In order to reduce CO_2 emissions for environmental protection and to conserve energy, improved efficiency has been sought in power plant design through higher temperature and pressure. In the later half of the last century great progress in material development for power applications was seen to improve thermal efficiency with increasing steam temperature. For further improvement in the thermal efficiency of fossil-fired power plants with ultra supercritical steam parameter conditions aiming at temperatures above 700℃, material development concepts and material issues with increasing seam temperature will be reviewed and discussed in this paper.

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MEMS application using solid propellant has prospect of new device. However, such micro-scale combustion phenomenon using explosive powder has not been enough explored This paper treats DDNP powders in MEMS tanks are examined by using MEMS structure in atmosphere and vacuum environments. Results obtained by high speed camera are discussed with powder property and ambient conditions.

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Micro-scale catalytic combustion of butane is investigated. A cost-effective and robust ceramic combustor is developed using high-precision tape-casting technology. Nano-porous alumina for the support of Pt catalyst is fabricated through anodic oxidation of aluminum layer. In order to increase the thermal efficiency, a combustor with embedded cross-flow heat exchange channels is desinged based on a series of CFD analysis. The relationship between catalyst temperature and fuel conversion efficiency is obtained with a simplified surface reaction model. It is found that the efficiency of heat exchanger is deteriorated due to the heat condction in the solid wall.

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This paper has investigated heat transfer phenomena in Flat-Flame ultra-micro combustor for Ultra Micro Gas Turbine (UMGT) experimentally by temperature measurements and based on that, evaluated feasibility of UMGT. Heat transfer at the combustor exit slit was the most dominant, which caused not only heat losses to the outside of the combustor but also recircultation of the exhausted gas enthalpy by exchanging heat with unburned premixture upstream of the injector. In order to increase insulation performance of ultra-micro combustors, heat transfer at the combustor exit slit must be minimized, or it may be utilized as heat source of fuel reforming such as methanol and dimethyl ether (DME).

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Heating of fluid in microchannels is an important process in many micro fluidic devices (microreactors, microsensors and microthrusters). A microchannel with heater grooves was fabricated using DRIE method. A nickel wire is fixed in the groove which was formed perpendicularly to the microchannel. After the microchannel and the wire were assembled. FeCl_3 solution was pumped through the channel in order to etch the wire. The exposed part of nickel wire was etched locally in the microchannel. The fabrication is simple but this heater is expected to work effectively for microchannel fluid.

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Local high-heat-flux cooling by high-velocity thin-film evaporation was examined experimentally for cooling of Micro-Processor-Unit. Steady state experiments were conducted using a copper thin-film and rectangular sub-millimeter-channels. The height of the test channel was 0.5mm and 0.2mm, respectively. The size of the heater was 2×2mm^2. Arange of the liquid velocity was 3 to 5m/s: the liquid subcooling was 20K. Experimental results showed that the heat flux during experiment with the heating surface at exit of the test section was higher than that with the heater in the test channel. The maximum heat flux (critical heat flux) was 3×10^6W/m^2 in a range of present experiments.

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Flowfields with impinging shock wave and turbulent transition are studied numerically by compressible large-eddy simulation, and results were compared with experimental data. The analysis for shock-flat plate boundary layer interaction showed that the present LES code gives reasonable results for such flowfields provided that the grid is fine enough to resolve coherent structures at the transitional region. Both surface pressure and boundary layer profiles for the transitional transonic cascade were predicted correctly with LES. Numerical simulation based on conventional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes also gives agreeable pressure distribution only when the transition point is artificially specified at appropriate location, but it tends to predict thinner boundary layer thickness.

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We developed the technology to fabricate up-to-millimeter-sized plastic parts with microstructures inside using new low-stress ultrathick photoresist (XP SU-8 3000 series, Kayaku Microchem). Using this technology, a 2-dimensional shrouded impeller with a diameter of 10mm and a blade height of 320μm was fabricated. An alkaline-solvable sacrificial polymer layer was formed on a silicon substrate, and then the spin-deposition and exposure of the ultrathick photoresist were performed twice. After that, the exposed double layer was developed, making a basement (hub) and blades. On the blades, 6 sheets of XP SU 3000 dry film were thermally laminated on top, exposed, and then developed, making a shroud. Finally, the microimpeller was released from the silicon wafer by solving the sacrificial layer using alkaline solution. No clack or bend is found on the fabricated microimpeller, and the blade walls stand straight on the basement. This microimpeller is used for a miniature turbo pump supplying air to portable fuel cells.

