial fields where steam is used for heat supply, it is essential to understand the actual status of individual heat energy use through steam flow measurement at the demand end. A clamp-on ultrasonic steam flow meter has advantages in that stable measurement operation can be realized without either additional pipe processing or causing any pressure loss. A clamp-on ultrasonic steam flow meter is therefore suitable for industrial use. It is well known that the measurement error of the steam flow rate is caused by steam wetness. However, the method of estimating the measurement error has not yet been established since it is difficult to evaluate the effects of steam wetness quantitatively in plants and factories. We have conducted wet steam flow tests with this clamp-on ultrasonic flow meter for carbon steel piping of different diameters and found some characteristics. In this study, we summarized the characteristics of the measured wet steam flow rate and summarized the application method and points to be noted when applying the clamp-on ultrasonic flow meter to wet steam flow measurement without any correction method.

Clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeter is a powerful tool for measuring flow rate in an existing pipes. However, measuring flow rate of wet steam flow has not been established yet. It is important to investigate the various error factors caused by the wetness fraction. The authors investigated the effects of sound speed and the void fraction in the wet steam flow using an ultrasonic flow meter. The results show that flow rates in wet steam could be determined within a 10 % error under general conditions in a steam piping system, although the conversion factor from line-average to area-average velocities was calibrated in superheated conditions, and the speed of sound in saturated conditions at each pressure was used. However, the error of the flow rates tended to increase with the wetness fraction and was biased toward positive values. The speed of sound and liquid volume fraction were evaluated at different wetness fractions.

Steam flow meter is usually applied to a saturated or a superheated steam flow to secure the reliability and the accuracy of the indicated value. However, it is sometimes used to a wet steam flow piping in actual field because of the heat loss of the piping. This report summarizes the characteristics of various steam flow meters in the wet steam flow based on previous researches. The indicated value of orifice, vortex and ultrasonic flow meter in the wet steam were experimentally investigated. As a result, even their measurement principals are different, they all have the tendencies that the indicated value becomes smaller than the actual flow rate when the steam wetness increases. And also, the correction method of indicated value for each flow meter were suggested to evaluate the actual flow rate.

In a large gas turbine, data on cooling air flow rate is needed to analyze not only the temperature of both stators and blades but also its efficiency. However, an ultrasonic flowmeter is not useful because the measurement position becomes hot, usually exceeding 300 degrees centigrade. Furthermore, an insert type flowmeter cannot be used because it requires additional pipe processing for installation and also causes a pressure loss. Accordingly, we tried to use the heater method. In this method, a circumferential heater is attached to the outside of a pipe and then the axial temperature distribution on the outside of the pipe, which is influenced by fluid velocity in the pipe, is measured by thermocouples. The velocity is analyzed on the basis of the temperature distribution in the pipe. Measurements were conducted at two kinds of cooling air pipe in a gas turbine for power generation. In one cooling air is extracted from the 13th stage of a compressor and supplied to the 2nd stator s of the gas turbine; in the other, cooling air is extracted from the 9th stage of the compressor and supplied to the 3rd stator s of the gas turbine. As a result of the measurement, the theoretical temperature curve is closely fitted the measured temperature values in each. These results suggest that the measurement method was effective.

This paper shows the importance of steam flow measurement based on the long-term energy policy in Japan and the trend of steam consumption so far. In addition, the status of standardization of wet steam flow measurement and the means to evaluate the actual flow of steam flowmeters are summarized. Based on these results, the "ideal state" required for the promotion of standardization in wet steam flow measurement is presented and discussed.

Recently, many assist suits to support humans in various fields such as rehabilitation training, agriculture, etc. have been developed. In these assist suits, safety is one of the most important issues. The assist suits could potentially be dangerous for users because the assist suits may move unintentionally when their computers break down. In order to improve safety, we have developed (1) a rehabilitation assist suit with a velocity-based mechanical safety device and (2) an arm support suit which requires no power source. This paper introduces these assist suits. The velocity-based mechanical safety device stops the rehabilitation assist suit’s motor when the motor angular velocity exceeds a preset threshold level. This safety device works even when the rehabilitation assist suit’s computer has stopped working because it consists of only passive mechanical elements such as gears. The arm support suit is essentially safe because it also consists of only passive mechanical elements. This arm support suit can be used anytime, anywhere because it requires no power supply.

