Gastric movements were monitored in five conscious dogs weighing 9 to 13 kg by extraluminal force transducers (EFTs) which were independently developed and constructed in our own laboratory. After chronically implanting EFTs both in the canine gastric body and antrum we succeeded in making continuous recordings of their movements over several days.
Dogs fed once a day with regular meals showed a circadian rhythm which was divided into three phases; digestive, intermediate, and an interdigestive phase. The digestive phase, which continued for about 8 to 10 hours after feeding, was characterized by a lack of movement in the body and repetitive rhythmical contractions having a rather small amplitude in the antrum. The interdigestive phase was distinguished from other phases by a peculiar sequence of gastric movements (interdigestive contractions) which did not make their appearance until 16 hours after feeding. These interdigestive contractions were the highest amplitude contractions to occur in both the body and antrum during the day. They continued for 70 minutes and repetitively recurred after intervening quiet periods of about 22 minutes. The intermediate phase was the period interposed between the digestive and interdigestive phase.

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To estimate the decompression effect and the degree of elimination of constricting mechanism of the sphincter of Oddi in transduodenal sphincteroplasty, the present study was carried out using eighty rabbits.
After wedge-resection of the sphincter Oddi was made longitudinally in half of itslength (5-6 mm) or whole through transduodenal approach, biliary pressure, intraduodenal pressure, terminal choledochal pressure, and electrical activity of the Oddi's muscle were studied.
The results were summarized as follows;
1) At fast and rest, the biliary pressure and the intraduodenal pressure were 61.8±8.8 mmH₂O and 23.4±3.3 mmH₂O respectively showing a pressure gradient of 40 mmH₂O approximately. Terminal choledochal pressure gave 81.6±12.9 mmH₂O superimposed on by a 3.6±0.3 cycles/min contraction of Oddi's muscle in its pressure curve.
2) In 50% sphincter-resected group, biliary pressure resulted in a slight of 7.7±4.2% and that of terminal choledochal pressure 21.3±6.7%. Occurrence of Oddi's contraction also decreased to 2.4±0.3 cycles/min.
3) In 100% sphincter-resected group, biliary and terminal choledochal pressure decreased markedly giving a value of 30.1±6.6% and 40.8±8.0% respectively. Oddi's contraction disappeared completely in all cases and the gradient maintained between the biliary and intraduodenal pressure was only about 20 mmH₂O.
4) By administration of morphine a pressure rise was found by about 20% in 50% sphincter-resected group, whereas no pressure change was observed in 100% sphincter-resected group.
5) In the electrical activity of the sphincter of Oddi, the spike discharge observed preoperatively was totally disappeared and no response was found even in administration of neostigmin.
The results indicate that sphincterotomy or incomplete sphincteroplasty is not a surgical operation satisfactory for biliary drainage or decompression.
On the contrary it appears that complete sphincteroplasty is an effective means for decompression and destruction of sphincteric mechanism of the muscle of Oddi.

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The influence of electrical stimulation of central cut end of theglossopharyngeal nerve on the vagal inhibitory and excitatory reflexes of gastric movements were investigated. Frogs and bullflogs were employed in all experiments under urethan anaesthesia and also immobilized with1% solution of d-tubocurarine chloride. Bilateral splanchnic nerves were previously severd, and so the stomach was innervated through the vagus nerves only.
1. The vago-vagal inhibitory reflex of gastric movements was depressed or abolished during the maintenance of stimulation of the glossopharyngeal nerve. But, the vago-vagal excitatory reflex of gastric movements was augmented in the one example and in the another example it was depressed during the glossopharyngeal stimulation.
2. The labyrintho-vagal excitatory reflex of gastric movements was excited during the maintenance of stimulation of the glossopharyngeal nerve.

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1. Extraluminal strain gage force transducers have been designed and constructed in this laboratory. This device was originally developed to measure contractile force of the heart by Walton et al in 1950, however, we concentrated our effort upon durability and waterproof of the transducer in the present study.
2. Strain gages which were made for measuring large strain were prepared and bonded onto the both surfaces of CuBe strips with epoxy lesin. Water proof was then made by applying silicone (KE 45 RTV), which was excellent in waterproof, insulation and flexibility. The silicone was also found no significant influence upon the surrounding tissues as a foregn body.
3. The transducer constructed in this way had useful life for 3-6 months after im-plantation. Chronically implanted transducer units offer several advantages: they provide prolanged observation of gastrointestinal mechanical activity directly in conscious animals. They can be sutured on the outer surface of the gastrointestinal tract and do not interfere flow of intraluminal contents. They can measure separate contractile force of the circular and longitudinal muscle layeres.
4. Major limination of the transducer is difficulty to determine if a given sequence of movements are mixing or propulsion of the contents. Application of these transducers is currently limited in animal only.

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In anesthetized dogs, intravenous administration or intraj ejunal infusion of Loperamide produced the excitatory effect on gastric, small and large bowel motilities accompanied with elevation of the muscle tone. The excitatory response was slightly suppressed by adminis-tration of atropine. Such effects were similar to those of morphine and methadone.
In non-anesthetized spinal guinea pigs, Loperamide increased colonic motility accompanied with the augmentation of the colonic muscle tone, but the conduction of the contraction waves was prevented.
In anesthetized guinea pigs, intravenous administration of Loperamide reduced the rate of the rhythmic contraction waves of the small intestine, but its effect on the muscle tone was not evident.
The activity of Loperamide as an antidiarrheal agent was discussed.

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Thirteen mongrel dogs equipped with four bipolar electrodes and three strain gauges on the anterior wall of the stomach underwent three types of vagotomy: truncal vagotomy (TV)-6 dogs; selective proximal vagotomy (SPV)-3 dogs; and antral vagotomy (AV)-4 dogs.
Electrical and contractile activities of the stomach were examined before and after these vagotomies on both the fasting and postprandial states. TV caused an increased incidence of dysrhythmia and a 12 to 33% reduction of the propagation velocity of the basic electrical rhythm (BER). Following feeding, the characteristic waxing and waning pattern of normal gastric contraction was altered to a monotonic steady pattern, increasing overall contraction activity of the pyloric sphincter. These changes seem to be attributable to delayed gastric emptying following truncal vagotomy.
SPV reduced the propagation velocity of the BER slightly (2.5-7.3%), preserving the inherent physiological contractile activity in the antrum and pyloric sphincter, and transforming the contractile activity in the corpus to a more monotonic pattern. AV effected a localized monotonic contractile activity in the antral region with no changes discernible in the body and pyloric sphincter. The propagation velocity was not changed significantly by antral vagotomy.
The discharge interval of the BER was not altered significantly by these vagotomies.

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