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A micro-high speed gas bearing to realize high-speed operation of a micro-rotor at 870,000rpm for the micro-compressor performance test of a micro-gas turbine of the impeller diameter 10mm, has been developed. The diameter of the journal bearing is 4mm. The outer and inner diameters of the thrust bearing are 10mm and 5mm, respectively. The hydroinertia gas bearings have been selected for the type of the bearings. Hydroinertia gas bearing is a type of hydrostatic gas bearing with larger bearing gap than usual. The flow in the wider side of the gap that appear by eccentric shift of the shaft or the thrust disk, becomes supersonic and generate suction forces to pull them back. The loading capacity can be larger than that of usual hydrostatic bearings. The target speed of 870,000rpm has successfully been achieved by increasing the supply pressure of the thrust bearings, and shortening the bearing length. No clear effect of changing the supply gas pressure of journal bearing, diagonally, has been observed.

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A small-sized gas turbine engine with rotor-tip diameter less than several centimeters has great advantage of its high energy-as well as power-density and is expected to become one of the major portable power sources in the near future. We are thus developing a small-sized gas-turbine engine that has a rotor-tip diameter of 40mm and is expected to generate 2-3kW at the designed rotational speed of 235,000rpm. In this article recent progress in these developments will be described. Since the shape of the rotor is restricted to two-dimensional by MEMS-based fabrication constraint, a particular emphasis is placed on the improvement in adiabatic efficiency of a two-dimensional turbine rotor. We are also developing an accurate numerical method that is applicable to the prediction of small-sized turbine flows. When they are applied to transitional as well as low Reynolds number turbulent flow, which is most likely to take place in a small-sized radial turbine, conventional numerical methods based on the Reynolds-average Navier-Stokes equations (RANS) have essential limitations with regard to their numerical accuracy. In order to overcome this problem, the Large-eddy Simulation technique (LES) has been applied to the prediction of turbine cascade flows. The results of LES computations will also be presented in detail.

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In summer use of electricity shows remarkable peak in relatively short time in the afternoon, which causes the energy waste structure since the supply of electricity is set fairly constant and it should support the maximum demand. Electric power needed for air-conditioner is almost proportional to the difference between the temperature set for room and that of outside air. From this view point, this paper deals with the technique to cutoff the peak of use of electricity due to the use of air-conditioner utilizing the latent heat of water evaporation in the outside machine of air-conditioner.

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東京ガスとエネルギーアドバンスは、キリンビール株式会社横浜工場殿の排水嫌気処理から得られるバイオガスを最大限に有効利用する新しいコンセプトの混焼システムを開発した。一般に、ビール工場の排水嫌気処理から得られるバイオガスは発生量が時間とともに変動する。そのため、ガスエンジンを安定して稼動させるためには、燃料の不足分を都市ガスを混合して補う必要がある。ところが、バイオガスと都市ガスといった異なる性状のガスを混焼する際には、混焼率変化に伴う出力変動、空燃比変動といった技術課題があるために、慎重に各種制御を行う必要がある。本混焼システムは、都市ガスを予め空気で希釈し、ガスエンジンにおける燃焼性をバイオガスのそれと限りなく近付けると言う新しい方式を採用し、混焼に関する問題を本質から排除した。これにより、ガスエンジンでは混焼率の変化による特別な制御を行う必要が一切なくなり、バイオガス発生量の大幅な変動に対して0〜100%の範囲で混焼率を変化させても追従する事が可能になった。巨大なバッファタンク等を不要にする事により、設置面積のコンパクト化も達成している。この混焼システムを1MWクラスの高効率ガスエンジンと組み合わせる事により、バイオガスCGSとしては世界最高レベルの発電効率を実現し、省エネルギーと環境負荷の低減が達成された。Fig. 1に、我々が開発したシステムの簡略化したシステムフローを示す。

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Dimethyl ether (DME), which is attracting attention as an alternative fuel for versatile use, has been tried to apply to the Chemically Recuperated Gas Turbine (CRGT), since DME steam-reforming that occurs at temperatures below 350℃ with endothermic reaction is suitable for chemical heat recovery and leads to enhancement of power generation efficiency and power output. One of important concerns for the DME-fueled CRGT is related to catalyst reactions, and in particular, by-product methane, which accompanies an exothermic reaction disturbing the heat recovery. Almost 30 kinds of precious-metal catalyst were screened to find the most suitable candidate for the CRGT from the viewpoint of LHV increase of the reformed gas. The selected candidate of catalyst was also tested with various temperature, steam/DME molar ratios (S/DME) and pressures, and the result indicated that T=450℃ and S/DME=3.5 was an appropriate condition for LHV increase and the catalyst was available for the pressure range up to 2.0MPa.