We have been developing and selling medical screws since 1995. High quality control is required for medical screws. Introducing medical screws and describing their development.

The authors have been developing a smart gear health monitoring system by sintering of conductive ink. The health state of a gear can be monitored through the characteristics of the sintered sensors on the surface of the gear. Furthermore, a wireless antenna communication system consists of two similar antenna patterns; one belongs to a receiver terminal, and the other belongs to the gear connecting with the mentioned sensors as a close circuit has been developed. A practical experiment has stated that, in accordance with two health conditions of the sensors including healthy – the conductivity of the sensors was high and unhealthy – the conductivity of the sensors was lost, the forms of the return loss signals received by the network analyzer were different. Specifically, the return loss of the monitoring antenna turned from one valley form of a single monitoring antenna to two valleys form when a smart gear with integrated healthy sensors and antenna was brought close to it. However, these two valleys form was changed remarkably to one deep and one shallow valley form when another smart gear with unhealthy sensors had substituted the previous smart gear with healthy sensors. By observation, it is simply to realize that the health conditions of the sensors on the smart gear sensors have a considerable impact on the resonant return loss signal of the coupling system.

Fishing reels are required to have functions such as design, drag performance, and there is a particularly high demand for gear feeling (fishing reel sensation). To achieve smooth fishing reel sensation, we have developed "micro module gear", "HAGANE gear", and "measuring device for fishing reel sensation". In "micro module gear", we proposed a design method that improves the fishing reel sensation without depending on the tooth surface accuracy by elucidates the relationship between transmission error and the tactile sensation. In "HAGANE gear", we established technologies of precision cold forging, mold manufacturing, and measurement for face gear of reels that require micro meter level accuracy. In "measuring device for fishing reel sensation", it has become possible to quantitatively determine the fishing reel sensation instead of sensory human evaluation.

A microreactor is a key component for micro chemical process. The microreactor process that utilizes a microspace including a microchannel and a micro tube has various advantages such as energy efficiency and heat transfer efficiency. By using a micro piezoelectric actuator, physical or chemical effect can be applied effectively against micro reactor devices. In this paper, some microreactor devices including an emulsification device, a classification of droplet device and a mixing device using piezoelectric actuator are introduced.

DPLUS, which we invented and named from “Double Parabolic refLectors wave-guided high-power Ultrasonic tranSducers”, is an innovative ultrasonic transducer. With this transducer incident wave from a piezoelectric ring is concentrated keeping plane wave using double parabolic structure and easily propagates into the waveguide effectively. Eventually, you can obtain the high-power ultrasonic wave propagation from the tip of the waveguide. Differently from the conventional bolted-Langevin transducer, the ultrasonic output range is in the MHz range, such as 2 MPa output pressure at 1.7 MHz with 10Vpp input voltage. In addition, it obtains multiple vibration modes in a wide frequency band from several tens of kHz to MHz Therefore, we can examine the frequency dependency on the ultrasonic irradiation effect, for example, the ultrasonic dissolution characteristics of animal fats. Thanks to its unique characteristics, we are developing various high-power ultrasonic devices using the DPLUS for medical applications, ultrasonic tweezers, and hemolysis process and so on.

FANUC’s parallel-link robot "Genkotsu Robot" with a unique structure has been expanding the applications of industrial robots. The name of the Genkotsu robot is derived from the human hand "Genkotsu" in Japanese, which has a tense power while performing fine and delicate work like human hands and fingers. The Genkotsu robots are lined up from small types suitable for assembling precision equipment such as mobile phones and arranging parts, to large ones with large work spaces and payload capacity that can transport and align food etc. at high speed with a fully enclosed structure. They have been opening up new application fields in general industries, especially food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.

