The purposes of this paper was to analyze and find the relationship between the effectiveness of commercial sports management and its characteristics of management strategy, and attempt to specify the mode of adaptation to its task environment from the view point of contingency theory. The survey was conducted at 2 commercial tennis club by using questionnaire and interview with top manager of the clubs. The major results were summarized as follows; 1. It was suggested that the existance and prosperity of commercial sports management was able to explain from the adaptability of management strategy to its task environment, and consequently certified the management strategy model is an effective aspect in the management science of sports and physical education. 2. The adaptable relationship among task environment, management strategy and business structure was specified as follows; (1) Under the stable(certain) task environment, managment system that was characterized stable management strategy oriented to maintenance of the status quo, fixed sports services and relatively closed or fixed organizational strucutre was appropriate. (2) Under the chainging or unstable (uncertain) task environment, management system that was characterized market magnificational strategy, continually adjusted or flexible sports services and adaptive or organic management sturucture was appropriate. 3. In commercial sports management a management strategy was affected not only by recognized task environment unilaterally but by the condition of facility, especially type of possession and its size. These results support the similar findings of the previous study by contingency theoriests. However in order to confirm further relationships, more detailed experimental study should be carried out.

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本研究では,競技成績を規定する要因に焦点をあて,活動目標と競技成績から4つのパターンを類型化し,それらに適合した経営管理行動検討のための基本的視点をさぐった。高校生男子を対象として質問紙による調査を実施し,得られたデータに数量化理論第II類を適用して解析を行った。分析は設定した5つの要因群28アイテムからなる説明変数をステップワイズに順次追加投入するという方法によって行った。得られた主要な結果は以下の通りである。1. 競技成績上位群と下位群間では,活動目標の一致度,平均モラール得点とも上位群の方が高い傾向が見られた。平均モラール得点の最も高かったP3(レク志向・上位)と最も低かったP4(レク志向・下位)との差が関与しているものと推察された。しかし,この点に関しては今後さらに競技成績のとらえ方を検討して,分析を深めていく必要があるものと思われる。2. 設定した4つのパターンのうち,最も対照的で異なるのはP1(競技志向・上位)とP4であった。その判別の精度は相関日0.736,判別適中率98.6%であり,設定した説明要因の有効性が示唆された。また,両群の弁別がどのようなアイテムによってなされるか,その重要度を推定すると,クラブ認識関連要因(第IIステップ),モラール要因〜人間関係〜(第Vステップ)で相関比の急上昇をみた。これらの要因が両群の差異を規定していると考えられる。3. 次にP2(競技志向・下位)とP1とが対照的なパターンとして弁別された(相関比0.435,判別適中率89.1%)。相関比は,クラブ認識関連要因(第IIステップ)及びモラール要因〜クラブ運営・コミュニケーション〜(第IVステップ)で上昇した。これらの要因が両群の判別に効いていると推察された。4. 最後にP3とP4とが弁別された(相関比0.248,判別適中率72.1%)。5. これらの要因への働きかけが,経営管理行動としては重要になると思われる。しかし本研究ではパターン別にとるべき行動を十分に解明し得なかった。今後,各パターンの状況の違いを考慮したリーダーシップのとり方や,組織行動のあり方が検討されねばならないものと考える。以上本研究は,組織(クラブ)の環境への適応という側面を意識して進めてきた。しかし,最近,環境適応という視点よりも積極的に環境に介入していく側面を重視した経営戦略の研究が重要な焦点になっている。経営戦略と経営内特性との内的な適合性という視点をより重視して経営現象を分析しようとする研究の台頭である。今後,このような視点から競技的運動クラブ経営を検討する試みを加えていきたいと考えている。(本稿は,日本体育学会第33回大会での発表の一部に加筆修正を行ったものである。)

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Area Service is one of the functions that a sports facility may provide. Sports leaders arranged in Area Service would develop self-reliant attitude of the participants under certain circumstances. The purposes of this study, therefore, were to clarify the necessity of sports leaders in Area Service, and to investigate the relationship between the role of the sports leaders and the responses occured on the part of participants. For these purposes, a questionnaire survey was administered among the participants of Area Services that were provided by four public sports halls as independent bodies of physical education and sports management. Participant's behavior toward Area Service was examined from three points ov view, that is to say reaching distance (in this study, the time required to come to a facility), number of hours, and frequency of facility usage. Development of participant's self-reliant attitude was measured in terms of how the participants' consciousness changed by interaction with the sports leaders, and were classified as follows: 1) Those for whom sports leaders' guidance became unnecessary, 2) Those to whom clear evaluation was not possible, and 3) Those who still need such guidance. Contents of sports leader's guidance activities were then classified as follows: 1) teaching sports skills, 2) method of practice, 3) sports rules and/or method of umpiring, 4) desirable manners and cooperative attitude in public facility, and 5) exercise prescription. The results of this study lead the conclusions as follows: 1) Area Service arranged sports leader can attract farther residents to the facility, and can raise participants' frequency of facility usage. 2) Many of the participants unaccompanied by friends, males over twenty years, and females over thirty years of age have a tendency to ask for the sports leader's guidance when they take exercise in Area Service. The author is of the opinion that they are not self-reliant. 3) Teaching desirable manners and cooperative attitude in addition to teaching sports skills and practice method may be effective in development of self-reliant attitude of the participants. 4) Users who acquired self-reliant attitude have a desirable tendency for management of physical education and sports. Namely, they have greater number of hours and/or higher frequency of facility usage.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between teacher's leadership and task environment recognized by learners and the effect of leadership of sub-group in the class upon organizational behavior. It meant to examine the instructional activity and learning activity from the standpoint of leadership theory. The subjects were 139 pupils. The results were as follows: 1. Teacher's leadership of task orentation decreased uncertainty of expectancy which conditioned task environment. 2. Teacher's leadership of human orientation and task orientation enhanced valence of learning activity and outcome. 3. Significant positive correlation between sub-group's leadership o human orientation and learning effectiveness in favorable task environment for learners were found (p<.01) 4. Significant positive correlation between sub-group'sleadership of human orientation (p<.01) and task orientation (p<.05) and recognition of pleasure in sport were found in favorable task environment.

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