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When distributing fuel cell systems and performing energy supply, compared with large-scale electric generating facilities, transportation loss of electric power and heat supply can be reduced. However, considering the energy supply of all year by a fuel cell, reduce in the efficiency by the mismatch of a thermo-electric ratio is not avoided. Therefore, this paper considers the search method of the optimal route of a hot-water piping network for the electric power and heat demand of the buildings oftens of buildings about (1) how to supply energy by the fuel cell installed in any one place (Below, a centralization system is called), and (2) how to distribute a fuel cell on each building, and connect by network and carry out energy supply of fuel system, electric-power system, and hot-water piping system.

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A Wave energy conversion system with an air turbine, which is composed of an air chamber and a turbine-generator, generates the electric power from the wave motion. A Wells turbine is of the axial flow type and is mainly used by wave energy devices employing an oscillating water column, It drives its unidirectional rotational motion from the reciprocating airflow caused by the wave motion and in this sense it is known as self-rectitying. That the similarity law is considered, when such wave energy conversion system is designed, is very important. There is an individual similarity law for the water wave, the air chamber and the turbine, but to consider the interaction of these three conditions is important. And, it is not important only the exact similarity law, but also the approximate similarity law owing to practical use, and these are described in this paper.

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The development of the wave power system in Japan has been carried out for 30 years. As a result that the long term operation for 3〜11 years was carried out in 1 system, the durability of the device was fine, but as the fluctuation of the wave height is big, the efficiency falls off, And when wave height is big to, to when be small, it is not able to generate in the range of a wide operation. As for the operation in the wave height of big fluctuation, the inverter application is appropriate. And We introduce the examination of case that established a power generation plant to an isolated island as one example.

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In order to make clear the hysteresis behavior of biplane Wells turbine performance in deep stall condition, numerical investigations were made for the hysteretic characteristics in deep stall condition of biplane Wells Turbine. The numerical investigation was made by an unsteady three-dimensional Navier-Stokes numerical simulation. The calculated turbine unsteady performance show two characteristic loops. A counterclockwise hysteresis loop is observed in. the unstalled condition and a clockwise hysteresis loop is observed in the deep stall condition. By dividing the torque and total pressure drop coefficient values between the one for upstream blade and the one for downstream one, it is found that the clockwise hysteresis loop can be seen only for the downstream blade.

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The objective of this study is to present the effects of rotor tip clearance and guide vane shape on the performance of impulse turbine with fixed guide vanes for wave energy conversion by experimental investigation and numerical simulation. The investigation has been performed by model testing for two hub-to-tip ratios of 0.6 and 0.7. Then, the turbine characteristics under sinusoidal flow conditions were obtained by using quasi-steady analysis. As a result, the effect of tip clearance on the turbine performance was clarified and it was found that the turbine characteristics for the case of v=0.7 is more sensitive to the tip clearance than the case of v=0.6. Furthermore, it was found that the efficiency of the turbine with 3D guide vanes are slightly superior to that of the turbine with 2D guide vanes because of the increase of torque by means of 3D guide vane.

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It might be predicted that the recent progress of Japanese technology of sea-water turbo-machinery will make the utilization of ocean current energy practical, because the recent development of technology for seawater turbo-machinery and the progress of ship propulsion-machinery seem to provide solutions to the technological problems which were pointed out 30 years ago. Also, it is encouraging that recently, two research projects have been started individually in the United Kingdom, and in Norway for development of technologies for large-scale generation of clean electricity from the seas using submarine turbines. With the prospect of establishment of hydrogen energy society in the near future, the faculty members of Yokohama National University have started their cooperative works to develop the basic technology for the utilization of the ocean current energy for the hydrogen generation. In this paper, the basic concept of the ocean current power generation system using marine turbines is introduced.