Panasonic smart factory solutions provides parallel link robot and assembly equipment with it, for customer manufacturing process optimization. Hexa type structure that 6 servo motors drive 6 arms , enables this robot to move 6DOF. Ball joint that delta type uses, is not available with hexa type, therefore this robot uses original universal joint to expand range of robot motion. Tezutae direct teaching and 6DOF motion, the feature of this robot, realize some manufactuiring process automation. Sheet pasting machine pastes sheet to mobile card payment terminal case using Tezutae direct teaching. Flexible Flat cable（FFC） inserting machine inserts cables to connector on print circuit board(PCB) of car navigation system utilizing 6DOF motion. Anntena cable inserting machine wires anntena cable and inserts connectors onto PCB of smart phone. CPU assembling machine opens CPU lock lever, inserts CPU and close lock lever for computer mother board, using Tezutae direct teaching. Camera assembling machine assembles automotive camera using 3 parallel link robots.

Digital Transformation (DX) is the adoption of digital technology to transform services or businesses. The Model Based Development (MBD) is the adoption of digital technology to transform real machinery to virtual machinery. MBD of Autonomous Transportation and Logistics machinery is investigated.

Toyota Motor Corporation and Woven Core, Inc. have continued research and development of automated driving technology and commercialized Advanced Drive using intelligence technologies. This system uses a high-definition map for highly precise self-localization and has a large-scale redundant architecture for recognition, control computation, actuators, communications and power supplies, to enable safe, reliable, and efficient driving on highways. The system also includes digital data uploading and downloading capabilities wirelessly over-the-air (OTA) in order to provide customers new software features and upgraded performance as well as the latest map updates.

For robust and optimal designs of spacecraft, system feasibility evaluations in the early design stage are useful. In this paper, regarding spacecraft missions with contact, a system feasibility evaluation method involved in multibody dynamics analysis and an identification method for contact force model based on physical mechanisms are described.

With a great help of past advisors, collaborators, and past/current students, the author has contributed to aerodynamic understanding of Japanese rockets, i.e., Epsilon Launch Vehicle and Reusable Launch Vehicle, through construction of numerical methods for compressible flows such as Simple Low-dissipation Advection-Upstream-splitting-method (SLAU) and SLAU2. This manuscript briefly looks back these topics: 1) SLAU and SLAU2 were designed to handle both low-speed and high-speed flows without experts’ care, 2) The Epsilon aerodynamics, specifically its roll-moment, was accurately predicted at the early stage of the development, 3) The effects of protuberance on slender-bodied rockets are being studied, and 4) The very high angle-of-attack aerodynamics of launch vehicles is also being surveyed for their reusability.

Due to the increasing needs for front-loading design and autonomous operation of spacecraft and test facility, the reduced-order models based on model-based/data-driven approaches are drawing attention. This article presents four examples of the development and application of the reduced-order model, 1) satellite thermal design, 2) spacecraft docking system design, 3) generation of training data for the health management of a reusable rocket engine, 4) operation of the wind tunnel. The existing challenges for the reduced-order model found through the development and application are introduced.

Electret-based vibrational energy generators (E-VEGs) have attracted much attention because they can generate electrical power from ambient vibrations. Generally, a charging process such as corona discharge is necessary to make electret from dielectric materials, limiting device productivity. Recently, we realized E-VEGs that do not require any charging process by utilizing self-assembled electret (SAE). The surface charge and potential of the SAE appear owing to spontaneous orientation of polar organic molecules. In this talk, we discuss the operation mechanism of SAE-based VEGs and fabrication conditions for an increased surface charge. We believe that the realization of SAE-VEGs will open up novel ways for supplying electrical energy to various devices.

It is expected that the social implementation of a large number of sensors symbolized by the trillion-sensor society will progress dramatically in the near future. Energy harvesting technology has a possibility for establishing self-powering applications that do not depend on conventional power supplies such as batteries, which can deliver electric power only for limited-duration operations. In particular, vibration power generation, which converts vibration energy into electricity, is expected to be used in various situations. The inorganic piezoelectric materials such as Pb(Zr, Ti)O₃ (PZT)have been a promising materials which shows highly efficient energy conversion owing to their high electromechanical coupling coefficients. From another point of view, power generation using piezoelectric polymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) have also attractive because of their prospective features of the robustness, flexibility and large-scale production. In this presentation, I would like to explain the characteristics of piezoelectric polymers and their vibration power generation capabilities, and introduce their potential applications, based on the comparison with other vibration power generation technologies.

