The purpose of this study was to examine the concept of urami and the characteristics of the situations in which they feel urami, using a text mining analysis. 596 subjects aged 20 to 39 who have felt urami were surveyed in this study. The results showed that in addition to anger and hatred, psychological distress such as sadness and pain were also associated with the concept of urami. Furthermore, it was shown that harassment in the workplace is a trigger for feeling urami. Finally, the limitations of this study and prospects for future research were discussed.

Zero-sum belief is the belief that someone’s gains are another’s losses. Assuming that beneficiaries’ zero-sum beliefs let them perceive benefactors’ cost resulting from giving benefits, this study examined whether the zero-sum belief increases the occurrences of grateful feelings and expression in apologetic form, which is represented by “sumimasen” in Japanese. We manipulated participants’ zero-sum beliefs and rewarded them for the task. Thereafter, we asked participants what they wanted to say, how they felt, and how much they perceived our (i.e., benefactors’) cost. The results revealed that participants whose zero-sum beliefs were experimentally strengthened were inclined to select the grateful expression in apologetic form from some options to convey what they wanted to say, though grateful feelings in apologetic form and perceived costs were not significantly affected. These results suggested the possibility that individuals’ zero-sum beliefs let them express their gratitude in apologetic form independently from the extent to which they have such feelings or perceive benefactors’ cost.

This article summarizes the differences between self-reported and non-self-reported methods for measuring emotions. It also provides an overview of previous studies that examine the indexes related to these methods, mainly in the field of affective trait research. Finally, the article discusses the application of explicit and implicit measures. The main arguments of this article are as follows: (1) There is no superiority or inferiority between explicit and implicit measures, such that one is superior to the other or one could be used as a substitute for the other. (2) Explicit and implicit measures have advantages and disadvantages and should be used with an understanding of their respective characteristics.