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Recently, various kinds of renewable ocean energy have been attracting great deals of attention. In Europe, many investigations about usage of ocean energy conducted. Especially the tidal current is suitable for the well stabilized energy, because the density of sea water is larger than the atmospheric density and ,moreover, the tidal current is cyclic and predictable caused by marine ebb and flow by gravity. It is not caused by the arbitrary weather conditions. Since Japan consists of many islands, there are many hopeful and energy rich sites for using tidal current energy in surrounding of Japan. However, tidal current power generation system should be small and efficient because the strait between islands is also highly used as a route of ship transportations. This paper shows the efficient current power generation equipment. The basic structure for high efficiency was examined and the effect was verified by the tank tests.

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The counter-rotating type hydroelectric unit, which is composed of the tandem runners and the generator, has been proposed by authors. This unit has promising advantage that the rotating torque hardly acts on the casing. Then, the unit can be easily moored with only one cable to mountain torrents and/or rivers without the civil construction on a large scale. Therefore it is applicable to the micro hydropower in coexisting with the natural ecosystem. This paper discusses the effect of the runner profiles on the performance and the internal flow conditions, and presents materials of the runner design for applying various water circumstances.

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We are under obligation to conserve natural ecosystem and to coexist with nature, for the next leap in the hydroelectric technologies. In such circumstances, it is required to prepare still more several types of the hydraulic turbines applicable to die individual water environment (head/capacity). To meet such demands, the authors have proposed the new type hydraulic turbine, named "Gyro-Type Hydraulic Turbine", composed of some blades with high aspect ratio and the rotor is submerged nearly parallel to the stream. The turbine is suitable for shallow streams with high velocity in mountain torrents and/or rivers. The rotor has the self-motive power and is driven by the drag force of the blade facing to the downstream at the low rotational speed. With the increase of the rotational speed, however, the rotational torque comes to be caused by the lift force of the blade not only facing to the upstream but also facing to the downstream. The maximum torque/output is at higher rotational speed, which is desirable as the turbine performance for the micro hydroelectric power generation, and the output can be improved with the twisted blades.

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This report is a study to relate to pressure distribution on a field horizontal axis wind turbine. We were able to confirm that a dynamic stall occurred in a wind turbine blade by doing this study. An angle of attack-Normal force coefficient, Tangential force coefficient curve pictured a hysteria loop by a dynamic stall, but, we cleared the change of Normal force coefficient is uncertain and Tangential force coefficient pictures counterclockwise.

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The authors invented the superior wind turbine generator, which is composed of the tandem wind rotors and the double rotational armatures type generator without the conventional stator, and have discussed the wonderful advantages in the generating mode. The large-sized front wind rotor and the small-sized rear wind rotor drive respectively the inner and the outer armatures of the generator, in keeping the rotational torque counter-balanced. Such operating conditions enable to make the output higher than one of the conventional turbine and to keep the output constant in the rated operation mode without the brake and/or the pitch control mechanism. Continuously, this paper discusses the experimental results using the cambered blades.

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Flow around the vertical axis wind turbine in the blow-off type wind tunnel was simulated numerically by 3-D LES (Large Eddy Simulation) analysis. The effect of the blockage to the running performance of Savonius-type wind turbine was tested. Nozzle of the wind tunnel is square section, and its side is 3.97 times of rotor diameter. Distance of rotor to nozzle is 4.1 times of rotor diameter. Furthermore numerical simulation was done to the rotor in open space condition. Numerical method is structured by finite volume method which involving composite grid. As a result of analysis, maximum output coefficient in the blow-off wind tunnel was 15% lower than that in open space. Furthermore figures of flow fields showed that the drop of output coefficient was caused by velocity drop.

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Popularization of small-sized wind turbine as well as large-sized wind turbine is indispensable for the popularization of the wind power generation. Though many small-sized wind turbines are manufactured in the world, most of them are not suitable for the special wind condition in Japan, which is characterized by frequent change of wind direction and large turbulence. This paper describes the results of the characteristics test of a small-sized wind turbine to find the condition of suitable small-sized wind turbine for Japanese wind condition.