A sacrificial water-soluble BaO layer was employed to fabricate free-standing single-crystalline BaTiO₃ membranes and prepare the inorganic-organic hybrid heterointerface for vibrational energy harvesting applications. An epitaxial BaTiO₃/SrTiO₃/BaO heterostructure was deposited on a SrTiO₃(001) substrate by pulsed laser deposition. The sacrificial BaO layer was dissolved by immersing the heterostructure into water. An epitaxial inorganic BaTiO₃ membrane was released from the SrTiO₃ (001) substrate and transferred onto a glass or polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate coated with an organic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) adhesion layer. A 200 nm-thick BaTiO₃ membrane was sandwiched between two flexible PDMS/ITO/PET electrode layers, forming a vibrational energy harvester test device that could operate at an average electrical power output of over 2 μW.

The vibrational energy harvesters have been extensively investigated in recent decade as an alternative energy source to the batteries. There have been several methods to convert vibration to electric energy such as piezoelectric, electromagnetic and electrostatic methods. Particular attention has been devoted for the electrostatic energy harvesters since it uses a variable capacitor structure to generate electric power and these devices can be easily integrated in the microsystems. Recently new types of energy harvester using the microfluidics techniques have been proposed. It is well known that when a voltage is applied to liquids, electric double layers (EDL) are formed at the interface between electrode and liquids after the ionic redistribution. The capacitance of the EDLs become as high as ~ 1 μF/cm², meaning that higher density carriers are accumulated at the surface of the electrode.

In this work, we are going to show a new type of EDL electrets and its application for vibrational energy harvester. The EDL electrets are made by anchoring motion of ions inside ion gel after formation of EDL and can sustain EDL without any external bias-voltage source.

The authors have developed a sensor using ceria nano particles as a detection element, of which outputs depend on hydrogen/oxygen concentration ratio. That the sensor can work without oxygen is its remarkable characteristic. It has been considered that it can be applied to a space rocket that reaches a high altitude with oxygen concentration falling. Before a launch of the rocket, oxygen concentration inside of the rocket falls because inert gas is supplied to the inside of the rocket to purge oxygen and moisture. The situation of oxygen concentration falling also occurs in ground firing test of the rocket engine. The proposed sensors have been installed on an experiment vehicle with hydrogen fueled rocket engine. The sensor output data has been measured through the experiment operation such as liquid hydrogen loading and rocket engine firing in order to evaluate the characteristics of the present sensors.

Non-premixed hydrogen jet flames spouted from a nozzle with a divergent channel were investigated experimentally to clarify the effect of shock structure created in the vicinity of a nozzle exit on flame stability. The experimental results show that the flame accompanied with ideal-expanded jet was the most difficult to stabilize, compared to both conditions of under- and over-expanded jet. To better understand how the shock structures affect to flame stabilization, a concept of characteristic length L_v based on the Damköhler number in turbulent flow was proposed, and CFD including LES turbulent model was performed under the conditions that either flame can stabilize or not. Consequently, L_v in blow-out condition was longer than that in stable condition. As L_v may indicate the quantity of delay of chemical characteristic time, the effect of shock structures can be discussed in various nozzles.

Hydrogen society will come until 2025.We can use hydrogen energy in our daily life under the conditions, leaking hydrogen will not explode. For hydrogen safety/security, how to settle ventilation systems and at where set hydrogen sensors, knowledge of leaking hydrogen behavior is need. When we simulate hydrogen flows, we wonder what is an appropriate turbulence model. In this paper k-ε model, LVEL model, and laminar model are compered, simulating Hallway Model, and found k-ε model is dull, laminar model is effective, LVEL model shows good agreement with experimental data.

To reduce greenhouse gas emissions, ammonia, which does not emit carbon dioxide when burned, is expected to be used as a fuel for thermal power generation and ships. From the viewpoint of safe use, the behavior of gas flow during ammonia leakage is investigated. The ammonia leakage instead of hydrogen is simulated by FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) in the same computational situation as the previous simulation that reproduced the Hallway model hydrogen leakage experiment. The leakage volume is 57 L/min, the same as that for hydrogen, and is allowed to leak for 600 seconds from the start of the calculation. Simulations are performed with natural ventilation through the ceiling and side wall openings, and with forced exhaust ventilation using a ventilator installed in the ceiling opening. The leaked ammonia reaches the ceiling, shows high concentration near the ceiling, and is discharged outside through the ceiling opening. At the same time, air is flowing in through the opening on the right side wall. In the case of natural ventilation, the concentration of ammonia near the ceiling is about 7%. This concentration, in the case of forced ventilation, is shown to be as high as 12% when the ventilation rate is low, but decreases significantly as the ventilation rate increases.

Hydrogen leakage is anticipated in various occasions ranging from production to consumption. In order to realize a hydrogen sensing system more flexible and quicker than current systems, we developed a new system with a small thermal conductivity-type hydrogen sensor on a drone. Initially, it was thought that a quadrotor drone was not suitable for hydrogen leak detection because propeller airflow prevents gas arrival to the sensor placed on the drone. In this study, we demonstrate that hydrogen is certainly detected in spite of the propeller airflow and propose a new mechanism of continuous hydrogen sensing by a quadrotor drone. For that purpose, we conduct hydrogen leak experiments, smoke visualization of flows around the drone and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis and clarify the path through which hydrogen from the leak source reaches the drone. Flow circulation is formed around the drone accompanying the suction and discharge of air from the propellers. Hydrogen from the leak source rides on this circulating flow and arrives at the drone, rather than rising up directly to the drone. Because this circulating airflow is inevitably formed associated with the propeller rotation of the drone, and it stably and strongly transports hydrogen from the leak source to the drone.

In this paper, oscillations of an artificial sensory epithelium located in the cochlea filled with lymph fluids are simulated by a finite element method. The artificial cochlear sensory epithelium is a trapezoidal piezoelectric membrane to mimic functions of the cochlea, and these physical properties using in the numerical analysis are estimated based on experimental results. The artificial cochlear sensory epithelium is set into the model straightened-cochlea filled with a fluid, and an oscillation is induced by mimicking a transmission of the biological cochlea. Normal frequencies and modes of the artificial cochlear sensory epithelium are well simulated to represent the frequency selectivity of the biological basilar membrane. The Euler-Bernoulli theory for transvers vibrations of a beam successfully predicts normal frequencies when the trapezoidal membrane is modeled as a set of fixed-end beams. Moreover, traveling waves propagating on the artificial cochlear sensory epithelium are numerically and successfully observed in the present study. That is, not only structure but also critical feature of the biological cochlea is represented by an artificial mechanical system.

We are generating basic data for the development of a device that can efficiently introduce genes into cells. Based on the electroporation method using microdroplets developed by Shibata et al., we will store the data necessary for the development of the device through numerical analysis. This system is expected to be applied to advanced medical technologies, especially mass production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) and intracellular delivery methods for genome editing. In this study, we simulated how the physical properties of the fluid, especially the change in surface tension between the two liquids and the change in viscosity of the insulating oil, affect the droplet diameter in the formation of droplets in a cross-shaped channel, and investigated the control of the droplet diameter. In addition, to confirm the consistency of the numerical analysis, we will conduct actual verification through experiments and reconcile them to create a more reliable database.

In this study, the authors experimentally investigated the thermal convection in a cubic cavity is conducted in the range of Ra = 2.0×10⁴ – 1.2×10⁵ with water as the working fluid. The purpose of this study is to understand multiple flow structures and structural transitions by the experiment measuring simultaneously both flow field and temperature field. Thermochromic-liquid-crystal microcapsule is used to visualize the temperature field. We use this microcapsule as the tracer particle of PIV to visualize the flow field. The temperature is determined by performing the HSV analysis from recorded color image in the coloration range and associating the temperature with the Hue value. The flow in a low and moderate Ra range is steady and laminar. As a result, three types of the flow structure with one single roll were observed. We confirmed such a hysteresis effect as the ranges in which the flow structures appear are affected by the increase/decrease of Ra. Temperature is detected using the thermochromic-liquid-crystal microcapsule, while measured temperature field is not accurate due to large temperature error even in its appropriate measurement range.