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Considering the feature of both of a gas turbine and a fuel cell, we designed the new MCFC-GT hybrid system. Using oxygen-blown semi-closed configuration, the combination of MCFC and combustion turbine became possible. In addition, adopting this system enables not only the carbon dioxide recovery but also to increase the MCFC output power density. As a result of optimization based on heat and mass balance calculation, the sending-end efficiency of this system proved to be over 65%.

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Clean Coal Power R&D Co. Ltd. is running the 250MW IGCC Demonstration Project, supported by METI and nine regional utility companies, EPDC (Electric Power Development Company) and CRIEPI (Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry). Plant construction started in August, 2004, and operation tests will start in 2007. This report presents status of the project and characteristics of the plant.

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The final purpose of this study is the investigation of the ability to increase the system efficiency by introducing the chemical exergy recuperation for the integrated system of a low temperature gasifier of coal, a gas-turbine and a fuel-cell (SOFC). In this paper, for the discussion of potential to increase the efficiency by using the heat from system to low temperature gasification, the simple system analysis for the some systems has carried out under the ideal condition. The results show that the chemical exergy recuperation is not increase the efficiency of IGCC system categorical. But it is available for some system structure of IGCC and IGFC.

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This paper describes the value of direct spray inlet cooling in gas turbine cycles. A series of centrifugal compressor performance tests are shown. And simple cycle gas turbine and recuperated gas turbine performance analyses are also shown. The results show that the direct spray inlet cooling in gas turbine cycle gives sufficient power augmentation and improvement of fuel consumption ratio because compressor work is reduced by the effect of "Wet Compression" nevertheless the cooling system is simple and easily retrofitted. Significant surge line change, vibration and other negative symptoms are not detected by high fogging itself as long as fog droplets are fine enough.

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A classical theory of an isolated droplet mass and heat transfer to the surrounding air is adapted to analyze the evaporative behavior of water droplets flowing through gas turbine inlet ducts. The theory is extended to explain the interaction between a single droplet and the other droplets and the interaction with the carrying air. The present method is applied to predict the performance of inlet air cooling systems for small-sized gas turbines. It is found that small-sized gas turbines can not get enough cooling effect by water injection equivalent to the surrounding air saturation, because of short residence time of water droplets in the ducts; but small amount of over-saturated spray helps to achieve high cooling efficiency of over 90%, in less dependent of climatic conditions.

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The dynamic characteristics of a humidification tower used for the AHAT (Advanced Humid Air Turbine) system were studied. This paper shows the architecture of the humidification tower dynamics model based on simultaneous differential equations considering thermal and material equilibrium of humid-air, feeding water, vessel material, and packing materials. The paper also compares the calculated values to the experimental values obtained from laboratory-scale experiments. The calculation error margin was 1.9 degrees for air outlet temperature and 5.7% for air outlet absolute humidity. The dynamical calculation was applied for AHAT demonstration plant The maximum change rate of absolute humidity at the humidification tower exit for started-up and/or termination was expected to be 8.6%/sec for 30seconds.

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Mechanical properties as well as castability of grain boundary resistant Ni-base single crystal superalloy YH-61 are discussed in this paper. YH-61 was developed with being intended for large single crystal buckets and vanes of power generation gas turbines and it realized not only higher casting yield or lower cost but also reliability of grain boundaries as a result of increasing grain boundary strength. Mechanical properties (tensile properties, creep strength and low cycle fatigue properties) were equivalent to the second-generation single crystal superalloy CMSX-4. The result of evaluating misorientation specimens showed that misorientation up to 10° could be considered as substantial single crystal because misorientation up to 10° showed same deformation behavior as single crystal. Low cycle fatigue strength of YH-61/DS was also equivalent to that of CM247LC DS. Trial castings of sample buckets and vanes by using YH-61 showed higher castability of YH-61.

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Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Kyushu Electric have developed Li secondary battery power storage systems for applying to factories, stores and homes. The power storage system which we are evaluating now, consists of series-connected 270Wh-class cells by which each cell has 160Wh/kg of energy density, battery protection circuits and a bi-directional inverter, and has attained 86% or more of high energy efficiency. Our target of system life is 3,500 cycles (namely, ten years), and the system operating normally during more than one year and a half. We report main properties of cells and system and field test performance in this paper.