In the immunological systems, the neutrophil’s motion is considered to be propelled by concentration gradient of cytokine. However, the mechanism of propulsion has not been elucidated yet in the previous researches. Assuming that neutrophil moves by the concentration Marangoni effect, concentration gradient of cytokine on the surrounding fluid and neutrophil membrane is experimentally examined. In our previous investigations, it was found that the concentration gradient on the neutrophil membrane repeats positive and negative ⁽¹⁾. Moreover, it was found that a neutrophil has pseudopods near the inner wall surface of the blood vessel ⁽²⁾. In this study, the effect of pseudopods is investigated.

As for the experimental methods, the neutrophils are observed by a microscope. Concentration gradient of surrounding fluid is generated by inserting cytokine solution into the neutrophil dispersion. Using CCD camera, the neutrophil’s propulsion and concentration distribution are obtained by measuring emission intensity of fluorescent substance FITC. Based on the neutrophil velocity obtained from this observation, the effects of pseudopods on the propulsion mechanism are evaluated. The result shows that the propulsion mechanism of the neutrophils depends on the cytokine concentration with or without pseudopods. It is also found that neutrophils with pseudopods move slower than the neutrophils without pseudopods.

In this paper, in order to investigate the characteristics of the HNCPA device , it is attached to a spontaneous breathing simulator for newborns (PT-2), and the experimental results are shown by changing the tidal volume in three different breathing modes. Experiments were performed in 1 ml increments with a ventilation range of 2 ml to 8.6 ml. AS a result, fluctuating alveolar pressure waveform, flow waveform , and fluctuating Cpap pressure waveform were obtained at all tidal volumes. From this, it was found that it can be used for very low weight infants. Next, the fluctuating alveolar pressure waveform, flow waveform, and fluctuating Cpap waveform were superimposed on the same graph for each respiratory mode, and their relationships were investigated in detail. The maximum depressurization in the fluctuating Cpap waveform was 0.13 seconds in Ex mode, 0.18 seconds in HS mode, and 0.3 seconds in Tri mode, respectively, from the start of inspiration. From the flows at maximum decompression time in three different breathing modes, the flow conversion coefficient Cf= -2±0.2 （L/min）/-100 Pa was calculated. Using this flow conversion coefficient, it has become possible to estimate the airway flow and airway flow waveform of inhalation air in three different breathing modes. From this result, it was found that this HNCPAP device has a new feature as a respiratory sensor.

In our laboratory, we have been measuring blood flow using Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV), which is a completely non-invasive measurement method using coherent laser light that has high spatial and temporal resolution and can measure even small areas. In LDV imaging, it is possible to visualize the measurement results by setting the sampling rate and velocity, but the processing time was not sufficient. Therefore, we conducted an experiment to see if we could accurately display the flow velocity as a waveform. We also observed the changes when we changed the configuration of the LDV and the solution used. We were able to calculate the pulsating flow at the measurement point as a velocity value from the waveform and confirm the flow velocity in real time. We also conducted measurements using two forms of measurement, forward scattering and backward scattering, and used bovine stored blood as the solution. As a result, we found that the accuracy was better with the forward scattering type, but the setting was severe.

Recently, a biomimetic approach has received considerable attention in the development of MAV. The advantages of flapping flight of birds and insects are that they have never crashed in strong crosswind and turbulent atmospheric current as well as highly maneuverable. The purpose of our research is to design of flexible flapping wing model based on a bird’s structure and to investigate the effect of the wing model by means of measurements of aerodynamic forces. We make the arm bone and ten feathers by using 3D printer and combine them to make the main wing. Driver system of flapping wing model has two degrees of freedom of flapping and heaving motions. The effect of flexible flapping wing based on a bird’s structure will be clarified by wind tunnel experiments.