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This paper describes a feasibility study of the Recuperator with fine off-set plate fin in High-temperature gas-cooled reactor plant. This fin is made by pressing process. If the fin pitch is too tight.it is possible to have some cracks in pressed fin plate. And the lower limit size of the fin pitch is about 1.2mm. The heat exchange and presseure loss characteristics in fine off-set fin plate are estimated with experimental equations. For the compactness of Recuperator, required heat exchanger density is more than 24MW/m^3, and required total core pressure loss is less than 100kPa. When thickness 0.2mm plate is pressed by a die with 1.2mm fin height, measured fin height is from 1.0mm to 1.2mm. If fin height is 1.0mm, total core pressure loss might be more than 100kPa. It is important to find proper pressing condition and keep fin height for getting higher heat exchanger characteristics and lower total core pressure loss.

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We developed a monitoring system which enables monitor of plant equipment at low cost without construction of new signal cables by transmitting the CCD camera image and vibration data using established signal cables. This system uses a signal cable which detects opening and closing of a motor operated valve (MOV) and superimposes the CCD camera image and the signal of microphone or accelerometer on the voltage signal of the signal cable of MOV by modulating these monitoring signals. The monitoring signal is separated with the voltage signal, and is demodulated and is displayed as the image, sound and vibration data. It was clarified that this system can transmit the monitoring signal without influencing detection of opening and closing of MOV.

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Cracks in welded piping in fossil and nuclear power plants have been a potential problem for several years. Ultrasonic examination is one technique that helps detect cracking at stages early enough to implement corrective measures. We have developed the development of an ultrasonic inspection system and the applicability of the TOFD and phase array techniques to the detection and sizing of cracking. This report discusses the validation of the system by inspecting pipe-shaped welded specimens with internal crack-like defects simulating type IV cracks due to creep damage and stress corrosion cracks.

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It is necessary to consider the effect of scattering at grain boundaries when ultrasonic testing is applied to polycrystalline media. FEM analysis of wave propagation considering crystal grains is performed to investigate this effect. Numerical results show that attenuation coefficient increases and the central frequency of back echo decreases with increment in grain size, which is in good agreement with experimental ones.

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A new fiber optic sensor based on Doppler effect has been recently developed for acoustic emission (AE) measurement. This sensor shows good performance in AE measurement, however, its sensitivity is lower than that of conventional AE sensor (PZT sensor). The present research has developed a signal processing method based on wavelet analysis for this fiber optic sensor. Denoising has been made to enhance the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the detected signals. The results show that SNR was greatly improved from 30dB to 75dB.

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In order to develop a competitive and higher performance Next Generation BWR compared with a fossil power plant, an internal CRD using a heatproof ceramics insulated coil is under development. In case of a 1700MWe next generation BWR, the internal CRDs are installed in a RPV whose size is equivalent to the 1356MWe ABWR, and there will be no space required for CRDs and CRD exchange under RPV These advantages realize a compact PCV and reduced volume of a reactor building. Moreover, the internal CRDs eliminate penetration via a bottom flange of RPV, and lower installation level of RPV in a drywell. This brings further advantages of elimination of RIA (Reactivity Induced Accidents) caused by CR withdrawing under pressure boundary broken, and easy IVR (In Vessel Retention) by vessel bottom cooling in case of severe accidents. An internal CRD using a heatproof ceramics insulated coil is under development to be a competitive and higher performance as Next-Generation BWR. In the case of the 1700MWe next generation BWR, adapting the internal CRDs, the reactor pressure vessel is almost equivalent to that of 1356 MWe ABWR. This program is conducted as one of the selected offers for the advertised technical developments of the Institute of Applied Energy founded by METI (Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry) of Japan.

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An internal CRD using a heatproof ceramics insulated coil is under development to be a competitive and higher performance as Next-Generation BWR. In the case of the 1700MWe next generation BWR, adapting the internal CRDs, the reactor pressure vessel is almost equivalent to that of 1356MWe ABWR. The endurance and robustness tests were examined in order to confirm the durability of the bearing for the internal CRD. The durability of the ball bearing for the internal CRD was performed in the high-pressure and high-temperature reactor water of current BWR conditions. The experimental results confirmed the durability of rotational numbers for the operation length of 60 years. We added the cruds into water to confirm the robustness of the ball bearing. The test results also showed good robustness even in high-density crud conditions, compared with the current BWR. This program is conducted as one of the selected offers for the advertised technical developments of the Institute of Applied Energy founded by METI (Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry) of Japan.

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